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ANESTHESIA WITH MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE IN MOUNTAIN GORILLAS ( GORILLA BERINGEI BERINGEI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:507-513. [PMID: 33480526 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between December 2002 and September 2017, 125 anesthetic procedures involving free-living and orphaned captive mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) were performed in the Virunga Massif and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in East-Central Africa. Of these 125 immobilizations, 114 records were complete enough for inclusion into this study. Anesthetic and physiologic data from these 114 cases were analyzed, of which 57 used medetomidine-ketamine and 57 used dexmedetomidine-ketamine administered intramuscularly. With the use of estimated weights, the mean induction dosage (mg/kg ± SD) for medetomidine was 0.033 ± 0.003 (n = 42), for dexmedetomidine 0.018 ± 0.005 (n = 53), and for ketamine 3.66 ± 0.95 (n = 95). Mean time from injection of induction dose to recumbency was 6.8 ± 3.1 min (n = 74). Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly to reverse anesthesia. First signs of recovery occurred at 5.0 ± 4.0 min, and full recovery was 19.0 ± 17.0 min after administration of the reversal agent. No significant differences in physiologic parameters or anesthetic time variables were noted between healthy and unhealthy individuals. Mean heart rate was 72.0 ± 17.6 beats/min (n = 83) and mean oxygen saturation was 96.5% ± 4.2 (n = 62). Mean respiratory rate was 27 ± 9 breaths/min (n = 84) and mean body temperature 36.6°C ± 1.2 (n = 61). The current protocol has several advantages for field use in this species given its quick induction, few observed side effects, and ability to reverse so that the animal can return more quickly to its social group.
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Martin ME, Moriarty KM, Pauli JN. Forest structure and snow depth alter the movement patterns and subsequent expenditures of a forest carnivore, the Pacific marten. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. Martin
- Dept of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison, 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Katie M. Moriarty
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Forest Service Olympia WA USA
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. Corvallis OR USA
| | - Jonathan N. Pauli
- Dept of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison, 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI USA
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Tuval A, Las L, Shilo-Benjamini Y. Evaluation of injectable anaesthesia with five medetomidine-midazolam based combinations in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Lab Anim 2018; 52:515-525. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677218756456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Egyptian fruit bats are increasingly used as model animals in neuroscience research. Our aim was to characterize suitable injectable anaesthesia for this species, possibly replacing inhalant anaesthesia, thus minimizing occupational health hazards. Eight bats were randomly assigned by a crossover design for subcutaneously administered combinations of medetomidine-midazolam with: saline (MM-Sal), ketamine (MM-Ket), fentanyl (MM-Fen), morphine (MM-Mor), or butorphanol (MM-But). The anaesthetic depth and vital signs were monitored at baseline and every 10 min until bats recovered. If after 180 min the bats did not recover, atipamezole was administered. Mean induction times were 7–11.5 min with all combinations. Twitching during induction was common. All combinations produced anaesthesia, with significantly decreased heart rate (from 400 to 200 bpm) and respiratory rate (from 120–140 to 36–65 rpm). Arrhythmia and irregular breathing patterns occurred. MM-Fen, MM-Mor, and MM-But depressed respiration significantly more than MM-Sal. Time to first movement with MM-Ket and MM-But lasted significantly longer than with MM-Sal. Recovery time was significantly shorter in the MM-Sal (88 min) in comparison to all other treatments, and it was significantly longer in the MM-But (159 min), with atipamezole administered to four of the eight bats. In conclusion, all five anaesthetic protocols are suitable for Egyptian fruit bats; MM-Ket produces long anaesthesia and minimal respiratory depression, but cannot be antagonized completely. MM-Fen, MM-Mor, and MM-But depress respiration, but are known to produce good analgesia, and can be fully antagonized. Administration of atipamezole following the use of MM-But in Egyptian fruit bats is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Tuval
