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Chinivasagam HN, Estella W, Rodrigues H, Mayer DG, Tran T, Onysk A, Weyand C, Diallo I, Billington C. Re-used or New Bedding Are Not Drivers of Salmonella Levels and Serovar Emergence in Commercially Farmed Broilers in Australia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.816181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To inform Salmonella on-farm management during broiler rearing, a 2-year study on two farms compared the Australian practices of new bedding use, partial litter re-use and an alternative, full litter re-use. Six sequential commercial cycles of ~50 days each were tested on each farm, on ~day 7 from placement (litter only), prior to first thin-out, and prior to final removal (litter and ceca). A random number sample collection occurred, defined by shed supports (33, 39), different drinkers, feeders, and shed center. Across the six cycles on both farms, Salmonella levels in ceca just prior to thin-out on full re-use litter were higher (log 3.11 MPN/g, P = 0.008) than for new bedding (log 2.04 MPN/g) and partial re-use (log 2.43 MPN/g) litter (the latter two were not significantly different). Prior to final removal across all practices the Salmonella levels in ceca from new bedding (log 1.72 MPN/g), partial re-use litter (log 1.77 MPN/g), and full re-use litter (log 2.33 MPN/g) were not statistically different, suggesting no effect of litter practice. The Salmonella levels in litter prior to the first (log 1.96–2.31 MPN/g) and second (log 2.24–2.48 MPN/g) removals were also not statistically different. The emergence of Salmonella serovars in the partitioned chicken-free grow-out end (back) of all sheds at ~day 7 did not suggest carry-over. Both the pattern of emergence of Salmonella serovars and Salmonella levels in litter ~day 7 in the brooder-end with chickens (front), suggested the Salmonella present were due to flock contribution and not practice driven. The dominant Salmonella serovar across cycles on both farms was S. Sofia (75 and 77% isolates) followed by S. Typhimurium (11 and 17%). Irrespective of initial serovars, Salmonella Sofia rapidly gained dominance and displaced 14 other serovars including S. Typhimurium on both farms. This study demonstrates that the litter practices are not the major driver of Salmonella prevalence in broiler farming, supporting the commercial re-use of bedding as a sustainable farming practice in Australia. The major contributor of Salmonella load in production is the Salmonella status of the incoming flock, indicating this is the key area to focus future control measures.
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De Smet J, Vandeweyer D, Van Moll L, Lachi D, Van Campenhout L. Dynamics of Salmonella inoculated during rearing of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Food Res Int 2021; 149:110692. [PMID: 34600687 PMCID: PMC8505792 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The black soldier fly is currently the most produced edible insect on industrial scale, with its larval stage being processed into animal feed as the main application. As this insect species enters the feed and food chain, good hygiene and monitoring practices are needed to avoid the entrance of foodborne pathogens via the larvae. However, insufficient data on the risk of such introductions via industrial larvae production are available. To address this gap, a range of rearing trials were conducted in which the substrate, chicken feed, was inoculated with different levels of Salmonella and in which total viable counts and Salmonella counts were determined during the following days. The outgrowth of Salmonella was slower in those experiments with a lower initial contamination level than in experiments with a higher level. No significant reducing effect originating from the larvae on the substrate Salmonella counts was observed, in contrast to previous studies using other substrates. Our study also revealed that airborne transmission of Salmonella is possible under rearing conditions corresponding to those applied at industrial production sites. Based on our results, we recommend insect producers to use substrate ingredients free of Salmonella, and not to count on the antimicrobial activities that BSFL may exert in some situations towards food pathogens. More inoculation studies using other Salmonella serotypes, other zoonotic bacteria, other substrates, larvae of other ages and including variations on rearing protocols are needed in order to obtain a general view on the dynamics of food pathogens in this insect species and to support comprehensive risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Smet
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Vandeweyer
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Moll
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Lachi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Abstract
Research has shown that microclimate is determined not only by air microparticles, but also by the degree of air ionization. Ions affect the body through the respiratory tract and skin. Exposure of reared chickens to elevated air temperature (37°C–23°C) was found to accelerate the break-down of negative ions compared to temperature lower by 10°C. Negative air ionization offsets the adverse effect of elevated temperature on chickens. Higher (85%) air humidity during rearing of chickens was also observed to destroy negative ions. Research findings indicate that air ionization is an environmental element that contributes to improving performance in broiler chickens. Many studies have also confirmed a positive effect of air ionization on the body weight and health of piglets.
