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Kanci Condello A, Wawegama NK, Ekanayake D, Zhu L, Tivendale KA, Shil PK, Daly J, Mohotti S, Todhunter P, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Browning GF. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304, after spray-vaccination of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110093. [PMID: 38692193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. A novel vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304 (the ts-304 strain), has greater protective efficacy in chickens than the Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) vaccine when delivered by eye drop at 3 weeks of age. Applying this vaccine in the hatchery to 1-day-old birds, using mass administration methods, would improve animal welfare and reduce labour costs associated with handling individual birds. This study assessed the protection provided by vaccination with Vaxsafe MG304 after administration to 1-day-old chicks. Chicks were administered a single dose of the vaccine to assess the efficacy of either a high dose (107.0 colour changing units, CCU) or a low dose (105.7 CCU) after eye drop or spray (in water or gel) administration against experimental challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 7 weeks of age. The vaccine was able to colonise the palatine cleft of chicks after vaccination by eye drop (at both doses) or by spray (in water or gel) (at the high dose). The high dose of vaccine, when delivered by eye drop or spray, was shown to be safe and induced a serological response and protective immunity (as measured by tracheal mucosal thickness and air sac lesion scores) against challenge. Vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with Vaxsafe MG304 by eye drop induced protective immunity equivalent to vaccination at 3 weeks of age. Vaxsafe MG304 was also protective when applied by both coarse- and gel spray methods at the higher dose and is therefore a suitable live attenuated vaccine for use in 1-day-old chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dilhani Ekanayake
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Kelly A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - June Daly
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Sameera Mohotti
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited Research & Diagnostic Laboratory (RDL), RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Philip Todhunter
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kanci Condello A, Morrow CJ, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Shil PK, Underwood GJ, Andrews DM, Omotainse OS, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Effects of administration of tylosin on the duration of protective immunity induced by the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain, Vaxsafe MG ts-304, in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109605. [PMID: 36455495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic use of antimicrobials after administration of live vaccines is a common practice in the poultry industry, but the impact of this on the efficacy and duration of protection induced by the vaccines is unknown. The effect of treatment with tylosin on the efficacy of vaccination with the live attenuated M. gallisepticum strain, Vaxsafe MG ts-304, was examined. This vaccine has previously been shown to provide protection for at least 57 weeks. Ten-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with Vaxsafe MG ts-304 and then treated with tylosin at a therapeutic dose in drinking water from 6 weeks after vaccination. Tylosin was withdrawn 5 days before challenge with M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 6, 10, 14, 18 or 22 weeks after vaccination. Air sac lesions, tracheal mucosal thickening and the concentrations of serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were assessed at 2 weeks after challenge. The protection induced by the vaccine in the 6 weeks before initiation of tylosin treatment persisted for 18 weeks after vaccination, with lesions only observed in the air sacs of vaccinated birds that had been treated with tylosin after challenge at 22 weeks after vaccination. Concentrations of serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum began to decrease in vaccinated birds that had been treated with tylosin from 16 weeks after vaccination. This study has suggested that treatment of chickens with tylosin after vaccination with a live attenuated mycoplasma vaccine reduces the duration of protective immunity afforded by the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Chris J Morrow
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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The Monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations during the Last Decade (2010–2020) Seems to Reveal a Comeback of Susceptibility to Macrolides, Tiamulin, and Lincomycin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081021. [PMID: 36009890 PMCID: PMC9404793 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) is a highly contagious avian pathogen responsible for significant economic losses for the poultry industry. In some circumstances, antimicrobial treatment is useful to contain clinical signs of Mg infection in birds. However, antimicrobial resistance emergence is now common among animal pathogens, becoming a worldwide health concern. The collection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data is fundamental for an appropriate antimicrobial use and for fighting antimicrobial resistance emergence. However, MIC data can only be generated in specialized laboratories, and therefore they are not regularly available. MICs of 67 non-vaccine-derived Mg isolates collected in Italy between 2010 and 2020 were obtained. Although 79.1% of the Mg isolates showed enrofloxacin MICs ≥ 8 µg/mL, a statistically significant trend toward low MICs of erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, spiramycin, tiamulin, and lincomycin was observed, indicating a comeback to susceptibility of Mg toward these drugs. Doxycycline proved to be slightly more effective than oxytetracycline. The present study shows that Mg changed its susceptibility toward many of the drugs most commonly used for its containment over a ten-year period.