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Liora Las
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
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Ruxanda F, Gal AF, Raţiu C, Miclăuş V, Rus V, Oana LI. Comparative immunohistochemical assessment of the effect of repetitive anesthesia with isoflurane and sevoflurane on rat liver. Braz J Anesthesiol 2016; 66:465-9. [PMID: 27591459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inhalation anesthetics are used in human, as well as veterinary medical practice. In the present study we investigated the effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane on rat hepatocytes. METHODS A total of 40 Wistar female rats were used in this study. Animals were divided in groups of 5 rats. Groups IM, SM served as control groups. Groups I1, I2, I3 were used to study isoflurane and S1, S2, S3 for sevoflurane study. They were anesthetized 3 times, for 2h long, at 2 days interval with a concentration of: 1.5% isoflurane (I1, I2, I3) and 2% sevoflurane (S1, S2, S3). The oxygen supply throughout the anesthesia was 1LO2/min. Groups IM, IS, I1, S1 were sacrificed immediately after the last anesthesia. Groups I2, S2 were sacrificed 6h after the last anesthesia, and groups I3, S3, 24h post-anesthesia. Liver samples were harvested to highlight caspase-3 in apoptotic hepatocytes. RESULTS Following isoflurane administration, there were less than 1% cells in apoptosis highlighted in rat livers from groups IM, I1 and I2. At 24h post-anesthesia (group I3), a small number of apoptotic hepatocytes was highlighted (around 3.23% cells in apoptosis), with a strictly periacinar disposition, randomly distributed in a small number of hepatic lobules. After sevoflurane administration, less than 1% apoptotic hepatocytes were identified at all control moments throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the anesthetics do not present a considerable hepatotoxicity. The comparative assessment of the two anesthetics shows that sevoflurane is superior to isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ruxanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Florin Gal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristian Raţiu
- Department of Implantology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Viorel Miclăuş
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Rus
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu Ioan Oana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Propedeutics, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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[Comparative immunohistochemical assessment of the effect of repetitive anesthesia with isoflurane and sevoflurane on rat liver]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2016; 66:465-9. [PMID: 27452780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inhalation anesthetics are used in human, as well as veterinary medical practice. In the present study we investigated the effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane on rat hepatocytes. METHODS A total of 40 Wistar female rats were used in this study. Animals were divided in groups of 5 rats. Groups IM, SM served as control groups. Groups I1, I2, I3 were used to study isoflurane and S1, S2, S3 for sevoflurane study. They were anesthetized 3 times, for 2h long, at 2 days interval with a concentration of: 1.5% isoflurane (I1, I2, I3) and 2% sevoflurane (S1, S2, S3). The oxygen supply throughout the anesthesia was 1LO2/min. Groups IM, IS, I1, S1 were sacrificed immediately after the last anesthesia. Groups I2, S2 were sacrificed 6h after the last anesthesia, and groups I3, S3, 24h post-anesthesia. Liver samples were harvested to highlight caspase-3 in apoptotic hepatocytes. RESULTS Following isoflurane administration, there were less than 1% cells in apoptosis highlighted in rat livers from groups IM, I1 and I2. At 24h post-anesthesia (group I3), a small number of apoptotic hepatocytes was highlighted (around 3.23% cells in apoptosis), with a strictly periacinar disposition, randomly distributed in a small number of hepatic lobules. After sevoflurane administration, less than 1% apoptotic hepatocytes were identified at all control moments throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the anesthetics do not present a considerable hepatotoxicity. The comparative assessment of the two anesthetics shows that sevoflurane is superior to isoflurane.
