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Sims M, Helal Z, Levin M, Rittenhouse T, Hawley J, Risatti GR. Suburban Population of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Connecticut, USA, Tested Negative for SARS-CoV-2, November 2021-February 2022. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:193-197. [PMID: 37924242 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
A SARS-CoV-2 genomic and serologic survey was performed in a population of bobcats (Lynx rufus) inhabiting the state of Connecticut, USA. Wild animal populations are becoming established in densely populated cities with increased likelihood of direct or indirect contact with humans, as well as with household cats and dogs. Wild-caught bobcats (n=38) tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and for virus-neutralizing antibodies by ELISA, suggesting that either the species is not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 or that the surveyed population has not yet been exposed to a source of infectious virus. However, this limited survey cannot rule out that human-to-bobcat or unknown reservoir-to-bobcat transmission of the virus occurs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Sims
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Zeinab Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Milton Levin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
| | - Tracy Rittenhouse
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation Center, University of Connecticut, Wilfred B. Young Bldg., 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4087, USA
| | - Jason Hawley
- Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Wildlife Division, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06106-5127, USA
| | - Guillermo R Risatti
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Atwater Lab Bldg., 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3089, USA
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Mehmood A, Abid S, Hejcmanová P, Asadi MA, Kabeer B, Jilani MJ, Bilal S, Ashraf MW. Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena ( Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7326. [PMID: 31388470 PMCID: PMC6662563 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical immobilisation is an integral component for the conservation of wild animals and can be stressful if proper protocols are not administered. References on the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) are scarce. The current study was designed to evaluate the physiological and clinical responses of Arabian striped hyaena, immobilised with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) and ketamine-xylazine (KX); and to compare immobilisation effectiveness of the two combinations in a cross-sectional clinical study. A total of 15 (six males, nine females) (semi-) captive and adult Arabian striped hyaena with an average weight of 31.39 ± 0.36 kg were immobilised 50 times for annual vaccination and translocation purposes from January 2014 till March 2018 on Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates. A total of 34 immobilisations were executed with (Mean ± SE) 2.27 ± 0.044 mg/kg ketamine and 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/kg medetomidine; while 16 with 4.95 ± 0.115 mg/kg ketamine and 0.99 ± 0.023 mg/kg xylazine. The drugs were remotely delivered intramuscular. The evaluation of physiological and clinical parameters included monitoring of vital signs through pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis of arterial blood through Istat blood gas analyser, and blood biochemistry and haematology. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery was also assessed. Atipamezole (0.21 ± 0.003 mg/kg) was used to antagonise the effects of KM and 0.09 ± 0.003 mg/kg atipamezole or by 0.23 ± 0.006 mg/kg yohimbine for KX. Data were analysed using the general linear model and inferential statistics. KM was more effective in induction (scores; KM = 1.41 ± 0.10; KX = 1.31 ± 0.12), anaesthesia (KM = 1.00 ± 0.00; KX = 2.0 ± 0.0) and recovery (KM = 1.76 ± 0.15; KX = 2.69 ± 0.12) phases as compared to KX. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) amongst the two combinations for anaesthesia time (KM = 59.5 ± 2.41; KX = 49.25 ± 1.31 min.), time to stand after reversal (KM = 4.91 ± 0.60; KX = 10.38 ± 1.48 min.) and full loss of the signs of anaesthetics (KM = 12.32 ± 1.37; KX = 21.25 ± 2.16 min.) along with rectal temperature (KM = 37.58 ± 0.29; KX = 36.00 ± 0.68 °C), pulse rate (KM = 50.46 ± 1.90; KX = 61.14 ± 2.79 beats/min), respiration rate (KM = 29.44 ± 0.99; KX = 23.80 ± 1.57 breaths/min.) and partial pressure of oxygen (KM = 89.59 ± 1.34; KX = 82.06 ± 3.92%). The blood oxygen saturation by oximeter indicated hypoxaemia in KX (82.06 ± 3.92), supported by the data from blood gas analyser. KM combination was more suitable for the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena, providing a better quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery compared to KX. However, we strongly suggest further investigation to see the effects of oxygen supplementation for the compensation of hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mehmood
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Wildlife and Conservation Services, Sir Bani Yas Island, Barari Natural Resources, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sadia Abid
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Hejcmanová
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Arslan Asadi
- Department of Wildlife and Conservation Services, Sir Bani Yas Island, Barari Natural Resources, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bilal Kabeer
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Wildlife and Conservation Services, Sir Bani Yas Island, Barari Natural Resources, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Jawad Jilani
- Department of Wildlife and Conservation Services, Sir Bani Yas Island, Barari Natural Resources, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sadaf Bilal
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Wildlife and Conservation Services, Sir Bani Yas Island, Barari Natural Resources, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Diez Bernal S, Hoby S, Levionnois OLR. Acute hyperkalaemia in a captive Persian leopard (
Panthera pardus saxicolor
) immobilised with a ketamine‐medetomidine combination. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Diez Bernal
- Veterinary Anaesthesiology and Pain TherapyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Use of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride for immobilization of Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in field situations. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:753-5. [PMID: 24063107 DOI: 10.1638/2012-0158r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on doses of anesthetic agents for safe and effective immobilization of most wild species occurring in India are very limited. Further, the anesthetic agents available in India for field immobilizations are limited to xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride. A safe and effective dosage of xylazine-ketamine for Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) is reported, based on 37 wild Indian fox immobilizations between April 2006 and May 2007. Foxes captured for a radiotelemetry and health monitoring study were immobilized with a mixture of xylazine (2.27 +/- 0.44 mg/kg) and ketamine (13.39 +/- 2.26 mg/kg). Induction and recovery was smooth and uneventful in all foxes. The duration of anesthesia was sufficient for the fitting of radiotransmitters, morphometric measurements, and blood sampling. No life-threatening adverse effects of immobilization were documented for at least 1 mo postimmobilization. The results suggest that field immobilization of Indian foxes with 2 mg/kg xylazine and 13 mg/kg ketamine is effective and safe.
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Abstract
Panthera pardus (leopard; Linnaeus, 1758) is the smallest of the 4 large felids in the genus Panthera. A solitary and adaptable species, P. pardus is the widest ranging of all wild felids, inhabiting rain forests, mountains, semiarid environments, and suburban areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia to the Russian Far East. Despite this distribution, P. pardus is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and several Asian subspecies are listed as endangered. P. pardus primarily feeds on small to medium-sized ungulates, but has a varied diet including fish, reptiles, birds, and small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Stein
- Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Virginia Hayssen
- Department of Biology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;
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