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Motamed N, Shoushtari A, Fallah Mehrabadi MH. Investigation of Avian Influenza Viruses (H9N2-H5nx) in Pigeons during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Iran, in 2016. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2020; 75:197-203. [PMID: 32621448 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.123439.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) virus (H9N2 and H5 subtypes) infections in birds cause major concerns around the world. The majority of the avian species, such as domestic, pet, and wild birds, are natural and experimental hosts of avian influenza viruses. There are global concerns about members of the Columbidae family, namely pigeons or doves, for their role as the potential interspecies bridge in influenza A viruses ecology. The acquired scientific data in this regard is still not clear since there are doubts about whether or not they transmit viruses between susceptible populations, and spread viruses among farms during outbreaks. To monitor H5 and H9 influenza virus infection status in the rural, backyard, and domestic birds, an annual active surveillance program was performed from September to October 2016. In December 2016, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N8 was detected in a layer farm in Tehran province, Iran. The present research was conducted to study H9N2 or H5 infections in pigeons within HPAI H5N8 2016 outbreaks and annual national AI surveillance in Iran. For this purpose, cloacal swabs and tissue samples (trachea, lung, brain, liver, heart, pancreas, and cecal tonsil) were collected and examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and virus isolation. Results of the tests performed on the swab and tissue samples were negative for H5 nor H9N2 viruses. The samples in real-time RT-PCR that after three passages still showed negative results in HA and molecular tests were considered negative. Moreover, the Newcastle disease virus was isolated in most of the samples taken from dead pigeons, after inoculation in embryonated chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Motamed
- Department of Poultry Diseases Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - A Shoushtari
- Department of Poultry Diseases Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.,Department of Poultry Diseases Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - M H Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Poultry Diseases Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Shriner SA, Root JJ, Mooers NL, Ellis JW, Stopak SR, Sullivan HJ, VanDalen KK, Franklin AB. Susceptibility of rock doves to low-pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 2015; 161:715-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mansour SMG, ElBakrey RM, Ali H, Knudsen DEB, Eid AAM. Natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Egypt. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:319-24. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.926002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abolnik C. A current review of avian influenza in pigeons and doves (Columbidae). Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:181-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Petersen H, Matrosovich M, Pleschka S, Rautenschlein S. Replication and adaptive mutations of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in tracheal organ cultures of different avian species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42260. [PMID: 22912693 PMCID: PMC3418272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIV) between different avian species may require genome mutations that allow efficient virus replication in a new species and could increase virulence. To study the role of domestic poultry in the evolution of AIV we compared replication of low pathogenic (LP) AIV of subtypes H9N2, H7N7 and H6N8 in tracheal organ cultures (TOC) and primary embryo fibroblast cultures of chicken, turkey, Pekin duck and homing pigeon. Virus strain-dependent and avian species-related differences between LPAIV were observed in growth kinetics and induction of ciliostasis in TOC. In particular, our data demonstrate high susceptibility to LPAIV of turkey TOC contrasted with low susceptibility of homing pigeon TOC. Serial virus passages in the cells of heterologous host species resulted in adaptive mutations in the AIV genome, especially in the receptor-binding site and protease cleavage site of the hemagglutinin. Our data highlight differences in susceptibility of different birds to AIV viruses and emphasizes potential role of poultry in the emergence of new virus variants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Birds/virology
- Culture Techniques
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Kinetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Species Specificity
- Trachea/cytology
- Trachea/virology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Petersen
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rapid PCR-based molecular pathotyping of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3860-73. [PMID: 21900520 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01179-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the majority of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes are classified as low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV), the H5 and H7 subtypes have the ability to mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in poultry and therefore are the etiological agents of notifiable AIV (NAIV). It is of great importance to distinguish HPAIV from LPAIV variants during H5/H7 outbreaks and surveillance. To this end, a novel and fast strategy for the molecular pathotyping of H5/H7 AIVs is presented. The differentiation of the characteristic hemagglutinin (HA) protein cleavage sites (CSs) of HPAIVs and LPAIVs is achieved by a novel PCR method where the samples are interrogated for all existing CSs with a 484-plex primer mixture directly targeting the CS region. CSs characteristic for HP or LP H5/H7 viruses are distinguished in a seminested duplex real-time PCR format using plexor fluorogenic primers. Eighty-six laboratory isolates and 60 characterized NAIV-positive clinical specimens from poultry infected with H5/H7 both experimentally and in the field were successfully pathotyped in the validation. The method has the potential to substitute CS sequencing in the HA gene for the determination of the molecular pathotype, thereby providing a rapid means to acquire additional information concerning NAIV outbreaks, which may be critical to their management. The new assay may be extended to the LP/HP differentiation of previously unknown H5/H7 isolates. It may be considered for integration into surveillance and control programs in both domestic and wild bird populations.
