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Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Madani SA, Najafi H, Ziafati Kafi Z, Sadri N, Sarmadi S, Eghbali O, Jamiri F, Bakhshi A, Hosseini H. The full genome characterization of avian encephalomyelitis virus, Iran: a vertical transmission case. Virus Genes 2024; 60:393-401. [PMID: 38811493 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is an important infectious poultry disease worldwide that is caused by avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV). The causative virus can be transmitted both horizontally and vertically. In the present study, an AEV suspected outbreak with typical neurological signs occurred in broilers. Histopathological examination, RT-PCR assay and full genome sequencing were applied to confirm the presence of AEV. Phylogenetic analysis of the full genome sequence showed that the detected AEV strain at 7055 nucleotide length is classified in cluster I and is closely related to vaccinal USA and China originated isolates. Although, the outbreaks of AE in progeny of vaccinated breeders have been reported previously, the source of infection was unknown. Based on the results obtained in this study, the outbreaks are vaccine-originated. This study provides the first whole genome analysis of AEV from Iran and reveals that the AEV possesses a hepatitis C virus-like internal ribosome entry site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Madani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Sadri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sarmadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Eghbali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Jamiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bakhshi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
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Zhang G, Li S, Shen Z, Wang F. Progress in research on the molecular biological detection techniques of avian encephalomyelitis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:232-236. [PMID: 37172452 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a highly infectious disease caused by the avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), which primarily affects the central nervous system of 1- to 4-week-old chicks and causes significant economic losses in the worldwide poultry industry. Despite heavy dependency on vaccine immunization, AEV has persisted on farms for extended periods, which increases its virulence and makes quick and accurate detection crucial to preventing and controlling the disease. Classical diagnostic methods have been unable to meet the current requirements for rapid diagnosis of AE cases. To address this issue, this paper reviews the etiological and molecular biological detection techniques of AE, and it seeks to provide a reference for future research and to establish differential diagnostic techniques for AE epidemiological investigation, identification of epidemic strains, and early diagnosis of clinical cases. Through improving our understanding of AE, we can better combat the disease and protect the global poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerui Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Binzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China.
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Ali MZ, Shaon MTW, Moula MM, Bary MA, Al Momen Sabuj A, Khaled SA, Bhuiyan ZA, Giasuddin M. First report on the seroprevalence of avian encephalomyelitis virus antibody in Sonali (cross-bred) chickens in Bogura, Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:78-83. [PMID: 33860016 PMCID: PMC8043337 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study intended to detect the presence and distribution of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV)-specific antibodies in Sonali (cross-bred) parent chickens regarding farm location, flock size, and age in Bogura district of Bangladesh, a Sonali chicken belt. Materials and methods A total of 275 Sonali parent chickens' blood samples were collected randomly from 39 flocks during laying age with a healthy and non-vaccination history against AEV. Blood samples were collected aseptically from the wing veins of chickens using 3-ml syringes and sera were separated. Then, the sera were transferred to the laboratory by maintaining a cool chain. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the specific antibodies against AEV present in the sera samples. Results Overall, 70.18% of the chickens were found seropositive for AEV antibodies. Based on the location, the highest seropositivity was recorded in Bogura Sadar [91.30%, confidence intervals (CI) 79.21%-97.58%], and the lowest was in the Adomdighi sub-district (45.45%, CI 29.49%-63.08%). For flock size, AEV seropositivity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the large flock (82.22%, CI 72.74%-89.48%). Regarding age groups, the seropositivity of AEV was significantly (p < 0.05) increased with chickens' age. Higher seropositivity was noted in chickens aged >51 weeks (89.32%, CI 81.69%-94.55%). Conclusion The results indicate that AEV is circulating in the environment, and chickens were exposed to the field strain of AEV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on AEV in chickens in Bangladesh. Proper vaccination and standard farm biosecurity practice could minimize AEV infection in chickens. A detailed epidemiology study, detection, and characterization of the AEV would be essential for effective AEV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Akramul Bary
- Central Poultry Laboratory, Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan
- Central Poultry Laboratory, Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Kumagai Y, Ogasawara F, Goto M, Mase M. Detection of avian encephalomyelitis virus in chickens in Japan using RT-PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:103-106. [PMID: 30464075 PMCID: PMC6361656 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed for broadly detecting the avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV). The new primers were based on conserved
sequences of the 5’-untranslated region of AEV, because the virus was not detected using previous reported RT-PCR. By applying this method to the chicken samples with suspected AEV infection
