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Anderson CE, Tzu JH, Hammond EE. Successful surgical correction of a cataract in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) via field setting at a zoological facility. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:276-278. [PMID: 37337367 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A 41-year-old male vasectomized, zoo-housed chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presented with progressive visual deficits due to bilateral cataract formation. Phacoemulsification and lenticular implant were performed by a veterinary and human board-certified ophthalmologist team in a field setting. Post-operative healing occurred without complication, and the patient returned to the troop with improved vision.
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Watuwa J, Mbabazi R, Sente C, Musinguzi J, Laubscher L. A retrospective study on the immobilisation of captive chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
) at UWEC, Uganda. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Watuwa
- Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre (UWEC‐ZOO) Entebbe Uganda
| | - Racheal Mbabazi
- Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre (UWEC‐ZOO) Entebbe Uganda
| | - Celsus Sente
- Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources (WAAR) College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB) Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - James Musinguzi
- Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre (UWEC‐ZOO) Entebbe Uganda
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THE INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA WITH AND WITHOUT MEDETOMIDINE ON CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN SANCTUARY CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES ( PAN TROGLODYTES). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:986-996. [PMID: 34687514 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dependent on timing of assessment, anesthetic agents and specifically medetomidine negatively affect cardiac function in great apes. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) with and without medetomidine on cardiac structure and function in healthy chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during a period of relative blood pressure stability. Twenty-four chimpanzees living in an African wildlife sanctuary undergoing routine health assessments were stratified by age, sex, and body mass and randomized to be anesthetized using either TZ (6 mg/kg; n = 13; seven males and six females) or a combination of TZ (2 mg/kg) and medetomidine (TZM; 0.02 mg/kg; n = 11; five males and six females). During health checks, regular heart rate and blood pressure readings were taken and a standardized echocardiogram was performed 20-30 min after induction. Data were compared between the two anesthetic groups using independent-samples t or Mann-Whitney U tests. Although heart rate (mean ± SD; TZ: 76 ± 10 bpm; TZM: 65 ± 14 bpm, P = 0.027), cardiac output (TZ: 3.0 ± 0.7 L/min; TZM: 2.4 ± 0.7 L/min, P = 0.032), and mitral A-wave velocities (TZ: 0.51 ± 0.16 cm/s; TZM: 0.36 ± 0.10 cm/s, P = 0.013) were lower in the TZM group, there were no statistically significant differences in cardiac structure or the remaining functional variables between groups. Furthermore, there were no statistical differences in systolic (TZ 114.6 ± 14.9 mmHg; TZM: 123.0 ± 28.1 mmHg; P = 0.289) or diastolic blood pressure (TZ: 81.8 ± 22.3 mmHg, TZM: 83.8 ± 20.1 mmHg; P = 0.827) between the groups during the echocardiogram. This study has shown that during a period of relative blood pressure stability, during the first 20-30 min after induction there are few differences in measures of cardiac structure and function between protocols using TZ with or without medetomidine in healthy chimpanzees.
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Che-Castaldo J, Havercamp K, Watanuki K, Matsuzawa T, Hirata S, Ross SR. Comparative survival analyses among captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) in America and Japan. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11913. [PMID: 34447626 PMCID: PMC8364750 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed, long-term datasets on the life histories of long-lived species such as great apes are necessary to understand their survival patterns but are relatively rare. Such information requires prolonged and consistent record-keeping over many generations, so for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), this equates to many decades of input. As life history variables can be altered by differences in environmental influences (whether natural or artificial), there is substantial value to being able to compare across populations. Here, we present the first comparative analysis of life history data for two ex situ chimpanzee populations residing in North America (1975–2020; n = 730) and Japan (1980–2020; n = 660). Overall, survival patterns were similar between regions, and the median life expectancy from birth is estimated at 35.7 (95% CI = [32.4–40.0]) years for females and 30.1 (27.3–34.3) years for males across both populations. Females who survive to their first birthday are estimated to survive 42.4 (40.0–46.3) years and males 35.5 (32.6–38.0) years. We found that birth type (wild-born or captive-born) did not influence survival patterns in either population, but there were differential effects of sex on longevity. In the America population, males had higher mortality rates than females, whereas in the Japan population we found no differences between the sexes. First year mortality did not differ between populations for males (18–20%), but for females it was lower in America (15%) compared to Japan (25%). Survival patterns of chimpanzees in the present study will be useful for future investigation into potential causes of regional differences and cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Che-Castaldo
- Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Conservation & Science Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | | | - Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- Chubu Gakuin University, Gifu, Japan.,Division of the Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Stephen R Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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ANESTHESIA WITH MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE IN MOUNTAIN GORILLAS ( GORILLA BERINGEI BERINGEI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:507-513. [PMID: 33480526 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between December 2002 and September 2017, 125 anesthetic procedures involving free-living and orphaned captive mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) were performed in the Virunga Massif and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in East-Central Africa. Of these 125 immobilizations, 114 records were complete enough for inclusion into this study. Anesthetic and physiologic data from these 114 cases were analyzed, of which 57 used medetomidine-ketamine and 57 used dexmedetomidine-ketamine administered intramuscularly. With the use of estimated weights, the mean induction dosage (mg/kg ± SD) for medetomidine was 0.033 ± 0.003 (n = 42), for dexmedetomidine 0.018 ± 0.005 (n = 53), and for ketamine 3.66 ± 0.95 (n = 95). Mean time from injection of induction dose to recumbency was 6.8 ± 3.1 min (n = 74). Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly to reverse anesthesia. First signs of recovery occurred at 5.0 ± 4.0 min, and full recovery was 19.0 ± 17.0 min after administration of the reversal agent. No significant differences in physiologic parameters or anesthetic time variables were noted between healthy and unhealthy individuals. Mean heart rate was 72.0 ± 17.6 beats/min (n = 83) and mean oxygen saturation was 96.5% ± 4.2 (n = 62). Mean respiratory rate was 27 ± 9 breaths/min (n = 84) and mean body temperature 36.6°C ± 1.2 (n = 61). The current protocol has several advantages for field use in this species given its quick induction, few observed side effects, and ability to reverse so that the animal can return more quickly to its social group.
