1
|
Bayram LC, Isler CT, Ekebas G. Determination of reference values for tear production and intraocular pressure in Pygoscelis penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:235. [PMID: 37946185 PMCID: PMC10636934 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature review, this is the first study investigating tear production (TP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the Pygoscelis penguins living in their natural habitat. The study aimed to establish normal values for standard ocular tests in the genus Pygoscelis, namely, the Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins, in four different islands of Antarctica. Sampling was made by specifically using the left eye of the penguins. The Schirmer's tear test type I (STT-I) and the Tonovet® (rebound tonometer) were used to measure the TP and the IOP, respectively. RESULTS The mean TP and IOP values of 129 Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, and 120 adult Adélie, gentoo penguins were determined as 10.2 ± 4.0 mm/min and 38.9 ± 13.2 mmHg, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the penguin species for the mean IOP values, while the difference was determined in all the locations. However, statistical differences in the mean TP values were determined between all locations. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a reference range of Schirmer's tear test (STT) and IOP values in Pygoscelis penguins and show that the IOP is significantly affected by locations. This result can be attributed to the harsh climatic conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula that change very quickly. The described data may help diagnose clinical pathological findings in Pygoscelis penguins. The STT and rebound tonometry appears to be safe and reproducible methods in Pygoscelis penguins, as the results were obtained quickly and were well tolerated by the birds. Based on our results, we propose that similar studies can be initiated in crowded colonies of three penguin species of this genus on the Antarctic Peninsula, the southern Shetland Islands, and other frequently visited islands in Antarctica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latife Cakir Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey.
| | - Cafer Tayer Isler
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Halsmer EL, Heatley JJ, Scott EM. Clinical ophthalmic parameters of the Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:428-439. [PMID: 36519702 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ophthalmic diagnosis in many avian species remains hindered by a lack of normative values. This study aimed to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in clinically normal Quaker parrots. METHODS Ninety-six captive Quaker parrots aged 8-18 years underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, phenol red thread test, rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, palpebral fissure length measurements, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. RESULTS Menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex were present for all Quaker parrots. Tear production (mean ± SD) was 13.3 ± 4.0 mm/15 s and intraocular pressure (IOP, mean ± SD) was 10.6 ± 1.4 and 6.0 ± 1.3 mmHg in the D and P rebound tonometer calibration settings, respectively. For IOP measurement, D and P calibration settings were not interchangeable, with the lesser variation of the D setting preferred in the absence of a gold standard. Ultrasound measurement of the anterior chamber depth increased with age and males had longer axial globe and vitreous lengths. Incidental adnexal and ocular lesions, identified in 36/96 (37.5%) of Quaker parrots, did not statistically affect the created reference data. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings to assist with monitoring the health of wild populations and maintaining the health of captive Quaker parrots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Halsmer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102987. [PMID: 34680006 PMCID: PMC8532671 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Italy, chickens are used for egg production and as courtyard/domestic animals and consequently veterinarians need to know their general and specialist characteristics. One key area is normal ocular measurements in order to understand any pathological changes affecting the eyes. For an accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in chickens, this paper describes the normal values for the evaluation of ocular tear production, intraocular pressure, and biometric measurements of the eyes and on the microbial and cultural flora normally present in the conjunctival sac in two Italian chicken breeds. Abstract Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kane LP, Keller KA, Salpeter EM, de Araujo NLLC, Dower N, Welle KR, Martins BDC, Fleming KMS. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Bertens CJF, van Mechelen RJS, Berendschot TTJM, Gijs M, Wolters JEJ, Gorgels TGMF, Nuijts RMMA, Beckers HJM. Repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement of three tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in rabbits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19217. [PMID: 34584185 PMCID: PMC8478901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement of three commonly used tonometers in animal research (TonoLab, TonoVet, and TonoPEN AVIA) in a cohort of 24 rabbits. Additionally, the impact of sedation on IOP was investigated in 21 New Zealand White rabbits with the TonoVet tonometer. Repeatability was determined using the coefficient of variation (CoV) for two observers. For the TonoLab (6.55%) and TonoVet (6.38%) the CoV was lower than for the TonoPEN AVIA (10.88%). The reproducibility was highest for the TonoVet (0.2 ± 3.3 mmHg), followed by the TonoLab (0 ± 12.89 mmHg) and lowest for the TonoPEN AVIA (− 1.48 ± 10.3 mmHg). The TonoLab and TonoVet showed the highest agreement (r = 0.85, R2 = 0.73). After sedation, a significant IOP reduction (often > 25%) was observed. Our results show that among the three tonometers tested, the TonoVet tonometer is best for use in rabbits while the TonoLab should be avoided. The impact of sedation on IOP was substantial and should be taken into account during experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J F Bertens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ralph J S van Mechelen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Gijs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno E J Wolters