in Japan, we successfully obtained PCR products of the predicted size from all samples, and we confirmed the presence of AEV via sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Goto
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Gakuji Yaegashi
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kumagai
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Fusae Ogasawara
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Makiko Goto
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Torre DDL, Nuñez LF, Parra SHS, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJP. Detection by Rt-Pcr and Molecular Characterization of Tremovirus A Obtained from Clinical Cases of Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) Outbreaks in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sentíes-Cué CG, Gallardo RA, Reimers N, Bickford AA, Charlton BR, Shivaprasad HL. Avian Encephalomyelitis in Layer Pullets Associated with Vaccination. Avian Dis 2017; 60:511-5. [PMID: 27309297 DOI: 10.1637/11306-102115-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) was diagnosed in three flocks of leghorn layer pullets following AE vaccination. Ages of the birds were 11, 12, and 14 wk. The submissions came from three different companies located in two geographic areas of the Central Valley of California. The clinical signs included birds down on their legs, unilateral recumbency or sitting on their hocks, lethargy, reluctance to move, dehydration, unevenness in size, low weight, tremors of the head in a few birds, and mildly to moderately elevated mortality. The flocks had been vaccinated against fowl pox and AE with a combined product in the wing-web 2 wk prior to the onset of AE clinical signs. Histopathologic examination revealed lesions consistent with AE, including lymphocytic perivascular infiltration and neuronal central chromatolysis in the brain and spinal cord, as well as gliosis in the cerebellar molecular layer. The AE virus was detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR in the brain homogenate from three cases and peripheral nerves in one case. Additionally, the AE virus was isolated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated eggs from brain tissue pool samples. Other avian viral infections capable of causing encephalitis, including avian paramyxoviruses, avian influenza virus (AIV), West Nile virus (WNV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), were ruled out by attempting virus isolation and molecular procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- B Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nancy Reimers
- C Cutler Associates International, PO Box 1042, Moorpark, CA 93020-1042
| | - Arthur A Bickford
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Bruce R Charlton
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380.,D Deceased
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- E California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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Xie L, Xie Z, Huang L, Wang S, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zeng T, Luo S. A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of virulent and attenuated strains of duck plague virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:66-68. [PMID: 28860100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of duck plague virus (DPV) revealed that there was a 528bp (B fragment) deletion within the UL2 gene of DPV attenuated vaccine strain in comparison with field virulent strains. The finding of gene deletion provides a potential differentiation test between DPV virulent strain and attenuated strain based on their UL2 gene sizes. Thus we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting to the DPV UL2 gene for simultaneous detection of DPV virulent strain and attenuated strain, 827bp for virulent strain and 299bp for attenuated strain. This newly developed PCR for DPV was highly sensitive and specific. It detected as low as 100fg of DNA on both DPV virulent and attenuated strains, no same size bands were amplified from other duck viruses including duck paramyxovirus, duck tembusu virus, duck circovirus, Muscovy duck parvovirus, duck hepatitis virus type I, avian influenza virus and gosling plague virus. Therefore, this PCR assay can be used for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of DPV virulent and attenuated strains affecting ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, 51 Youai North Road, Nanning 530001, PR China
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Evolution of avian encephalomyelitis virus during embryo-adaptation. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:1-7. [PMID: 28532787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) causes neurological signs in young chicks but no disease in pullets after oral or intracutaneous infection. However, if the virus gets embryo-adapted by serial passaging in chicken embryos, it will cause AE after intracutaneous infection in chickens of all ages. Recently, several cases of AE in layer pullets occurring shortly after intracutaneous vaccination were described. The present investigation was initiated to determine if vaccines that had inadvertently been embryo-adapted were responsible for these outbreaks. Virus isolation was done from two vaccines and one field sample. One of the vaccines had been used in one of the flocks before the outbreak. After the first passage, regardless of the inoculum, no embryo was paralyzed, indicating that the vaccines and the field isolate were not embryo-adapted. After seven passages all three strains were fully embryo-adapted causing typical lesions in the embryos. Viral load as determined by RT-qPCR remained constant during the passages. Partial sequences of the VP2 gene of vaccines, the field sample and four other field isolates were nearly identical and highly similar to published sequences from all over the world; only sequences originating from non-vaccinated birds were clearly set apart. Analysis of whole genomes identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguished wild-type and embryo-adapted strains. Sanger sequencing brains and nerves of the five field isolates and of the first, third and fifth passages of the isolates showed that the mutations indicating embryo-adaptation were first observed in the fifth passage.