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Giram P, Bhutada P, Prajapati C, Koratkar SS, Patil S, Hooda D, Rale V, Tongaonkar SS. Percent positivity and phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry from the different States of India. Vet World 2022; 15:1843-1851. [PMID: 36185537 PMCID: PMC9394154 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1843-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The Indian and global poultry industries suffer significant economic losses due to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections, which adversely affect egg production, hatchability, weight gain, and feed efficiency in farms, thus decreasing the overall production efficiency. This study aimed to determine the percent positivity and phylogenetic analysis of MG, MS, and co-infection of both mycoplasmas in commercial poultry farms across different states of India from 2017 to 2021.
Materials and Methods: A total of 3620 tracheal or choacal swabs were collected from breeder and layer farms showing clinical signs of avian mycoplasma infections from commercial poultry farms across India, and the percent positivites for MG, MS, and co-infection of both mycoplasmas were determined by Polymerase chain reaction using the 16S rRNA and vlhA genes amplification, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing the mgc2 and vlhA genes of 2 samples of MG and 24 samples of M. synoviae to gain insight into the genetic variability of Indian strains. The data were then compared with other Indian strains, vaccines strains, and strains from other countries.
Results: Our data shows the percent positivity of MG, MS, and co-infection of both MG and MS was 6.43%, 23.61%, and 15.49%, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship between MG and MS was determined using the vlhA and mgc2 genes, revealing two samples of MG and 24 samples of MS clustered with other Indian strains. M. synoviae MSM22 and previously studied M. synoviae MGS 482 clustered with vaccine strain M. synoviae MS-H.
Conclusion: Mycoplasma synoviae infections in breeder, layer, and in both is predominant compared to MG across the states investigated in India. Sequenced samples of MG and MS showed evolutionary relationships with the previously studied Indian strains of MG and MS. These findings support our view that monitoring chickens for avian mycoplasma infections are of paramount significance. It further lends credence to the contention that such information will pave the way for the development of a home-grown vaccination control program and thus safeguard the poultry sector against mycoplasma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoti Giram
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankhudi Bhutada
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chhagan Prajapati
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh S. Koratkar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Patil
- Huvepharma SEA (Pune) Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Vinay Rale
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India; Symbiosis Centre for Research & Innovation (SCRI), Symbiosis International Deemed University, Lavale, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish S. Tongaonkar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Maharashtra, India
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Marouf S, Khalf MA, Alorabi M, El-Shehawi AM, El-Tahan AM, El-Hack MEA, El-Saadony MT, Salem HM. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a devastating organism for the poultry industry in Egypt. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101658. [PMID: 35033906 PMCID: PMC8762476 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a worldwide ruined bacteria affecting different avian species, causing severe economic losses. Consequently, the current research sought to detect the incidence of MG among different commercial broiler, layer chickens and turkey farms, and environmental litter samples in different Egyptian governorates (Damietta, Giza, El-Qalyobia, El-Sharqia, and El-Behera) from January 2019 to December 2020. Four hundred samples (infraorbital sinus aspirates, tracheal swabs, serum from diseased birds, and organ samples; lung tissues, air sacs and tracheal bifurcation from freshly dead birds), and environmental samples (litter) were collected for MG isolation. Samples were subjected to phenotypic and molecular identification. Positive bacteriological samples were subjected for molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect MG, then sequencing for PCR amplicon of mgc2 gene. Out of 332 samples subjected for bacteriological examination, 206 were bacteriologically positive for MG with an incidence of 62%. The highest incidence of MG was detected in turkey farms at a rate of 83%, followed by broiler chicken farms, layer chicken farms and litter samples at a percentage of 70, 40, and 40, respectively. The highest prevalence of MG in chickens and turkey was recorded during the winter and autumn seasons. Molecular identification of MG isolates revealed that 85% of isolates were positive for mgc2 gene using PCR. The Four sequenced strains in this study are closely related and placed in one group with the vaccine strain 6/85 and ts11 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Khalf
