1
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Rhim H, Kwag C, Han JI. A preliminary study on effects of storage time and repeated freezing-thawing on the stability of avian serum amyloid A. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:42. [PMID: 39223651 PMCID: PMC11367771 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the field of clinical research, reports on the stability of avian serum amyloid A (SAA) under varying storage conditions are currently scarce. In this study, avian plasma samples were evaluated for SAA, a major acute-phase protein in birds, to assess how varying storage periods and repeated freeze-thaw cycles impact the stability of SAA in the frozen samples. Seven plasma samples from two species and six plasma samples from three species stored at ‒20 °C were used to evaluate the time and temperature effects accordingly. A chicken-specific SAA ELISA kit was used for the measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The SAA concentrations measured daily for 30 days showed no statistically significant differences over time. Freezing-thawing was repeated five times, and a significant negative relationship was confirmed over the cycles (r=‒0.8857, P < 0.05). Although no significance was observed between a decreased concentration and the number of cycles, a decrease in the concentration of > 10% was observed after the fourth cycle in four out of six samples. However, one to three freeze-thaw cycles did not result in a significant decline. Taken together, the results indicate that a negative correlation existed between the mean concentration and multiple freeze-thaw cycles, indicating that these should be avoided where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Kwag
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wilkinson V, Richards SA, Carver S, Næsborg-Nielsen C, Cray C, Rossi G. Non-specific markers of inflammation in bare-nosed wombats ( Vombatus ursinus) with sarcoptic mange. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403221. [PMID: 39005722 PMCID: PMC11240855 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with Sarcoptes scabiei, negatively impacts the health, welfare, and local abundance of bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in Australia. Improved understanding of the host immune response to disease and its contribution to pathophysiology could be used to inform management actions for this species in and ex situ. To evaluate the immune response of bare-nosed wombats to sarcoptic mange, we validated three assays (haptoglobin, agarose gel electrophoresis, and micro-erythrocyte sedimentation rate) measuring non-specific markers of inflammation using serum samples from free-living wombats from Tasmania (n = 33). We then analysed correlations between the assay results for each non-specific marker of inflammation and wombat's sarcoptic mange scores, and performed histopathological examinations to investigate association of the acute phase response with systemic amyloidosis. We present evidence that haptoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased, and albumin decreased, in association with sarcoptic mange scores. This research demonstrates links between the acute phase response and sarcoptic mange severity in bare-nosed wombats, highlighting the utility of non-specific markers of inflammation for aiding assessment of the systemic effects of mange. Showing the value of agarose gel electrophoresis, we also identified specific acute phase proteins warranting future evaluation and found evidence of an immunoglobulin response in mange-affected wombats, revealed by increasing γ-globulins in association with apparent disease severity. Meanwhile, owing to its relatively low resource requirements and rapidity, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate assay may be useful as a point-of-care test to support therapeutic decisions in the field. Our methods and findings are likely to be applicable to a range of other clinical and population health scenarios in captive and free-living wombats, and species impacted by sarcoptic mange globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Wilkinson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Shane A Richards
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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3
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Hooijberg EH, Cray C. Acute phase reactants in nondomesticated mammals-A veterinary clinical pathology perspective. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:19-36. [PMID: 36289012 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Applications for acute phase reactants (APRs) in nondomesticated mammals include identifying inflammatory disease, monitoring the course of specific disease processes and recovery during rehabilitation, detecting preclinical or subclinical disease, being used as bioindicators for monitoring population and ecosystem health, and as markers of stress and animal welfare. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, and iron are most commonly measured. The procedure for evaluating an APR in a nondomesticated mammalian species should follow a stepwise approach beginning with an assessment of analytical performance, followed by an evaluation of overlap performance, clinical performance, and impact on patient outcomes and management. The lack of species-specific standards and antibodies for nondomesticated mammals presents a challenge, and more attention needs to be focused on assessing cross-reactivity and ensuring adequate analytical performance of APR assays. Sample selection for the initial evaluation of APRs should consider preanalytical influences and should originate from animals with confirmed inflammatory disease and healthy animals. Reference intervals should be generated according to published guidelines. Further evaluation should focus on assessing the diagnostic utility of APRs in specific disease scenarios relevant to a species. Greater attention should be paid to assay performance and uniformity of methods when using APRs for population and ecosystem surveillance. Veterinary clinical pathologists should work closely with zoo veterinarians and wildlife researchers to optimize the accuracy and utility of APR measurements in these various conservation medicine scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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4
