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Oliveira HGDS, Sousa AIDJ, Zanon IP, Lopes CTDA, Silva ROS, Domingues SFS, Salvarani FM. Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in Wild Mammals in the Amazon Biome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1333. [PMID: 38731335 PMCID: PMC11083269 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in stool samples and swabs collected from wild mammals in the Amazon biome. Sixty-five faecal and swab samples were collected in situ and ex situ from 16 species and three genera of wild mammals, some of which were in good health and some of which had diarrhoea. After pre-enrichment, the samples were plated on selective agar for C. perfringens. Characteristic colonies were subjected to multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding the main C. perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota toxin and enterotoxin). Among the 65 samples, 40 (61.5%) were positive for the gene encoding the alpha toxin and were classified as type A, 36 of which were asymptomatic animals and four were diarrheal. No other toxinotypes were found. The findings of this study suggest that C. perfringens type A is commonly found in mammal species of the Amazon biome. This seems to be the first study to identify C. perfringens type A in species such as B. variegatus (common ground sloth), C. didactylus (two-toed sloth), P. flavus (Jupará), T. tetradactyla (anteater), S. collinsi (squirrel monkey), S. niger (black marmoset), and S. apella (Guyana capuchin) and in the genus Didelphis sp. (opossum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gabriela da Silva Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (H.G.d.S.O.); (A.I.d.J.S.); (C.T.d.A.L.); (S.F.S.D.)
| | - Ananda Iara de Jesus Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (H.G.d.S.O.); (A.I.d.J.S.); (C.T.d.A.L.); (S.F.S.D.)
| | - Isabela Paduá Zanon
- Laboratório de Bacterioses e Pesquisa da Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (I.P.Z.); (R.O.S.S.)
| | - Cinthia Távora de Albuquerque Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (H.G.d.S.O.); (A.I.d.J.S.); (C.T.d.A.L.); (S.F.S.D.)
| | - Rodrigo Otavio Silveira Silva
- Laboratório de Bacterioses e Pesquisa da Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (I.P.Z.); (R.O.S.S.)
| | - Sheyla Farhayldes Souza Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (H.G.d.S.O.); (A.I.d.J.S.); (C.T.d.A.L.); (S.F.S.D.)
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (H.G.d.S.O.); (A.I.d.J.S.); (C.T.d.A.L.); (S.F.S.D.)
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Tsai MS, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Buesching CD. Stress-Related Herpesvirus Reactivation in Badgers Can Result in Clostridium Proliferation. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:440-450. [PMID: 34870778 PMCID: PMC8742816 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen and a member of the commensal gut microbiome of many mammals. Predisposing factors such as coinfection with other pathogens or diet change can, however, cause overgrowth and subsequent disease development. Here we investigated the occurrence of C. perfringens in a free-ranging badger population with up to 100% prevalence of herpesvirus infection. Herpesvirus reactivation is known to be associated with increased susceptibility bacterial infections. PCR screening of rectal swabs from 69 free-ranging badgers revealed 15.9% (11/69, 95% CI = 9.1-26.3%) prevalence of detectable C. perfringens (Type A) DNA in the digestive tracts of assymptomatic animals. The results of Fisher's exact test revealed C. perfringens detection was not biased by age, sex and seasons. However, badgers with genital tract gammaherpesvirus (MusGHV-1) reactivation (p = 0.007) and infection with a specific MusGHV-1 genotype (p = 0.019) were more prone to of C. perfringens proliferation, indicating coinfection biased dynamics of intestinal C. perfringens. An inclusion pattern analysis further indicated that, causally, MusGHV-1 reactivation potentiated C. perfringens detection. Whether or not specific MusGHV-1 genotype infection or reactivation plays a role in C. perfringens overgrowth or disease development in badgers will require further investigation. Nevertheless, a postmortem examination of a single badger that died of fatal disease, likely associated with C. perfringens, revealed MusGHV-1 detection in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Tsai
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK.
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK
- Cook's Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS, Canada
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK
- Cook's Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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França M, Barrios MA, Stabler L, Zavala G, Shivaprasad HL, Lee MD, Villegas AM, Uzal FA. Association of Beta2-PositiveClostridium perfringensType A With Focal Duodenal Necrosis in Egg-Laying Chickens in the United States. Avian Dis 2016; 60:43-9. [DOI: 10.1637/11263-081915-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Silva ROS, Lobato FCF. Clostridium perfringens: A review of enteric diseases in dogs, cats and wild animals. Anaerobe 2015; 33:14-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Allaart JG, van Asten AJ, Gröne A. Predisposing factors and prevention of Clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:449-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hazlett MJ, Kircanski J, Slavic D, Prescott JF. Beta 2 toxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A colitis in a three-day-old foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:373-6. [PMID: 21398467 DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta 2 (β2)-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A was recovered in large numbers from the intestine of a neonatal foal with colitis. The foal had been treated with gentamicin. Necropsy revealed marked distension of cecum and colon with watery, rust-colored homogeneous fluid and gastric infarction. Microscopic colonic lesions were superficial necrosis of 50% of the colonic mucosal surface and scattered 1-3-mm ulcers with subjacent neutrophilic infiltration and large Gram-positive bacilli in the necrotic mucosa. Beta-2 toxin was demonstrated in the lesions by immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray J Hazlett
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Potential protective immunogenicity of recombinant Clostridium perfringens α–β2–β1 fusion toxin in mice, sows and cows. Vaccine 2011; 29:5459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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