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City, Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt; Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Bashashati M, Banani M. Complete Sequence-Based Genotyping of mgc2/pvpA Genes in Chicken-Derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum Isolates of Iran. Avian Dis 2021; 64:507-516. [PMID: 33570101 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major pathogen of the poultry industry throughout the world. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Despite constant improvements in the biosecurity of the poultry industry in Iran, MG infection still occurs and causes significant economic issues. To evaluate genetic variability, 10 Iranian MG isolates along with 17 available sequences were characterized by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) analysis of complete mgc2/pvpA genes. According to the findings, 21 different sequence types within the sample set of 27 strains were typed by this method. The discriminatory power of this typing assay was established to be 0.97. Although no insertions and deletions of nucleotides were observed in the mgc2 gene among the Iranian strains, different lengths of pvpA genes with 1086, 1095, and 1101 nucleotides were detected within direct repeats (DRs) 1 and 2. Generally, eight tetrapeptides Pro-Arg-Pro-Met/Gln/Asn were found in the DRs of PvpA. Analysis of the carboxyl ends of PvpA proteins exhibited various repeats of prolines. In the phylogenetic tree of partial and complete mgc2/pvpA genes, all Iranian MG isolates were clustered into two distinct groups. Because this typing assay could provide a higher discriminatory power than the previously reported GTS scheme of partial mgc2/ pvpA genes, these results can be considered a blueprint for future national control and diagnostic strategies. Furthermore, consistent surveillance with larger datasets will be needed to clarify the epidemiologic characteristics of MG outbreaks in different poultry hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bashashati
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Mansour Banani
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Kanci Condello A, Zhu L, Shil PK, Tivendale KA, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Effects of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination against Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109182. [PMID: 34315003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression can increase the susceptibility of chickens to other disease-causing pathogens and interfere with the efficacy of vaccination against those pathogens. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are common causes of immunosuppression in chickens. Immunosuppression was induced by experimental infection with either CAV or IBDV to assess the effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 against infection with virulent M. gallisepticum, a common bacterial pathogen of chickens worldwide. Birds were experimentally infected with either CAV or IBDV at 1 week of age, before vaccination and challenge with M. gallisepticum to examine the effect of immunosuppression at the time of vaccination, or at 6 weeks of age, after vaccination against M. gallisepticum but before challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum, to investigate the effect of immunosuppression at the time of challenge. All birds were vaccinated with a single dose of the ts-304 vaccine at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 8 weeks of age. In immunosuppressed chickens there was a reduction in protection offered by the ts-304 vaccine at two weeks after challenge, as measured by tracheal mucosal thicknesses, serum antibody levels against M. gallisepticum, air sac lesion scores and virulent M. gallisepticum load in the trachea. Immunosuppressed birds with detectable serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were less likely to have tracheal lesions. This study has shown that immunosuppression caused by infection with CAV or IBDV can interfere with vaccination against mycoplasmosis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Molecular Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Outbreaks: A Last Decade Study on Italian Farms Using GTS and MLST. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040665. [PMID: 33182244 PMCID: PMC7712042 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infects many avian species and leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Transmission of this pathogen occurs both horizontally and vertically, and strategies to avoid the spread of MG rely on vaccination and the application of biosecurity measures to maintain breeder groups as pathogen-free. Two live attenuated MG vaccine strains are licensed in Italy: 6/85 and ts-11. After their introduction, the implementation of adequate genotyping tools became necessary to distinguish between field and vaccine strains and to guarantee proper infection monitoring activity. In this study, 40 Italian MG isolates collected between 2010–2019 from both vaccinated and unvaccinated farms were genotyped using gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) of the cythadesin gene mgc2 and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on six housekeeping genes. The discriminatory power of GTS typing ensures 6/85-like strain identification, but the technique does not allow the identification ts-11 strains; conversely, MLST differentiates both vaccine strains, describing more detailed interrelation structures. Our study describes MG genetic scenario within a mixed farming context. In conclusion, the use of adequate typing methods is essential to understand the evolutionary dynamics of MG strains in a particular area and to conduct epidemiological investigations in the avian population.