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Rossi G. Acute phase proteins in cats: Diagnostic and prognostic role, future directions, and analytical challenges. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:37-49. [PMID: 36740231 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While clinical studies on acute phase proteins (APPs) have significantly increased in the last decade, and most commercial labs are now offering major APPs in their biochemical profiles, APP testing has not been widely adopted by veterinary clinical pathologists and veterinarians. Measurement of APP concentration is a useful marker for detecting the presence or absence of inflammation in cats with various diseases. APPs can also be reliably measured in different biological fluids (eg, effusions and urine) to improve their diagnostic utility. Measurement of APPs can be extremely beneficial in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) to discriminate between FIP and non-FIP cats with similar clinical presentations. Additional benefits come from multiple and sequential measurements of APPs, particularly in the assessment of therapeutic efficacy. APPs are more sensitive than WBC counts for early detection of inflammation and to demonstrate an early remission or recurrence of the diseases. Given the potential utility of APPs, more studies are warranted, with a particular focus on the applications of APPs to guide the length of antimicrobial therapies, as suggested by the antimicrobial stewardship policy. New inflammatory markers have been discovered in human medicine, with a higher specificity for distinguishing between septic versus nonseptic inflammatory diseases. It is desirable that these new markers be investigated in veterinary medicine, to further test the power of APPs in diagnostic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rossi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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5
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ANALYSIS OF SERUM PROTEINS IN HEALTHY GIANT PANDAS ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) UNDER MANAGED CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:442-447. [PMID: 35758586 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a practical diagnostic tool for the identification of changes in serum protein fractions, which can be associated with a variety of diseases. Protein electrophoresis studies in Ursidae are limited, and currently no published fraction values are available for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The aim of this study was to describe the serum protein fractions in the giant panda using both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and standard agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) techniques. Serum samples from nine healthy giant pandas (n = 19) were used for this study. Samples were evaluated using CZE and standard AGE. The CZE procedure successfully resolved serum proteins into seven fractions: prealbumin; albumin; and α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-, and γ-globulin; while AGE separated serum into only six protein fractions: prealbumin; albumin; α1-, α2-, and β-globulins; and γ-globulin. These data will serve as a preliminary baseline for further studies and provide insight for the medical management of giant pandas.
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6
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Cray C. Protein electrophoresis of non-traditional species: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:478-494. [PMID: 34881455 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EPH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in companion animals while providing an opportunity to characterize globulinemias, including paraproteinemia. In EPH of non-traditional species, these same applications are important, but the primary use is to gauge the acute-phase and humoral immune responses. This includes the valid quantitation of albumin as well as the examination of fractions reflective of increases in acute-phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Agarose gel EPH and, more recently, capillary zone EPH have been applied to samples from these species. Performing these analyses provides special challenges in the placement of fraction delimits, generation of RIs, and interpretation of results. Recommended as part of routine bloodwork, EPH can also provide key results that are helpful in clinical and field-based health assessments as well as in prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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7
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hemoglobin-binding protein in free-living box turtles (Terrapene spp.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234805. [PMID: 32555669 PMCID: PMC7299368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response is a highly conserved reaction to infection, inflammation, trauma, stress, and neoplasia. Acute phase assays are useful for wildlife health assessment, however, they are infrequently utilized in reptiles. This study evaluated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in eastern (Terrapene carolina carolina) and ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) and hemoglobin-binding protein (HBP) in T. ornata. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 90 T. carolina and 105 T. ornata was negatively associated with packed cell volume and was greater in unhealthy turtles (p < 0.05). Female T. ornata had higher ESR values than males (p < 0.05). Measurement of ESR with a microhematocrit tube proportionally overestimated values from a commercial kit (Winpette), though both methods may retain utility with separate reference intervals. Hemoglobin-binding protein concentration in 184 T. ornata was significantly increased in adults and unhealthy turtles (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate values were similar between seasons and populations, and HBP values were consistent between years, indicating that these analytes may have more stable baseline values than traditional health metrics in reptiles. This study demonstrates that ESR and HBP are promising diagnostics for health assessment in wild box turtles. Incorporating these tests into wild herptile health assessment protocols may support conservation efforts and improve ecosystem health monitoring.