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Haryanto A, Ermawati R, Wati V, Irianingsih SH, Wijayanti N. Analysis of viral protein-2 encoding gene of avian encephalomyelitis virus from field specimens in Central Java region, Indonesia. Vet World 2016; 9:25-31. [PMID: 27051180 PMCID: PMC4819345 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.25-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease which can infect various types of poultry, especially chicken. In Indonesia, the incidence of AE infection in chicken has been reported since 2009, the AE incidence tends to increase from year to year. The objective of this study was to analyze viral protein 2 (VP-2) encoding gene of AE virus (AEV) from various species of birds in field specimen by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification using specific nucleotides primer for confirmation of AE diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 13 AEV samples are isolated from various species of poultry which are serologically diagnosed infected by AEV from some areas in central Java, Indonesia. Research stage consists of virus samples collection from field specimens, extraction of AEV RNA, amplification of VP-2 protein encoding gene by RT-PCR, separation of RT-PCR product by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing and data analysis. Results: Amplification products of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV by RT-PCR methods of various types of poultry from field specimens showed a positive results on sample code 499/4/12 which generated DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp. Sensitivity test of RT-PCR amplification showed that the minimum concentration of RNA template is 127.75 ng/µl. The multiple alignments of DNA sequencing product indicated that positive sample with code 499/4/12 has 92% nucleotide homology compared with AEV with accession number AV1775/07 and 85% nucleotide homology with accession number ZCHP2/0912695 from Genbank database. Analysis of VP-2 gene sequence showed that it found 46 nucleotides difference between isolate 499/4/12 compared with accession number AV1775/07 and 93 nucleotides different with accession number ZCHP2/0912695. Conclusions: Analyses of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV with RT-PCR method from 13 samples from field specimen generated the DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp from one sample with sample code 499/4/12. The sensitivity rate of RT-PCR is to amplify the VP-2 gene of AEV until 127.75 ng/µl of RNA template. Compared to Genbank databases, isolate 499/4/12 has 85% and 92% nucleotide homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Ermawati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vera Wati
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Disease Investigation Center Wates, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
| | - Sri Handayani Irianingsih
- Division of Virology, Animal Disease Investigation Center Wates, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
| | - Nastiti Wijayanti
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Steer PA, Sandy JR, O'Rourke D, Scott PC, Browning GF, Noormohammadi AH. Chronological analysis of gross and histological lesions induced by field strains of fowl adenovirus serotypes 1, 8b and 11 in one-day-old chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:106-13. [PMID: 25609454 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) cause diseases in domestic chickens, including inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), with immunosuppression believed to play a role in their pathogenesis. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis and chronology of disease caused by FAdVs, the gross pathology, histopathology and dissemination of virus were examined at several different time points, after inoculation of one-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens with FAdV-1, FAdV-8b or FAdV-11 via the ocular route. FAdV-8b had a slightly greater virulence than FAdV-11, but both were primary pathogens. The presence and severity of hepatic lesions were used to define the three stages of the disease: incubation (1-3 days post-inoculation, PI), degeneration (4-7 days PI) and convalescence (14 days PI). Both viruses were detected in the liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and gizzard of most birds during the degenerative stage, and persisted in the gizzard into convalescence. The FAdV-1 isolate was found to be apathogenic, but virus was detected in the bursa and/or gizzard of several birds between 2 and 7 days PI. This is the first study examining the chronology of gross and microscopic lesions of pathogenic and apathogenic FAdVs in association with viral presence in multiple tissues. It was concluded that both FAdV-8b and FAdV-11 are primary pathogens, and that these strains may play a role in immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Steer