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Chniba I, Boujemaa S, Mardassi BBA, Ben Abdelmoumen Mardassi B. Clonal dissemination of antibiotic resistance among Tunisian Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates as revealed by gene-targeted sequencing analysis. Avian Dis 2020; 65:446278. [PMID: 33057595 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00080r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTo date, very little is known about avian mycoplasma infections in Tunisia. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the most economically significant pathogen for poultry in Tunisia and worldwide. Based on the paucity of data regarding the genetic profiles and antibacterial behavior of M. gallisepticum strains in Tunisia, the present study was conducted. Genetic typing and phylogenetic relationships of 40 M. gallisepticum strains (20 Tunisian isolates, 19 international strains collection, and S6 reference strain) were investigated by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) using 4 loci ( pvpA , mgc2 , vlhA and the InterGenic Spacer Region (IGSR) between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes). GTS reveals 12 STs that were found to spread over 2 clonal complexes (CC) and 5 singletons.Emergence of enrofloxacin and spiramycin resistance among M. gallisepticum local isolates have been revealed using the broth microdilution method. Causal mutations have been identified by sequencing the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) and domain II and V of 23S rRNA as well as the rplD and rplV genes for enrofloxacine- and macrolide-resistant isolates, respectively. The emersion of antibiotic resistance to enrofloxacin and spiramycin has been identified as being related to a distinctive clonal complex formed by 4 different STs (ST2, ST3, ST4 and ST5) which would suggest that this phenotype was clonally disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Chniba
- Group of Mycoplasmas, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Safa Boujemaa
- Group of Mycoplasmas, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Ben Abdelmoumen Mardassi
- Group of Mycoplasmas, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Ben Abdelmoumen Mardassi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis Head of Mycoplasmas Unit Group of Mycoplasmas. Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology, and Biotechnology Development 13, Place Pasteur, B.P. 74.1002 Tunis, Belvédère TUNISIA Tunis 1002 00216 71844790
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Kanci Condello A, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Shil PK, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Duration of protective immunity induced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 vaccine in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108883. [PMID: 33069036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. MG ts-304 is a GapA positive clone recovered from Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) that has been shown to be safe in chickens when delivered by the eye drop route to 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and to confer protection against challenge at 4 weeks after vaccination, as measured by tracheal mucosal thickness and air sac lesion scores. In this study, specific pathogen-free chickens (SPF) were vaccinated with a single dose of the MG ts-304 vaccine (106.0 colour changing units) at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged by aerosol with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 40, 48 and 57 weeks after vaccination. There were no significant differences in tracheal mucosal thickness 2 weeks after challenge between chickens challenged at the three time points, or between the vaccinated birds after challenge and unvaccinated/unchallenged control birds. Thus there was clear evidence that the immunity conferred by vaccination with the MG ts-304 vaccine resulted in significant protection against tracheitis in chickens that extended to, but was highly likely to exceed, 57 weeks after vaccination and that similar long term protective immunity could be expected to be conferred by a vaccine dose lower than that used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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11
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Unraveling the Global Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Expansion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Understanding the Origin and Expansion of This Pathogen in Ecuador. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090674. [PMID: 32825097 PMCID: PMC7557814 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is among the most significant problems in the poultry industry worldwide, representing a serious threat to international trade. Despite the fact that the mgc2 gene has been widely used for diagnostic and molecular characterization purposes, there is a lack of evidence supporting the reliability of this gene as a marker for molecular epidemiology approaches. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the accuracy of the mgc2 gene for phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic evaluations. Furthermore, the global phylodynamic expansion of MG is described, and the origin and extension of the outbreak caused by MG in Ecuador were tracked and characterized. The results obtained strongly supported the use of the mgc2 gene as a reliable phylogenetic marker and accurate estimator for the temporal and phylogeographic structure reconstruction of MG. The phylodynamic analysis denoted the failures in the current policies to control MG and highlighted the imperative need to implement more sensitive methodologies of diagnosis and more efficient vaccines. Framed in Ecuador, the present study provides the first piece of evidence of the circulation of virulent field MG strains in Ecuadorian commercial poultry. The findings derived from the current study provide novel and significant insights into the origin, diversification, and evolutionary process of MG globally.
