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Jaton J, Gómez E, Lucero MS, Gravisaco MJ, Pinto S, Vagnozzi A, Craig MI, Di Giacomo S, Berinstein A, Chimeno Zoth S. Study of coinfection with local strains of infectious bursal disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103129. [PMID: 37879167 PMCID: PMC10618767 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive diseases cause great losses in the poultry industry, increasing the susceptibility to infections by other pathogens and promoting a suboptimal response to vaccination. Among them, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) arises as one of the most important around the world. IBDV infects immature B lymphocytes, affecting the immune status of birds and facilitating infections by other pathogens such as avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Although it has been reported that the interaction between these viruses increases IBV clinical signs, there are no actual studies about the interaction between regional circulating isolates that validate this statement. In this context, the objective of our work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between local isolates of IBDV (belonging to genogroup 4) and IBV (lineage GI-16) in chickens. Thus, specific pathogen-free chickens were orally inoculated with IBDV genogroup (G) 4 or with PBS at 5 d of age. At 14-days postinoculation (dpi) the animals were intratracheally inoculated with a GI-16 IBV or with PBS. At multiple time points, groups of birds were euthanized and different parameters such as histological damage, viral load, lymphocyte populations and specific antibodies were evaluated. The success of IBDV infection was confirmed by the severity of bursal atrophy, viral detection, and presence of anti-IBDV antibodies. In IBV-infected animals, the presence of viral genome was detected in both kidney and bursa. The coinfected animals showed higher degree of lymphocyte infiltration in kidney, higher rate of animals with IBV viral genome in bursa at 28 dpi, and a clear decrease in antibody response against IBV at 28, 35, and 40 dpi. The results indicate that the infection with the local isolate of IBDV affects the immune status of the chickens, causing major severe damage, in response to IBV infection, which could consequently severely affect the local poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jaton
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Gómez
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Lucero
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Gravisaco
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Pinto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Poultry Laboratory, Institute of Virology and Technological Innovations, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Craig
- Poultry Laboratory, Institute of Virology and Technological Innovations, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Di Giacomo
- Poultry Laboratory, Institute of Virology and Technological Innovations, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Berinstein
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Chimeno Zoth
- Laboratory of Avian Immunology and Vaccines, Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Marandino A, Mendoza-González L, Panzera Y, Tomás G, Williman J, Techera C, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Ramírez-Andoney V, Alonso-Morales R, Realpe-Quintero M, Pérez R. Genome Variability of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Mexico: High Lineage Diversity and Recurrent Recombination. Viruses 2023; 15:1581. [PMID: 37515267 PMCID: PMC10386725 DOI: 10.3390/v15071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that mutates frequently, leading to a contagious and acute disease that results in economic losses to the global poultry industry. Due to its genetic and serological diversity, IBV poses a challenge in preventing and controlling the pathogen. The full-length S1 sequence analysis identifies seven main genotypes (GI-GVII) comprising 35 viral lineages. In addition to the previously described lineage, a new GI lineage (GI-30) and two lineages from novel genotypes (GVIII-1 and GIX-1) have been described in Mexico. To prevent the spread of IBV outbreaks in a specific geographic location and select the suitable vaccine, it is helpful to genetically identify the circulating IBV types. Moreover, sequencing genomes can provide essential insights into virus evolution and significantly enhance our understanding of IBV variability. However, only genomes of previously described lineages (GI-1, GI-9, GI-13, and GI-17) have been reported for Mexican strains. Here, we sequenced new genomes from Mexican lineages, including the indigenous GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1 lineages. Comparative genomics reveals that Mexico has relatively homogenous lineages (i.e., GI-13), some with greater variability (i.e., GI-1 and GI-9), and others extremely divergent (GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1). The circulating lineages and intra-lineage variability support the unique diversity and dynamic of Mexican IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lizbeth Mendoza-González
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Realpe-Quintero
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, JAL, Mexico
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Origin of New Lineages by Recombination and Mutation in Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus from South America. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102095. [PMID: 36298650 PMCID: PMC9609748 DOI: 10.3390/v14102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of primary economic importance to the global poultry industry. Two IBV lineages (GI-11 and GI-16) have been widely circulating for decades in South America. GI-11 is endemic to South America, and the GI-16 is globally distributed. We obtained full-length IBV genomes from Argentine and Uruguayan farms using Illumina sequencing. Genomes of the GI-11 and GI-16 lineages from Argentina and Uruguay differ in part of the spike coding region. The remaining genome regions are similar to the Chinese and Italian strains of the GI-16 lineage that emerged in Asia or Europe in the 1970s. Our findings support that the indigenous GI-11 strains recombine extensively with the invasive GI-16 strains. During the recombination process, GI-11 acquired most of the sequences of the GI-16, retaining the original S1 sequence. GI-11 strains with recombinant genomes are circulating forms that underwent further local evolution. The current IBV scenario in South America includes the GI-16 lineage, recombinant GI-11 strains sharing high similarity with GI-16 outside S1, and Brazilian GI-11 strains with a divergent genomic background. There is also sporadic recombinant in the GI-11 and GI-16 lineages among vaccine and field strains. Our findings exemplified the ability of IBV to generate emergent lineage by using the S gene in different genomic backgrounds. This unique example of recombinational microevolution underscores the genomic plasticity of IBV in South America.
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Kariithi HM, Volkening JD, Leyson CM, Afonso CL, Christy N, Decanini EL, Lemiere S, Suarez DL. Genome Sequence Variations of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Serotypes From Commercial Chickens in Mexico. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931272. [PMID: 35903135 PMCID: PMC9315362 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New variants of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs; Coronaviridae) continuously emerge despite routine vaccinations. Here, we report genome sequence variations of IBVs identified by random non-targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) of vaccine and field samples collected on FTA cards from commercial flocks in Mexico in 2019–2021. Paired-ended sequencing libraries prepared from rRNA-depleted RNAs were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. IBV RNA was detected in 60.07% (n = 167) of the analyzed samples, from which 33 complete genome sequences were de novo assembled. The genomes are organized as 5'UTR-[Rep1a-Rep1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b]-3'UTR, except in eight sequences lacking non-structural protein genes (accessory genes) 4b, 4c, and 6b. Seventeen sequences have auxiliary S2' cleavage site located 153 residues downstream the canonically conserved primary furin-specific S1/S2 cleavage site. The sequences distinctly cluster into lineages GI-1 (Mass-type; n = 8), GI-3 (Holte/Iowa-97; n = 2), GI-9 (Arkansas-like; n = 8), GI-13 (793B; n = 14), and GI-17 (California variant; CAV; n = 1), with regional distribution in Mexico; this is the first report of the presence of 793B- and CAV-like strains in the country. Various point mutations, substitutions, insertions and deletions are present in the S1 hypervariable regions (HVRs I-III) across all 5 lineages, including in residues 38, 43, 56, 63, 66, and 69 that are critical in viral attachment to respiratory tract tissues. Nine intra-/inter-lineage recombination events are present in the S proteins of three Mass-type sequences, two each of Holte/Iowa-97 and Ark-like sequence, and one each of 793B-like and CAV-like sequences. This study demonstrates the feasibility of FTA cards as an attractive, adoptable low-cost sampling option for untargeted discovery of avian viral agents in field-collected clinical samples. Collectively, our data points to co-circulation of multiple distinct IBVs in Mexican commercial flocks, underscoring the need for active surveillance and a review of IBV vaccines currently used in Mexico and the larger Latin America region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Henry M. Kariithi
| | | | - Christina M. Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Nancy Christy
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
- David L. Suarez
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