- a Poultry CRC , University of New England , Armidale , NSW , Australia
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11
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Yu XH, Zhao J, Qin XH, Zhang GZ. Serological evidence of avian encephalomyelitis virus infection associated with vertical transmission in chicks. Biologicals 2015; 43:512-4. [PMID: 26493005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) can be transmitted both horizontally and vertically. In the present study, we report a typical case of AEV infection in broiler breeder chickens and their progeny identified by clinical survey of the disease, antibody detection, and reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Characterization of Avian Encephalomyelitis Outbreaks Occurred in South Korea from 2006 to 2013. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Popp C, Hauck R, Vahlenkamp TW, Lüschow D, Kershaw O, Hoferer M, Hafez HM. Liver Pathology Associated with Increased Mortality in Turkey Breeder and Meat Turkey Flocks. Avian Dis 2014; 58:474-81. [DOI: 10.1637/10675-092413-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu Q, Yang Z, Hao H, Cheng S, Fan W, Du E, Xiao S, Wang X, Zhang S. Development of a SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of avian encephalomyelitis virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:46-50. [PMID: 24880065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) causes epidemic diseases in poultry worldwide. A SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay was developed for the rapid detection and quantitation of AEV in this study. A pair of specific primers was designed in the highly conserved VP1 gene of this virus. When comparing this assay with conventional RT-PCR, the rRT-PCR assay was 100 times more sensitive and could detect levels as low as 10 standard DNA copies of the AEV SX strain. The specificity of this technique was evaluated in five other avian pathogens. The AEV RNA was detected as early as three days post-infection in chicken embryos. All 18 clinical chicken brains collected from an AEV outbreak in Northwestern China were detected to be positive (100%) using the rRT-PCR assay. However, only 5 of the 18 samples were positive (28%) using the conventional RT-PCR. The results were confirmed by virus isolation in chicken embryos. This high sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity of the SYBR Green rRT-PCR approach can be a more effective method than the conventional one for AEV diagnosis and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huafang Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shenli Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wentao Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enqi Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Dandár E, Bálint A, Kecskeméti S, Szentpáli-Gavallér K, Kisfali P, Melegh B, Farkas SL, Bányai K. Detection and characterization of a divergent avian reovirus strain from a broiler chicken with central nervous system disease. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2583-8. [PMID: 23771766 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses have been associated with a variety of diseases in chickens, including tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome, hepatitis, myocarditis, osteoporosis, respiratory diseases, and central nervous system disease. The primary objective of our study was the molecular characterization of an avian reovirus strain, T1781, which was isolated from a broiler chicken with a central nervous system disorder in Hungary during 2012. The complete genome sequence was determined using a traditional sequencing method after cell culture adaptation of the strain. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that T1781 shared only moderate nucleic acid sequence identity in several genes to previously analyzed reovirus strains from chickens, and each gene formed separate branches in the corresponding phylogenetic trees. The maximum nucleotide sequence identities of strain T1781 genes to reference avian reovirus strains ranged from 79 % to 90 %. Collectively, our analyses indicated that T1781 is a divergent chicken reovirus strain. The genetic background of this and other avian reoviruses associated with various disease manifestations needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Dandár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre of Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, P.O. Box 18, 1581, Hungary