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8
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Proverbio D, Perego R, Baggiani L, Ravasio G, Giambellini D, Spada E. Serum Protein Gel Agarose Electrophoresis in Captive Tigers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E716. [PMID: 32325948 PMCID: PMC7222745 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the endangered status of tigers (Panthera tigris), the health of each individual is important and any data on blood chemistry values can provide valuable information alongside the assessment of physical condition. The nature of tigers in the wild makes it is extremely difficult to obtain biological samples from free-living subjects, therefore the values obtained from captive tigers provide very useful data. Serum protein electrophoresis is a useful tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of a number of diseases. In this study, we evaluated agarose gel serum protein electrophoresis on samples from 11 healthy captive tigers. Serum electrophoresis on all 11 tiger samples successfully separated proteins into albumin, α1, α2, β1, β2 and γ globulin fractions as in other mammals. Electrophoretic patterns were comparable in all tigers. Mean± standard deviation or median and range values obtained for each protein fraction in healthy tigers were, respectively: 3.6 ± 0.2, 0.21 (0.2-0.23), 1.2 ± 0.2, 10.7 ± 0.2, 0.4 (0.3-0.6), 1.2 (1-1.8) gr/dL. The results of this preliminary study provide the first data on serum electrophoretic patterns in tigers and may be a useful diagnostic tool in the health assessment of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.R.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.R.); (E.S.)
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9
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Hooijberg EH, Cray C, Steenkamp G, Buss P, Goddard A, Miller M. Assessment of the Acute Phase Response in Healthy and Injured Southern White Rhinoceros (C eratotherium simum simum). Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:475. [PMID: 31998761 PMCID: PMC6962144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute phase reactants (APRs) have not been investigated in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). This study aimed to identify clinically useful APRs in this species. Reference intervals (RIs) were generated for albumin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, iron and serum amyloid A (SAA) from 48 free-ranging animals, except for SAA (n = 23). APR concentrations between healthy animals and those with tissue injury (inflammation) (n = 30) were compared. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analyses. RIs were: albumin 18–31 g/L, fibrinogen 1.7–2.9 g/L, haptoglobin 1.0–4.3 g/L, iron 9.7–35.0 μmol/L, SAA <20 mg/L. Iron and albumin were lower and fibrinogen, haptoglobin and SAA higher in injured vs. healthy animals. Iron showed the best diagnostic accuracy followed by fibrinogen, albumin, haptoglobin and SAA. Iron ≤ 15.1 μmol/L and haptoglobin >4.7 g/L were significant predictors of inflammatory status and together correctly predicted the clinical status of 91% of cases. SAA > 20 mg/L had a specificity of 100%. In conclusion, albumin and iron are negative and fibrinogen, haptoglobin and SAA positive APRs in the white rhinoceros. The combination of iron and haptoglobin had an excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies & Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies & Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies & Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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10
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Heinrich SK, Hofer H, Courtiol A, Melzheimer J, Dehnhard M, Czirják GÁ, Wachter B. Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44837. [PMID: 28333126 PMCID: PMC5363065 DOI: 10.1038/srep44837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a textbook case for the importance of genetics in conservation, absence of genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to endanger species viability, since it is considered crucial for pathogen resistance. An alternative view of the immune system inspired by life history theory posits that a strong response should evolve in other components of the immune system if there is little variation in the MHC. In contrast to the leopard (Panthera pardus), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has a relatively low genetic variability at the MHC, yet free-ranging cheetahs are healthy. By comparing the functional competence of the humoral immune system of both species in sympatric populations in Namibia, we demonstrate that cheetahs have a higher constitutive innate but lower induced innate and adaptive immunity than leopards. We conclude (1) immunocompetence of cheetahs is higher than previously thought; (2) studying both innate and adaptive components of immune systems will enrich conservation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K. Heinrich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á. Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Franklin AD, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Terio KA, Marker LL, Crosier AE. Serum Amyloid A Protein Concentration in Blood is Influenced by Genetic Differences in the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). J Hered 2016; 107:115-21. [PMID: 26585380 PMCID: PMC5994965 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among captive cheetahs. The self-aggregating AA protein responsible for this disease is a byproduct of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein degradation. Transcriptional induction of the SAA1 gene is dependent on both C/EBPβ and NF-κB cis-acting elements within the promoter region. In cheetahs, 2 alleles exist for a single guanine nucleotide deletion in the putative NF-κB binding site. In this study, a novel genotyping assay was developed to screen for the alleles. The results show that the SAA1A (-97delG) allele is associated with decreased SAA protein concentrations in the serum of captive cheetahs (n = 58), suggesting genetic differences at this locus may be affecting AA amyloidosis prevalence. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of the SAA1A (-97delG) allele between individuals confirmed AA amyloidosis positive versus AA amyloidosis negative at the time of necropsy (n = 48). Thus, even though there is evidence that having more copies of the SAA1A (-97delG) allele results in a potentially protective decrease in serum concentrations of SAA protein in captive cheetahs, genotype is not associated with this disease within the North American population. These results suggest that other factors are playing a more significant role in the pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis among captive cheetahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Franklin
- From the Animal Sciences Department, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA (Franklin); Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA (Franklin and Crosier); Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel and Marker); Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel); University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Maywood, IL 60153, USA (Terio).
| | - Anne Schmidt-Küntzel
- From the Animal Sciences Department, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA (Franklin); Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA (Franklin and Crosier); Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel and Marker); Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel); University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Maywood, IL 60153, USA (Terio)
| | - Karen A Terio
- From the Animal Sciences Department, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA (Franklin); Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA (Franklin and Crosier); Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel and Marker); Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel); University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Maywood, IL 60153, USA (Terio)
| | - Laurie L Marker
- From the Animal Sciences Department, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA (Franklin); Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA (Franklin and Crosier); Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel and Marker); Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel); University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Maywood, IL 60153, USA (Terio)
| | - Adrienne E Crosier
- From the Animal Sciences Department, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA (Franklin); Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA (Franklin and Crosier); Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel and Marker); Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia (Schmidt-Küntzel); University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Maywood, IL 60153, USA (Terio)
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12
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Gaffney PM, Witte C, Clifford DL, Imai DM, O'Brien TD, Trejo M, Liberta F, Annamalai K, Fändrich M, Masliah E, Munson L, Sigurdson CJ. Systemic Amyloid A Amyloidosis in Island Foxes (Urocyon littoralis): Severity and Risk Factors. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:637-47. [PMID: 26419399 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815604725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is highly prevalent (34%) in endangered island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and poses a risk to species recovery. Although elevated serum AA (SAA) from prolonged or recurrent inflammation predisposes to AA amyloidosis, additional risk factors are poorly understood. Here we define the severity of glomerular and medullary renal amyloid and identify risk factors for AA amyloidosis in 321 island foxes necropsied from 1987 through 2010. In affected kidneys, amyloid more commonly accumulated in the medullary interstitium than in the glomeruli (98% [n= 78 of 80] vs 56% [n= 45], respectively;P< .0001), and medullary deposition was more commonly severe (19% [n= 20 of 105]) as compared with glomeruli (7% [n= 7];P= .01). Univariate odds ratios (ORs) of severe renal AA amyloidosis were greater for short- and long-term captive foxes as compared with free-ranging foxes (ORs = 3.2, 3.7, respectively; overall P= .05) and for females as compared with males (OR = 2.9;P= .05). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that independent risk factors for amyloid development were increasing age class (OR = 3.8;P< .0001), San Clemente Island subspecies versus San Nicolas Island subspecies (OR = 5.3;P= .0003), captivity (OR = 5.1;P= .0001), and nephritis (OR = 2.3;P= .01). The increased risk associated with the San Clemente subspecies or captivity suggests roles for genetic as well as exogenous risk factors in the development of AA amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Gaffney
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Witte
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - D L Clifford
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D M Imai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T D O'Brien
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - M Trejo
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Liberta
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Annamalai
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Fändrich
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Masliah
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Munson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA Deceased Supplemental material for this article is available on the Veterinary Pathology website at http://vet.sagepub.com/supplemental
| | - C J Sigurdson
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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