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12
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Preparation of ELISA and Lateral Flow Kits for rapid Diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Poultry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9056. [PMID: 32493899 PMCID: PMC7270135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian mycoplasmas were mainly the cause of poultry industry economic losses; reduced meat and egg production and increases the antibiotic treatment cost. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is designated as infectious sinusitis of turkeys and chronic respiratory disease of chickens (gasping, depression, semi closed eyes, infraorbital sinuses edema and decrease in egg production). This study aimed to prepare, evaluate and Compare in-house ELISA kits and lateral flow assay (LFA) from a local strain of MG with commercial ELISA kits and PCR consequently. A total of 54 samples (27 tracheal swabs, 10 trachea and 17 lung) and 50 serum samples collected from birds suffering from chronic respiratory disease were tested by prepared in-house ELISA, commercial ELISA kits, PCR and LFA; a high correlation coefficient between in-house ELISA using whole antigen or sonicated antigen and commercial kit was recorded. Lateral Flow assay (LFA) performance indicate a low sensitivity (77.5%) but maintain a high specificity (92%) compared to PCR. The in-house ELISA kits and LFA prepared could be used as a fast diagnostic technique for detection of MG in Egypt. According to the available knowledge the prepared LFA for diagnosis of MG infection in chickens was developed for the first time in Egypt.
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13
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Erfan AM, Marouf S. Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective. Vet World 2019; 12:1707-1715. [PMID: 32009749 PMCID: PMC6925043 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1707-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Respiratory bacterial agents represent one of the most harmful factors that ordinarily threaten the poultry industry and usually lead to great economic losses. Meanwhile, there is a global demand to avoid the highly emerging antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in edible meat. Whereas, the use of alternatives became of great priority, especially for those substances extracted from natural plant origin. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil as a herbal extract on different respiratory bacterial agents. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty biological samples were collected through targeted surveillance for respiratory diseased poultry farms representing three governorates, from which bacterial isolation and identification, DNA sequencing of representative strains were performed. Furtherly, phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration, agar disk diffusion, and virulence genes expression real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cinnamon oil gave rise to acceptable degrees of virulence genes downregulation of 0.15, 0.19, 0.37, 0.41, 0.77, and 0.85 for Staphylococcus aureus sed gene, Escherichia coli stx1 gene, Avibacterium paragallinarum HPG-2 gene, Pasteurella multocida ptfA gene, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mgc2 gene, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale adk gene, respectively. Phenotypically, using agar disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility, cinnamon oil showed also tolerable results as it stopped the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. multocida, and A. paragallinarum with varying zones of inhibition. Conclusion: The encountered results declared the successful in vitro effect of cinnamon oil that recommends its application for living birds for future use as a safe antibacterial in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed Erfan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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14
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Bekő K, Kreizinger Z, Sulyok KM, Kovács ÁB, Grózner D, Catania S, Bradbury J, Lysnyansky I, Olaogun OM, Czanik B, Ellakany H, Gyuranecz M. Genotyping Mycoplasma gallisepticum by multilocus sequence typing. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:191-196. [PMID: 30955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease and reproductive disorders in many bird species, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Maintenance of M. gallisepticum-free flocks is the most adequate method to control infection. To this end, monitoring systems and vaccination programs with live vaccine strains are applied worldwide. There is strong demand for efficient epidemiological investigation tools to distinguish M. gallisepticum strains in order to control disease. Up to now, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been regarded as gold standard for genotyping bacteria due to its good reproducibility and high discriminatory power. The aim of this study was to develop an MLST assay which can determine phylogenetic distances between M. gallisepticum strains. After analysing more than 30 housekeeping genes, six loci (atpG, dnaA, fusA, rpoB, ruvB, uvrA) were selected for the MLST assay due to their genomic location and high diversity. Examination of 130 M. gallisepticum strains with this MLST method yielded 57 unique sequence types (STs) with a 0.96 Simpson's index of diversity. Considering the large number of STs and high diversity index, this MLST method was found to be appropriate to discriminate M. gallisepticum strains. In addition, the developed method was shown to be suitable for epidemiological investigations, as it confirmed linkage between related strains from outbreaks in different farms. Besides, MLST also suggested high impact of extensive international trade on the spread of different M. gallisepticum strains. Furthermore this method can be used for differentiation among vaccine and field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Bekő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Kinga M Sulyok
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Áron B Kovács
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Dénes Grózner
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via San Giacomo 5, Verona 37000, Italy.
