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Wanja DW, Mbuthia PG, Bebora LC, Aboge GO, Ogoti B. Antimicrobial Usage, Susceptibility Profiles, and Resistance Genes in Campylobacter Isolated from Cattle, Chicken, and Water Samples in Kajiado County, Kenya. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:8394605. [PMID: 37009249 PMCID: PMC10060070 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8394605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter organisms are the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and diarrhoeal illness in man and livestock. Campylobacter is growingly becoming resistant to critically crucial antibiotics; thereby presenting public health challenge. This study aimed at establishing antimicrobial use, susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes in Campylobacter isolates recovered from chicken, cattle, and cattle-trough water samples. The study was conducted between October 2020 and May 2022 and involved the revival of cryopreserved Campylobacter isolates confirmed by PCR from a previous prevalence study in Kajiado County, Kenya. Data on antimicrobial use and animal health-seeking behaviour among livestock owners (from the same farms where sampling was done for the prevalence study) were collected through interview using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. One hundred and three isolates (29 C. coli (16 cattle isolates, 9 chicken isolates, and 4 water isolates) and 74 C. jejuni (38 cattle isolates, 30 chicken isolates, and 6 water isolates)) were assayed for phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility profile using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for ampicillin (AX), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GEN), erythromycin (E), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and nalidixic acid (NA). Furthermore, detection of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tet (O), β-lactams (bla OXA-61), aminoglycosides (aph-3-1), (fluoro)quinolones (gyrA), and multidrug efflux pump (cmeB) encoding resistance to multiple antibiotics was detected by mPCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The correlation between antibiotic use and resistance phenotypes was determined using the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) method. Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and β-lactam-based antibiotics were the most commonly used antimicrobials; with most farms generally reported using antimicrobials in chicken production systems than in cattle. The highest resistance amongst isolates was recorded in ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (97.1%), erythromycin (75.7%), and ciprofloxacin (63.1%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) profile was observed in 99 of 103 (96.1%) isolates; with all the Campylobacter coli isolates displaying MDR. All chicken isolates (39/39, 100%) exhibited multidrug resistance. The AX-TE-E-CIP was the most common MDR pattern at 29.1%. The antibiotic resistance genes were detected as follows: tet (O), gyrA, cmeB, bla OXA-61 , and aph-3-1 genes were detected at 93.2%, 61.2%, 54.4%, 36.9%, and 22.3% of all Campylobacter isolates, respectively. The highest correlations were found between tet (O) and tetracycline-resistant phenotypes for C. coli (96.4%) and C. jejuni (95.8%). A moderate level of concordance was observed between the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method (phenotypic assay) and PCR (genotypic assay) for tetracycline in both C. coli (kappa coefficient = 0.65) and C. jejuni (kappa coefficient = 0.55). The study discloses relatively high resistance profiles and multidrug resistance to antibiotics of critical importance in humans. The evolution of the multidrug-resistantCampylobacter isolates has been linked to the use and misuse of antimicrobials. This poses a potential hazard to public and animal health, necessitating need to reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock husbandry practice coupled with stringent biosecurity measures to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Wanja
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
- Animal Health and Industry Training Institute (AHITI) Kabete, P.O. Box 29040, Kangemi, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Animal Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109, 00625 Chuka, Kenya
| | - Paul G. Mbuthia
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly C. Bebora
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O. Aboge
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Ogoti
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya
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Randall L, Lemma F, Rodgers J, Vidal A, Clifton-Hadley F. Development and evaluation of internal amplification controls for use in a real-time duplex PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. J Med Microbiol 2009; 59:172-178. [PMID: 19833779 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.014415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A common problem of both conventional and real-time PCR assays is failure of DNA amplification due to the presence of inhibitory substances in samples. In view of this, our aim was to develop and evaluate internal amplification controls (IACs) for use with an existing duplex real-time PCR assay for Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. Both competitive and non-competitive IACs were developed and evaluated. The competitive approach involved a DNA fragment of the coding region of the fish viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, flanked by the mapA PCR primers, whilst the non-competitive approach utilized an extra set of universal 16S rDNA primers. Both IAC-PCR assay types were evaluated using cultures of Campylobacter and chicken caecal content samples. Both IACs were sensitive to caecal inhibitors, making them suitable for detecting inhibition which could lead to false-negatives. Results showed that both IACs at optimum concentrations worked well without reducing the overall sensitivity of the PCR assay. Compared to culture, the optimized competitive IAC-PCR assay detected 45/47 positives (sensitivity 93.6 %, specificity 80.1 %); however, it had the advantage over culture in that it could detect mixed infections of C. coli and C. jejuni and was capable of giving a result for a sample within a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Randall