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Transmission of avian influenza A viruses among species in an artificial barnyard. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17643. [PMID: 21483843 PMCID: PMC3069003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl and shorebirds harbor and shed all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A viruses and interact in nature with a broad range of other avian and mammalian species to which they might transmit such viruses. Estimating the efficiency and importance of such cross-species transmission using epidemiological approaches is difficult. We therefore addressed this question by studying transmission of low pathogenic H5 and H7 viruses from infected ducks to other common animals in a quasi-natural laboratory environment designed to mimic a common barnyard. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) recently infected with H5N2 or H7N3 viruses were introduced into a room housing other mallards plus chickens, blackbirds, rats and pigeons, and transmission was assessed by monitoring virus shedding (ducks) or seroconversion (other species) over the following 4 weeks. Additional animals of each species were directly inoculated with virus to characterize the effect of a known exposure. In both barnyard experiments, virus accumulated to high titers in the shared water pool. The H5N2 virus was transmitted from infected ducks to other ducks and chickens in the room either directly or through environmental contamination, but not to rats or blackbirds. Ducks infected with the H7N2 virus transmitted directly or indirectly to all other species present. Chickens and blackbirds directly inoculated with these viruses shed significant amounts of virus and seroconverted; rats and pigeons developed antiviral antibodies, but, except for one pigeon, failed to shed virus.
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Abstract
AbstractAvian influenza (AI) virus is one of the most important diseases of the poultry industry around the world. The virus has a broad host range in birds and mammals, although the natural reservoir is wild birds where it typically causes an asymptomatic to mild infection. The virus in poultry can cause a range of clinical diseases and is defined either as low pathogenic AI (LPAI) or highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) depending on the type of disease it causes in chickens. Viruses that replicate primarily on mucosal surfaces and cause mild disease with low mortality are termed LPAI. Viruses that replicate on mucosal surfaces and systemically and cause severe disease with a mortality rate of 75% or greater in experimentally infected chickens are referred to as HPAI. A virus that is highly pathogenic in chickens may infect but result in a completely different disease and replication pattern in other host species. Outbreaks of HPAI have been relatively uncommon around the world in the last 50 years and have had limited spread within a country or region with one major exception, Asian lineage H5N1 that was first identified in 1996. This lineage of virus has spread to over 60 countries and has become endemic in poultry in at least four countries. AI virus also represents a public health threat, with some infected humans having severe disease and with a high case fatality rate. AI remains a difficult disease to control because of the highly infectious nature of the virus and the interface of domestic and wild animals. A better understanding of the disease and its transmission is important for control.
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Liu Y, Han C, Wang X, Lin J, Ma M, Shu Y, Zhou J, Yang H, Liang Q, Guo C, Zhu J, Wei H, Zhao J, Ma Z, Pan J. Influenza A virus receptors in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of pigeons. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:263-6. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903055363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Trock SC, Gaeta M, Gonzalez A, Pederson JC, Senne DA. Evaluation of routine depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection procedures in the live bird markets, New York. Avian Dis 2008; 52:160-2. [PMID: 18459316 DOI: 10.1637/7980-040607-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past years surveillance for avian influenza has been conducted in the live bird markets (LBMs) in New York as well as other states along the east coast. Repeated attempts to eradicate H5 and H7 influenza from the New York markets have focused efforts on the LBMs themselves. Despite repeated mandatory market closures accompanied by cleaning and disinfecting (C/D) procedures, avian influenza virus continued to be isolated. In an effort to assess the adequacy of the C/D procedure, samples were collected in temporal proximity to the depopulation and C/D. Comparison of the pre-C/D (83% virus positive), at C/D approval (1.6% positive) and post-C/D testing (33% positive) indicate that the current procedures of C/D can be effective at eliminating these influenza viruses. However, reinfection via introduction of influenza-virus-positive birds can occur shortly after the market reopens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Trock
- Cornell University, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14852, USA.
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Liu Y, Zhou J, Yang H, Yao W, Bu W, Yang B, Song W, Meng Y, Lin J, Han C, Zhu J, Ma Z, Zhao J, Wang X. Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. Avian Pathol 2008; 36:461-5. [PMID: 17994324 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701639335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether or not pigeons are susceptible to infection with Asian lineage highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 and can serve as a transmission host for H5N1 HPAIV, we experimentally infected 187 young and adult pigeons with five different isolates of H5N1 HPAIV and co-habited some experimentally infected pigeons with susceptible specific pathogen free chickens. Results showed that all infected pigeons remained clinically healthy during the observation period. No gross lesions or histopathological changes were observed in the infected pigeons, and haemagglutination inhibition antibodies were not detected in serum samples of the infected pigeons. Additionally, all chickens placed in contact with AIV H5N1 infected pigeons remained healthy, and no virus or haemagglutination inhibition antibodies were detected in samples from the chickens. Our data suggest that pigeons are not susceptible to Asian lineage H5N1 HPAIV and do not transmit the virus to chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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