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Siegers EW, Anthonisse M, van Eerdenburg FJCM, van den Broek J, Wouters IM, Westermann CM. Effect of ionization, bedding, and feeding on air quality in a horse stable. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1234-1240. [PMID: 29485234 PMCID: PMC5980306 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic dust is associated with Equine asthma. Ionization should reduce airborne dust levels. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of ionization of air, type of bedding, and feed on the levels of airborne dust, endotoxin, and fungal colonies in horse stables. ANIMALS 24 healthy University-owned horses occupied the stables. METHODS A randomized controlled cross-over study. Four units with 6 stables were equipped with an ionization installation (25 VA, 5000 Volt Direct Current). Horses were kept either on wood shavings and fed haylage (2 units), or on straw and fed dry hay (2 units). Measurements were performed with and without activated ionization, during daytime and nighttime, repeatedly over the course of a week and repeatedly during 4-6 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed effect model with Akaike's Information Criterion for model reduction and 95% profile (log) likelihood confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Ionization did not alter concentrations of dust, endotoxin, or fungi, fewer. In the units with straw and hay, the concentration of dust, endotoxin, and fungi (difference in logarithmic mean 1.92 (95%CI 1.71-2.12); 2.86 (95%CI 2.59-3.14); 1.75 (95%CI 1.13-2.36)) were significantly higher compared to wood shavings and haylage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The installation of a negative air-ionizer in the horse stable did not reduce concentrations of dust, endotoxin, and viable fungal spores. The substantial effect of low dust bedding and feed is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Willemijn Siegers
- Equine Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Milou Anthonisse
- Equine Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jan van den Broek
- Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Inge M. Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Totton SC, Farrar AM, Wilkins W, Bucher O, Waddell LA, Wilhelm BJ, McEwen SA, Rajić A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of biosecurity and vaccination in reducing Salmonella spp. in broiler chickens. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Berghaus RD, Mathis DL, Bramwell RK, Macklin KS, Wilson JL, Wineland MJ, Maurer JJ, Lee MD. Multilevel analysis of environmental Salmonella prevalences and management practices on 49 broiler breeder farms in four south-eastern States, USA. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:365-74. [PMID: 22650982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A two-part serial survey of 49 broiler breeder farms was conducted in four south-eastern states: Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina. Broiler breeder farms from three to five broiler company complexes in each state were visited on two separate occasions to document management practices and perform environmental sampling for Salmonella prevalence estimation. Salmonella was detected in 88% of the broiler breeder houses that were sampled and was identified on all 49 farms enrolled. Many management characteristics were consistent across the different states and companies. Multilevel analysis was used to evaluate management characteristics as risk factors for Salmonella prevalence and to estimate the proportion of variance residing at the different hierarchical sampling levels. Management characteristics associated with increased Salmonella prevalence included treatment of the flock for any disease, having dusty conditions in the house, having dry conditions under the slats and walking through the house more than one time per day to pick-up dead birds. After adjusting for state as a fixed effect, the percentages of variance in Salmonella prevalence occurring at the complex, farm, visit, house and individual sample levels were 5.2%, 6.8%, 11.8%, 2.8% and 73.4%, respectively. The intraclass correlations for samples collected from the same house; for samples from different houses during the same visit; for samples from different visits to the same farm; and for samples from different farms in the same complex were as follows: 0.27, 0.24, 0.12 and 0.05, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Mechanically ventilated broiler sheds: a possible source of aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7417-25. [PMID: 19801461 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01380-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the levels of two key pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, along with the indicator organism Escherichia coli in aerosols within and outside poultry sheds. The study ranged over a 3-year period on four poultry farms and consisted of six trials across the boiler production cycle of around 55 days. Weekly testing of litter and aerosols was carried out through the cycle. A key point that emerged is that the levels of airborne bacteria are linked to the levels of these bacteria in litter. This hypothesis was demonstrated by E. coli. The typical levels of E. coli in litter were approximately 10(8) CFU g(-1) and, as a consequence, were in the range of 10(2) to 10(4) CFU m(-3) in aerosols, both inside and outside the shed. The external levels were always lower than the internal levels. Salmonella was only present intermittently in litter and at lower levels (10(3) to 10(5) most probable number [MPN] g(-1)) and consequently present only intermittently and at low levels in air inside (range of 0.65 to 4.4 MPN m(-3)) and once outside (2.3 MPN m(-3)). The Salmonella serovars isolated in litter were generally also isolated from aerosols and dust, with the Salmonella serovars Chester and Sofia being the dominant serovars across these interfaces. Campylobacter was detected late in the production cycle, in litter at levels of around 10(7) MPN g(-1). Campylobacter was detected only once inside the shed and then at low levels of 2.2 MPN m(-3). Thus, the public health risk from these organisms in poultry environments via the aerosol pathway is minimal.