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Welchman DDB, Cox WJ, Gough RE, Wood AM, Smyth VJ, Todd D, Spackman D. Avian encephalomyelitis virus in reared pheasants: a case study. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:251-6. [PMID: 19468944 DOI: 10.1080/03079450902912168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of neurological disease occurred in pheasant chicks on a game farm in 2007. The disease was first seen in the 10th hatching of chicks on the farm. Affected chicks showed trembling and incoordination from the time of hatching, and subsequently blindness and cataract formation was seen in some of the affected chicks at 3 weeks of age. The peak mortality and culling figure was 21.0% in the worst affected hatch, compared with a maximum of 11.7% in the first nine hatches. No further cases were evident by 7.5 weeks of age. Histopathological examination showed a moderate acute encephalomyelitis in some, but not all, of the chicks with neurological signs. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were typical of vertically transmitted avian encephalomyelitis as seen in chickens, although avian encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected in inoculated embryonated chicken eggs. However, serological testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to the virus was positive in four of five affected 3-week-old birds and in 23 out of 29 adult breeding birds, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing of RNA extracted from brain and pancreas tissue of affected chicks yielded nucleotide sequences aligned 82% and 83% with three avian encephalomyelitis sequences in a sequence database. The evidence suggested that the neurological disease was attributable to infection with a strain of avian encephalomyelitis virus that appeared to have entered the flock at the start of the breeding season, and was possibly introduced by carrier pheasants brought on to the farm early in the season.
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Wei L, Zhou J, Wang J, Shi L, Liu J. Development of a non-radioactive digoxigenin cDNA probe for the detection of avian encephalomyelitis virus. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:187-91. [PMID: 18393098 DOI: 10.1080/03079450801929933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A non-radioactive digoxigenin cDNA probe for detection of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) was developed. The cDNA probe hybridized specifically with a fragment of VP1 gene of AEV genome was found to be sensitive with as little as 10 pg target DNA fragment in a sensitivity test. Infected chicken embryos were strongly labelled by testing the probe against a range of AEV strains, and no non-specific reaction was observed in non-infected chicken embryos as well as five other avian pathogenic virus-infected samples used as negative controls. Furthermore, the cDNA probe was capable of detecting AEV from chicken embryo brain at 3 days post-inoculation as compared with an immunofluorescence assay, which required up to 5 days of incubation in the embryos. In clinical application, five out of 16 clinical brain samples that were negative by the immunofluorescence assay were positive for AEV by the cDNA probe. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the developed cDNA probe indicated that it is a highly promising and reliable diagnostic tool for the detection of AEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wei L, Chee LL, Wei T, Kwang J, Zhou J, Wang J, Shi L, Liu J. The VP1 protein of avian encephalomyelitis virus is a major host-protective immunogen that serves as diagnostic potential. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:56-62. [PMID: 18316131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) is an important pathogen of poultry and is classified as a member of Picornaviridae. To investigate the protective immunity induced by AEV structural proteins, recombinant VP1, VP0, and VP3 proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system. The result of in vivo protection assays shows that the VP1 protein is a major host-protective immunogen against AEV challenge and demonstrates further that the antibody raised against VP1 protein could neutralize more effectively AEV infection than antibody against VP3 or VP0 protein in a virus neutralization test. These purified recombinant proteins were subsequently evaluated as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigens for detection of AEV infection. A total number of 50 positive sera and 30 negative sera were tested for ELISA validation. Results obtained by testing 193 sera from chickens suspected of being infected AEV further showed that the diagnostic sensitivities of the VP1, VP3, and VP0 protein-based ELISAs were 98.1, 80.6, and 51.9%, and their specificities were 100, 87.9, and 81.8%, respectively. Both sensitivity and specificity of the VP1 protein-based ELISA were comparable with a commercially available test, indicating that the VP1 protein has a highly promising and reliable diagnostic potential, and thus is a suitable antigen for ELISA detection of AEV antibodies in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Central Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China
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