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Comparison of tiletamine and zolazepam pharmacokinetics in tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus): Do species differences account for adverse effects in tigers? Vet J 2014; 201:302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bouts T, Hermes R, Gasthuys F, Saragusty J, Taylor P, Routh A, Hildebrandt TB. Medetomidine-ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia in pygmy hippopotami (Choeropsis liberiensis)--a case series. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 39:111-8. [PMID: 22103592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY Medical knowledge of pygmy hippopotami is limited. Anaesthesia has been considered a challenge because of the anatomy, semi-aquatic life style and aggressive behaviour. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) has been described and can contribute to active kidney disease potentially affecting anaesthesia. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND MANAGEMENT: Fourteen pygmy hippopotami were anaesthetized for general health assessment and reproductive procedures. Animals (estimated bodyweight 250 kg) were darted intramuscularly with 0.08 mg kg(-1) medetomidine and 1.2 mg kg(-1) ketamine. After endotracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered either by circle system (100% oxygen) or by Triservice apparatus (air or air/oxygen admixture). Heart rate (HR) respiratory rate (f(R) ), oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) and end tidal CO(2) were recorded at 5-minute intervals. Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly (0.4 mg kg(-1)) at the end of the procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using anova (p < 0.05). Most animals rapidly became recumbent although five hippopotami needed additional drugs to assure acceptable immobilization. There were no statistical differences in mean HR between animals with or without PKD (PKD: 34 ± 8 beats minutes(-1); no PKD: 33 ± 6 beats minutes(-1)), f(R) (PKD: 15 ± 7 breaths minutes(-1); no PKD; 12 ± 5 breaths minutes(-1)) and end tidal CO(2) (PKD: 7.1 ± 1.3 kPa; no PKD: 7.8 ± 1.4 kPa). SpO(2) was higher in animals receiving 100% oxygen or air with oxygen (92 ± 8% and 91 ± 9% respectively) compared with animals receiving air only (77 ± 5%) (p = 0.003). Recovery was uneventful after atipamezole administration. FOLLOW-UP There were no apparent adverse effects after anaesthesia during a 24-hour follow-up period. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Medetomidine-ketamine-isoflurane induced satisfactory anaesthesia in this species. Incremental induction doses were related to remote injection and the animals' thick skin. There were no differences in anaesthetic parameters in animals with or without PKD. Supplemental oxygen should be mandatory during anaesthesia in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bouts
- Zoological Society London, ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, Veterinary Department, Whipsnade, Bedfordshire, UK.
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Tully R, Eltringham R, Walker IA, Bartlett AJ. The Portable Glostavent®: A New Anaesthetic Machine for use in Difficult Situations. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:1085-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1003800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A portable version of the Glostavent® anaesthetic machine is described in which recent developments in draw-over technology are incorporated into a traditional draw-over anaesthetic system. The additional features include a more efficient reservoir and an improved vaporiser, which have enhanced the performance and versatility. The portable Glostavent weighs less than 10 kg and is transported in a container the size of a small suitcase. It can be used to provide inhalational anaesthesia safely and economically in situations where there are no support facilities. It is ideal for use in battlefield or disaster situations and in isolated hospitals in disadvantaged regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Tully
- Department of Anaesthesia, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- Development Engineer, Department of Engineering, Diamedica Ltd, Bratton Fleming, Devon
| | - R. Eltringham
- Department of Anaesthesia, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- Consultant Anaesthetist
| | - I. A. Walker
- Department of Anaesthesia, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- Consultant Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
| | - A. J. Bartlett
- Department of Anaesthesia, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- Specialist Trainee, Bristol School of Anaesthesia, Bristol
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Drewe JA, Dean GS, Michel AL, Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Pearce GP. Accuracy of three diagnostic tests for determining Mycobacterium bovis infection status in live-sampled wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:31-9. [PMID: 19139498 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection (bovine tuberculosis [bTB]) in live animals is notoriously problematic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of 2 new serologic tests (multiantigen print immunoassay [MAPIA] and lateral flow immunoassay rapid test [RT]) in comparison with mycobacterial culture of tracheal washes for determining M. bovis infection status in a free-ranging population of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta). During a longitudinal study lasting 2.5 years, 240 individually identifiable meerkats were each sampled up to 8 times under anesthesia every 3 months. Diagnostic accuracy was determined through Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimations of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for each diagnostic test when used independently and in parallel to classify the disease status of individual meerkats in the absence of a gold standard. Culture of tracheal washes was highly specific (0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77, 1.00) but of low sensitivity (0.36; 95% CI = 0.24, 0.50) for diagnosing M. bovis-infected individuals. The longitudinal nature of the study with repeated sampling of the same individual animals served simultaneously to improve chances of detecting infection and increase confidence in a negative result in individual animals repeatedly testing negative. Although MAPIA and RT were individually of limited diagnostic use, interpreting the results of these 2 tests in parallel produced estimates of sensitivity (0.83; 95% CI = 0.67, 0.93) and specificity (0.73; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.82) high enough to usefully inform decision making when determining exposure to bTB in wild meerkats and potentially other species in which bTB poses a diagnostic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Drewe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health and Conservation Medicine Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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A Field System for Isoflurane Anesthesia of Multiple Species of Mesopredators. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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