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Escombe AR, Moore DAJ, Gilman RH, Navincopa M, Ticona E, Mitchell B, Noakes C, Martínez C, Sheen P, Ramirez R, Quino W, Gonzalez A, Friedland JS, Evans CA. Upper-room ultraviolet light and negative air ionization to prevent tuberculosis transmission. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e43. [PMID: 19296717 PMCID: PMC2656548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutional tuberculosis (TB) transmission is an important public health problem highlighted by the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the emergence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant TB. Effective TB infection control measures are urgently needed. We evaluated the efficacy of upper-room ultraviolet (UV) lights and negative air ionization for preventing airborne TB transmission using a guinea pig air-sampling model to measure the TB infectiousness of ward air. METHODS AND FINDINGS For 535 consecutive days, exhaust air from an HIV-TB ward in Lima, Perú, was passed through three guinea pig air-sampling enclosures each housing approximately 150 guinea pigs, using a 2-d cycle. On UV-off days, ward air passed in parallel through a control animal enclosure and a similar enclosure containing negative ionizers. On UV-on days, UV lights and mixing fans were turned on in the ward, and a third animal enclosure alone received ward air. TB infection in guinea pigs was defined by monthly tuberculin skin tests. All guinea pigs underwent autopsy to test for TB disease, defined by characteristic autopsy changes or by the culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from organs. 35% (106/304) of guinea pigs in the control group developed TB infection, and this was reduced to 14% (43/303) by ionizers, and to 9.5% (29/307) by UV lights (both p < 0.0001 compared with the control group). TB disease was confirmed in 8.6% (26/304) of control group animals, and this was reduced to 4.3% (13/303) by ionizers, and to 3.6% (11/307) by UV lights (both p < 0.03 compared with the control group). Time-to-event analysis demonstrated that TB infection was prevented by ionizers (log-rank 27; p < 0.0001) and by UV lights (log-rank 46; p < 0.0001). Time-to-event analysis also demonstrated that TB disease was prevented by ionizers (log-rank 3.7; p = 0.055) and by UV lights (log-rank 5.4; p = 0.02). An alternative analysis using an airborne infection model demonstrated that ionizers prevented 60% of TB infection and 51% of TB disease, and that UV lights prevented 70% of TB infection and 54% of TB disease. In all analysis strategies, UV lights tended to be more protective than ionizers. CONCLUSIONS Upper-room UV lights and negative air ionization each prevented most airborne TB transmission detectable by guinea pig air sampling. Provided there is adequate mixing of room air, upper-room UV light is an effective, low-cost intervention for use in TB infection control in high-risk clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roderick Escombe
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, UK.
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Patel JR, Nou X. Effect of a reactive oxygen species-generating system for control of airborne microorganisms in a meat-processing environment. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1922-5. [PMID: 18810880 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating AirOcare equipment on the reduction of airborne bacteria in a meat-processing environment was determined. Serratia marcescens and lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum) were used to artificially contaminate the air via a six-jet Collison nebulizer. Air in the meat-processing room was sampled immediately after aerosol generation and at various predetermined times at multiple locations by using a Staplex 6 stage air sampler. Approximately a 4-log reduction of the aerial S. marcescens population was observed within 2 h of treatment (P < 0.05) compared to a 1-log reduction in control samples. The S. marcescens populations reduced further by approximately 4.5 log after 24 h of exposure to ROS treatment. Approximately 3-log CFU/m3 reductions in lactic acid bacteria were observed following 2-h ROS exposure. Further ROS exposure reduced lactic acid bacteria in the air; however, the difference in their survival after 24 h of exposure was not significantly different from that observed with the control treatment. S. marcescens bacteria were more sensitive to ROS treatment than the lactic acid bacteria. These findings reveal that ROS treatment using the AirOcare unit significantly reduces airborne S. marcescens and lactic acid bacteria in meat-processing environments within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Patel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.
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Gast RK. Serotype-Specific and Serotype-Independent Strategies for Preharvest Control of Food-Borne Salmonella in Poultry. Avian Dis 2007; 51:817-28. [PMID: 18251388 DOI: 10.1637/8090-081807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ritz C, Mitchell B, Fairchild B, Czarick M, Worley J. Improving In-House Air Quality in Broiler Production Facilities Using an Electrostatic Space Charge System. J APPL POULTRY RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/15.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Oliveira CJB, Carvalho LFOS, Garcia TB. Experimental airborne transmission of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Typhimurium in weaned pigs. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:199-209. [PMID: 16409668 PMCID: PMC2870360 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis of airborne transmission of Salmonella Agona (Trial I) and Salmonella Typhimurium (Trial II) in weaned pigs. The trials were performed using stainless-steel/glass isolation cabinets connected by air ducts to permit an unidirectional airflow from cabinet 1 (two control pigs) to cabinet 3 (two sentinel pigs), passing through cabinet 2 (two inoculated pigs). Air samples, pooled faecal samples from the floor and rectal swabs were collected daily and assessed by culture and PCR. A fumigation chamber and rubber gloves coupled to the cabinets allowed sampling without opening the system. Trials I and II lasted 15 and 19 days respectively. The recovery of S. Agona and S. Typhimurium and detection of seroconversion in sentinel pigs indicate that airborne Salmonella transmission in weaned pigs over short distances is possible. Further studies on the role of aerosols in the epidemiology of Salmonella in intensive pig production should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J B Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brasil.
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