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GREAT APE HEART PROJECT GUIDELINES FOR THE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF GREAT APES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:822-836. [PMID: 31926512 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been identified as a major cause of mortality in all four great ape taxa in zoologic institutions. In an effort to better understand and treat CVD in captive great apes, a program called the Great Ape Heart Project (GAHP), based at Zoo Atlanta, collects and maintains a database of echocardiograms and other relevant medical information relating to the cardiac health status of great apes. Cardiac health assessments have become standard practice among North American zoos that house great apes and are recommended by all four great ape Species Survival Plans (SSP) for the assessment of CVD in captive great apes. As of December 31, 2017, more than 70 ape-holding institutions have submitted approximately 1,100 cardiac examinations of great apes to the GAHP, information from which is stored in the GAHP database. Transthoracic echocardiography is one of the most practical and cost-effective diagnostic imaging techniques for the evaluation of cardiac function in great apes. Standardization of echocardiographic measurements is critical for maximizing the diagnostic value of an echocardiographic exam and for utilization of stored information in comparative studies within and between the great ape taxa. The following manuscript offers suggestions for standardization of nomenclature, imaging technique, echocardiographic measurements, data storage, and reporting of cardiac exams for submission into the GAHP database with the goal of promoting consistency and quality in data collection.
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Diez Bernal S, Lanz S, Schmutz I, Leeb T, Spadavecchia C. Induction of general anaesthesia by blowpipe darting in a fractious companion horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A fractious nine-year-old, 520-kg, neutered Swiss Warmblood was presented with a history of anorexia, progressive weight loss and mild hindlimb lameness. Because of its temperament, standard physical examination was considered to be only feasible under general anaesthesia. For safety reasons, general anaesthesia was planned to be induced by blowpipe darting. Two attempts are described and discussed in the present report. The first attempt, using a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam, was unsuccessful. Conversely, detomidine combined with butorphanol, followed by a second dart of detomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam, proved to be adequate to induce anaesthesia. Factors that could have influenced the outcome, such as different therapeutic approach, drug protocol and dosages, stress level, or genetic mutations, are presented and discussed.
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Walsh PD, Kurup D, Hasselschwert DL, Wirblich C, Goetzmann JE, Schnell MJ. The Final (Oral Ebola) Vaccine Trial on Captive Chimpanzees? Sci Rep 2017; 7:43339. [PMID: 28277549 PMCID: PMC5344013 DOI: 10.1038/srep43339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Could new oral vaccine technologies protect endangered wildlife against a rising tide of infectious disease? We used captive chimpanzees to test oral delivery of a rabies virus (RABV) vectored vaccine against Ebola virus (EBOV), a major threat to wild chimpanzees and gorillas. EBOV GP and RABV GP-specific antibody titers increased exponentially during the trial, with rates of increase for six orally vaccinated chimpanzees very similar to four intramuscularly vaccinated controls. Chimpanzee sera also showed robust neutralizing activity against RABV and pseudo-typed EBOV. Vaccination did not induce serious health complications. Blood chemistry, hematologic, and body mass correlates of psychological stress suggested that, although sedation induced acute stress, experimental housing conditions did not induce traumatic levels of chronic stress. Acute behavioral and physiological responses to sedation were strongly correlated with immune responses to vaccination. These results suggest that oral vaccination holds great promise as a tool for the conservation of apes and other endangered tropical wildlife. They also imply that vaccine and drug trials on other captive species need to better account for the effects of stress on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Walsh
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19438, USA
| | - Dana L Hasselschwert
- University of Louisiana Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19438, USA
| | - Jason E Goetzmann
- University of Louisiana Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19438, USA
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Hyndman TH, Musk GC, Murdoch FR, Maker GL, Whittem T. The bioavailability of medetomidine in eight sheep following oesophageal administration. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:137-42. [PMID: 26679808 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is sound evidence that medetomidine is an effective analgesic for acute pain in sheep. In this study, 15 μg kg(-1) of medetomidine was administered intravenously, and into the oesophagus, in a cross-over study, using eight sheep. Following intravenous administration, medetomidine could be detected in the plasma of these sheep for 120-180 min but following oesophageal administration, medetomidine could not be detected in the plasma of any sheep at any of 17 time points over four days. It is suspected that this is due to high first pass metabolism in the liver. Consequently, we conclude that future studies investigating the use of analgesics in orally-administered osmotic pumps in sheep should consider higher doses of medetomidine (e.g. >100 μg kg(-1)), further investigations into the barriers of medetomidine bioavailability from the sheep gut, liver-bypass drug delivery systems, or other α2-adrenergic agonists (e.g. clonidine or xylazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Fraser R Murdoch
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Garth L Maker
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ted Whittem
- Translational Research and Clinical Trials (TRACTs) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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EVALUATING ECHOCARDIOGRAM AND INDIRECT BLOOD PRESSURE RESULTS IN MALE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) DURING THREE PHASES OF AN ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:875-81. [DOI: 10.1638/2012-0186r3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Hyeroba D, Apell P, Goldberg T, Shafer LA, Kidega T, Asimwe C. Ketamine-medetomidine regimen for chemical immobilisation of free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Uganda. Vet Rec 2013; 172:475. [PMID: 23542655 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Hyeroba
- Jane goodall Institute, Plot 24 Lugard Avenue Entebbe, Uganda.
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