| | - Janet Bradbury
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Department of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Olusola Martins Olaogun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Béla Czanik
- NAGISZ Ltd, Fő u. 19, Nádudvar 4181, Hungary.
| | - Hany Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Elgomhoria st. 63, Damanhour, Elbehira 22511, Egypt.
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária körút 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária körút 23-25, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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15
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BUKTE SR, GANDGE RS. Rapid serum agglutination, cultural isolation and PCR for detection of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae infection in poultry. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i4.78765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poultry mycoplasmosis, is an infectious disease of birds distributed worldwide causing serious economic loss to the poultry industry. Diagnosis of poultry mycoplasmosis is considered to difficult task due to different aspects of etiological agent from conventional bacteria. Therefore, the present study was aimed to detect mycoplasma infection in poultry using serological, cultural and molecular techniques. The specimens included were, sera samples and choanal swabs (150 each) collected from 150 birds housed in semi arid and costal area of Maharashtra (India). Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was more prevalent than Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) in mycoplasmosis detected by rapid serum agglutination test (RSA), cultural isolation and direct PCR of samples. Nucleotide sequences of three representative MG isolates with NCBI accession nos. KY467400, KY467401 and KY467403 did not show any variations in their sequences analysed and matched with published strains of MG. RSA, cultural isolation and direct PCR yielded 93 (62%), 24 (16%) and 85 (56.67%) positive cases respectively. The sensitivity of PCR and RSA was 95.83% and 83.33% respectively. Thus, RSA and PCR were better than cultural isolation in diagnosis of poultry mycoplasmosis, therefore these methods can be used for screening the flocks for detection of mycoplasma infection depending on availability of specimens and facility.
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16
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Evaluation of the Capacity of PCR and High-Resolution Melt Curve Analysis for Identification of Mixed Infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126824. [PMID: 25970590 PMCID: PMC4430288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity and presentation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection may differ from one strain to another and this may have implications on control measures. Infection of individual birds with more than one MG strain has been reported. A PCR followed by high resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis has been developed in our laboratory and routinely used for detection and differentiation of MG strains. However the potential of this test for identification of MG strains in a mixed specimen has not been evaluated. In the present study, the capability of PCR-HRM curve analysis technique, targeting vlhA and pvpA genes was assessed for identification of individual MG strains in a mixed population. Different DNA ratios of two MG strains from 1 to 10-4 ng were tested with some generated conventional and normalized curves distinct from those of individual strains alone. Using genotype confidence percentages (GCP) generated from HRM curve analysis, it was found that vlhA PCR-HRM was more consistent than pvpA PCR-HRM for the detection of MG ts-11 vaccine strain mixed with any of the MG strains 6/85, F, S6 or a field isolate. The potential of vlhA PCR-HRM to detect mixed MG strains in a specimen was found to be primarily dependent on quantity and proportion of the target DNAs in the mixture. This is the first study examining the capacity of PCR-HRM technique for identification of individual MG strains in a mixed strain population.