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabrizio Lemma
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - John Rodgers
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ana Vidal
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Hannon SJ, Taboada EN, Russell ML, Allan B, Waldner C, Wilson HL, Potter A, Babiuk L, Townsend HGG. Genomics-based molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from feedlot cattle and from people in Alberta, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:410-20. [PMID: 19036937 PMCID: PMC2643686 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01432-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedlot cattle in Alberta, Canada, have been identified as reservoirs for Campylobacter jejuni, an important human pathogen. Oligonucleotide DNA microarrays were used as a platform to compare C. jejuni isolates from feedlot cattle and human clinical cases from Alberta. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed on 87 isolates (46 bovine, 41 human) obtained within the same geographical regions and time frame. Thirteen CGH clusters were obtained based on overall comparative genomic profile similarity. Nine CGH clusters contained human and cattle isolates, three contained only human isolates, and one contained only cattle isolates. The study isolates clustered regardless of temporal or geographical frameworks. In addition, array genes (n = 1,399) were investigated on a gene-by-gene basis to see if any were unequally distributed between human and cattle sources or between clusters dominated by either human or cattle isolates ("human enriched" versus "cattle enriched"). Using Fisher's exact test with the Westfall and Young correction for these comparisons, a small number of differentially distributed genes were identified. Our findings suggest that feedlot cattle and human C. jejuni strains are very similar and may be endemic within Alberta. Further, the common distribution of human clinical and bovine C. jejuni isolates within the same genetically based clusters suggests that dynamic and important transmission routes between cattle and human populations may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry J Hannon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada .
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Gharst G, Hanson D, Kathariou S. Effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic campylobacter from feces of mature cattle at harvest. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1024-7. [PMID: 16715799 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in the United States and other industrialized nations. These organisms frequently colonize avian hosts, including commercial poultry, but are also found in the gastrointestinal tract of other warm-blooded animals, including swine, sheep, and cattle. This study investigated the effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from the colon of 610 cattle. Fecal samples were taken from the colon of mature cattle (older than 30 months of age) immediately after slaughter in a commercial abattoir over a period of 17 months. Campylobacter was isolated from 23.4% of the animals. Most (93%) of the culture-confirmed Campylobacter isolates were C. jejuni, with the remaining 7% being C. coli. Additionally, of the 143 samples from which pure cultures of Campylobacter could be isolated, 72 (50.3%) were positive only with selective enrichment, 18 (12.6%) were positive only with direct plating, and 53 (37.1%) were positive by both methods. The data suggest that, even though selective enrichment was more effective than direct plating, both direct plating and selective enrichment protocols might need to be employed for optimal surveillance of C. jejuni in fecal material from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Gharst
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
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Ziprin RL, Hume ME, Andrews K, Droleskey RE, Harvey RB, Sheffield CL. News and notes: An atypical Campylobacter coli exhibiting unusual morphology. Curr Microbiol 2005; 51:161-3. [PMID: 16091850 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-4527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter coli cells are characterized by a comma, or spiral shape, and a single polar flagellum. Here we report stable spontaneous changes in morphology to an aflagellated straight rod. The ability to colonize the chick cecum was lost. The atypical cells were compared with the original C. coli 67 culture from which they were derived, with PCR, Riboprinting, and PFGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Ziprin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Ziprin RL, Harvey RB. Inability of cecal microflora to promote reversion of viable nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni. Avian Dis 2005; 48:647-50. [PMID: 15529989 DOI: 10.1637/7153-010504r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni cells are able to enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state when they are suspended in water. In the present experiments we inoculated day-of-hatch leghorn and broiler chicks with normal gut microflora and subsequently challenged these with high doses of VBNC C. jejuni. The objective was to determine if the pre-establishment of a normal gut flora would enable VBNC Campylobacter to recover, revert to the vibrionic form, and colonize the cecum. Day-of-hatch leghorn and broiler chicks were gavaged through the esophagus with 0.75 ml of a continuous-flow culture of normal cecal organisms. Two days after gavage, the same chicks were gavaged with 0.75 ml (greater than 10(9) colony-forming units) of a VBNC suspension of C. jejuni. Seven days later, cecal contents were collected, serially diluted, and examined for the presence of viable culturable C. jejuni. Our results demonstrated that the VBNC C. jejuni cells were unable to revert to a vibrionic culturable form capable of colonizing the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Ziprin
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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