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17
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Indikova I, Vronka M, Szostak MP. First identification of proteins involved in motility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vet Res 2014; 45:99. [PMID: 25323771 PMCID: PMC4207318 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the most pathogenic mycoplasma in poultry, is able to glide over solid surfaces. Although this gliding motility was first observed in 1968, no specific protein has yet been shown to be involved in gliding. We examined M. gallisepticum strains and clonal variants for motility and found that the cytadherence proteins GapA and CrmA were required for gliding. Loss of GapA or CrmA resulted in the loss of motility and hemadsorption and led to drastic changes in the characteristic flask-shape of the cells. To identify further genes involved in motility, a transposon mutant library of M. gallisepticum was generated and screened for motility-deficient mutants, using a screening assay based on colony morphology. Motility-deficient mutants had transposon insertions in gapA and the neighbouring downstream gene crmA. In addition, insertions were seen in gene mgc2, immediately upstream of gapA, in two motility-deficient mutants. In contrast to the GapA/CrmA mutants, the mgc2 motility mutants still possessed the ability to hemadsorb. Complementation of these mutants with a mgc2-hexahistidine fusion gene restored the motile phenotype. This is the first report assigning specific M. gallisepticum proteins to involvement in gliding motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Indikova
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Vronka
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Huong CTT, Murano T, Uno Y, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Molecular detection of avian pathogens in poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) collected in chicken farms. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1583-7. [PMID: 25649939 PMCID: PMC4300372 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry red mite (PRM, Dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a possible vector of several avian pathogens. In this study, to define the role of PRM in the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to check for the presence of seven pathogens: Avipox virus (APV), Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), Salmonella enterica (SE), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). A total of 159 PRM samples collected between 2004 and 2012 from 142 chicken farms in 38 prefectures in Japan were examined. APV DNA was detected in 22 samples (13.8%), 19 of which were wild-type APV. 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) of MS was detected in 15 samples (9.4%), and the mgc2 gene of MG was detected in 2 samples (1.3%). Eight of 15 MS 16S rRNA sequences differed from the vaccine sequence, indicating they were wild-type strains, while both of the MG mgc2 gene sequences detected were identical to the vaccine sequences. Of these avian pathogen-positive mite samples, three were positive for both wild-types of APV and MS. On the other hand, the DNAs of ER, SE, FAdV and MDV were not detected in any samples. These findings indicated that PRM can harbor the wild-type pathogens and might play a role as a vector in spreading these diseases in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Thi Thanh Huong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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19
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Khalifa R, Eissa S, El-Hariri M, Refai M. Sequencing Analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Wild Strains in Vaccinated Chicken Breeder Flocks. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24:98-104. [DOI: 10.1159/000357733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Comparison of multiple genes and 16S-23S rRNA intergenic space region for their capacity in high resolution melt curve analysis to differentiate Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 from field strains. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:440-7. [PMID: 24238667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. In an attempt to compare and evaluate existing genotyping methods for differentiation of MG strains/isolates, high resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis was applied to 5 different PCR methods targeting vlhA, pvpA, gapA, mgc2 genes and 16S-23S rRNA intergenic space region (IGSR). To assess the discriminatory power of PCR-HRM of examined genes and IGSR, MG strains ts-11, F, 6/85 and S6, and, initially, 8 field isolates were tested. All MG strains/isolates were differentiated using PCR-HRM curve analysis and genotype confidence percentage (GCP) values of vlhA and pvpA genes, while only 0, 3 and 4 out of 12 MG strains/isolates were differentiated using gapA, mgc2 genes and IGSR, respectively. The HRM curve analysis of vlhA and pvpA genes was found to be highly correlated with the genetic diversity of the targeted genes confirmed by sequence analysis of amplicons generated from MG strains. The potential of the vlhA and pvpA genes was also demonstrated for genotyping of 12 additional MG strains from Europe and the USA. Results from this study provide a direct comparison between genes previously used in sequencing-based genotyping methods for MG strain identification and highlight the usefulness of vlhA and pvpA HRM curve analyses as rapid and reliable tools specially for diagnosis and differentiation of MG strains used here.
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21
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Abdelwhab E, Abdelmagid M, El-Sheibeny L, El-Nagar H, Arafa A, Selim A, Nasef S, Aly M, Hafez H. Detection and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum field infection in TS-11-vaccinated broiler breeders. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Ghorashi SA, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF. Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains using PCR and high-resolution melting curve analysis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:1019-1029. [PMID: 20035007 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.031351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an economically important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. Differentiation of MG strains is critical, especially in countries where poultry flocks are vaccinated with live vaccines. In this study, oligonucleotide primers were designed based on a region preceding the trinucleotide repeat of a member of the vlhA gene family, and amplicons of 145-352 bp were generated from cultures of 10 different MG strains, including the ts-11, F and 6/85 vaccine strains. High-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis of the resultant amplicons could differentiate all MG strains. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons from each strain revealed that each melting curve profile related to a unique DNA sequence. The HRM curve profiles (for ts-11) remained consistent after at least five passages under laboratory conditions. PCR-HRM curve analysis of 33 DNA extracts derived from respiratory swabs, or mycoplasma cultures grown from respiratory swabs, of ts-11-vaccinated commercial or specific pathogen-free chickens identified all these specimens, according to their sequences, as ts-11. The potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis was also shown in the genotyping of 30 additional MG isolates from Europe, the USA and Israel. The results presented in this study indicate that PCR followed by HRM curve analysis provides a rapid and robust technique for genotyping of MG isolates/strains using both MG cultures and clinical swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed A Ghorashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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23
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Evans JD, Leigh SA. Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 from commonly used Mycoplasma gallisepticum challenge strains by PCR. Avian Dis 2008; 52:491-7. [PMID: 18939641 DOI: 10.1637/8187-120307-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economic losses within the poultry industry. In an effort to develop tools to aid in MG research and diagnostics, we have compared sequences of the attenuated MG vaccine strain ts-11 to those of commonly used pathogenic challenge strains in search of a simple means of differentiation. Via gapA sequence alignments and comparisons, we have identified and designed primers facilitating strain differentiation. When applied to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay at low annealing temperature, the primer sets allow for the differentiation of MG attenuated vaccine strains ts-11 as well as the attenuated MG vaccine strain 6/85 from the commonly utilized MG challenge strains R(low), R, and S6. Conventional PCR differentiation is based on the visualization of sole products with the attenuated MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 and the lack of the corresponding products from MG strains R(low), R, and S6. When applied to MG strain F, product visualization varies with the applied primer set. The differentiation of MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from the pathogenic challenge strains was also accomplished via real-time analyses, however, the primer sets were not able to differentiate MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from selected MG field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Evans
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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24
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Portnoy V, Schuster G. Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the first analyzed bacterium in which RNA is not polyadenylated. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 283:97-103. [PMID: 18399989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of poly(A)-tails to RNA is a phenomenon common to almost all organisms. In addition to most eukaryotic mRNAs possessing a stable poly(A)-tail, RNA is polyadenylated as part of a degradation mechanism in prokaryotes, organelles, and the eukaryotic nucleus. To date, only very few systems have been described wherein RNA is metabolized without polyadenylation, including several archaea and yeast mitochondria. The minimal genome of the parasitic bacteria, Mycoplasma, does not encode homologs of any known polyadenylating enzyme. Here, we analyze polyadenylation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Our results suggest this organism as being the first described bacterium in which RNA is not polyadenylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Portnoy
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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25
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Gates AE, Frasca S, Nyaoke A, Gorton TS, Silbart LK, Geary SJ. Comparative assessment of a metabolically attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum mutant as a live vaccine for the prevention of avian respiratory mycoplasmosis. Vaccine 2008; 26:2010-9. [PMID: 18342996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, signature sequence mutagenesis (SSM) was used to identify a mutant with a disruption of the gene encoding the metabolic factor, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and that mutant was designated Mg 7. The current study assessed the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of Mg 7 in comparison to two commercially available vaccines (ts-11 and F) as well as a laboratory vaccine strain, GT5. Intratracheal vaccination of chickens with all four attenuated mutants induced varying levels of protection against intratracheal challenge with virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low). Mg 7 vaccinated chickens rapidly cleared the challenge strain, had lower histopathologic tracheal lesion scores when compared to unvaccinated chickens, and mounted a strong humoral anti-M. gallisepticum-specific IgG response. The IgG levels increased 2- to 3-fold upon R(low) challenge. Mg 7 induced a greater level of protection against intratracheal R(low) challenge than that observed with the other three attenuated strains, as evidenced by a lower recovery of R(low) from tracheas and lower histopathologic lesion scores in tracheas and air sacs. Based on these findings, Mg 7 appears to have good potential as a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of avian mycoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gates
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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