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henny J M Beckers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Gaetano Martinolaan 63-65, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karimi V, Asadi F, Rajaei SM, Golabdar S. Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using Rebound Tonometry in Eight Different Species of Companion Birds. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:338-342. [PMID: 33355410 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine reference interval intraocular pressure (IOP) values in 8 different species of companion birds. One hundred and nineteen companion birds (238 eyes) from a captive colony were examined: 21 pigeons (Columba livia; 18%), 17 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; 14%), 22 common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis; 18%), 24 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus; 20%), 12 zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata; 10%), 9 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus; 8%), 6 domestic canaries (Serinus canaria domestica; 5%), and 8 ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri; 7%). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet) avoiding induced, undesired pressure on the head, neck, or eyes. Mean IOP values varied by species. Mean (± SD) IOP values determined for each species were pigeon (5.42 ± 2.06 mm Hg), African grey parrot (4.93 ± 1.91 mm Hg), common mynah (6.22 ± 2.04 mm Hg), cockatiel (5.08 ± 1.76 mm Hg), zebra finch (5.90 ± 2.11 mm Hg), budgerigar (5.88 ± 2.31mm Hg), canary (5.83 ± 1.60 mm Hg), and ring-necked parakeet (6.25 ± 1.75 mm Hg). No statistically significant differences were found in IOP values between right and left eyes for the species studied (P > .22), with the exception of the ring-necked parakeet (P = .001). The results of this study provide representative IOP values measured using rebound tonometry in 8 different species of companion birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Karimi
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Asadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran,
| | | | - Salar Golabdar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Presby JA, Scott EM, Norman KN, Hoppes SM, Tizard I. Normative ocular data for juvenile and adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:526-533. [PMID: 32100929 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain normative ocular data for Japanese quail as they mature from juveniles to adults. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six captive Japanese quail comprising thirteen males and thirteen females, free of ocular disease, were included in the study. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic reference values were measured in both eyes at 1 and 5 months of age. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, slit lamp biomicroscopy, phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal diameter measurement, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of axial globe length, lens thickness, vitreal chamber length, and pecten length were recorded. The depth of the anterior chamber was calculated by subtracting the lens thickness and vitreous length from the axial globe length. Measures of association and descriptive statistics were analyzed using STATA-14 and STATA-15. RESULTS Juvenile and adult females were heavier than age-matched males. Weight, intraocular pressure, horizontal corneal diameter, axial globe length, and lens thickness measurements increased with age. No statistically significant differences were found in the remainder of measurements among individuals in different sex or age-groups. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings that can be used in future research on quail and ocular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Presby
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sharman M Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lim J, Kang S, Park S, Park E, Nam T, Jeong S, Seo K. Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Rebound Tonometry (TonoVet) in Normal Pigeons ( Columba livia). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:46-52. [PMID: 31124611 DOI: 10.1647/2017-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the applicability of a rebound tonometer (TonoVet) in pigeon eyes and established normal reference intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy pigeons; 20 eyes of euthanized pigeons were used for calibration of the TonoVet and 48 eyes of 24 adult pigeons were used for measurement of reference IOP. First, IOP of pigeon eyes ex vivo were measured using the 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet and compared to manometric IOP values from 5 to 80 mm Hg. Then, to establish normal reference values, IOP was measured from clinically normal pigeons in vivo. The 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet showed a strong linear correlation with the manometric IOP (R2 = .996 and .991, respectively). The obtained regression formulas were: y1 = 0.439x + 2.059 and y2 = 0.330x - 0.673, respectively (y1, 'd' mode of TonoVet; y2, 'p' mode of TonoVet; x, manometric IOP). The 'd' and the 'p' modes consistently measured one-half and one-third of the actual IOP, respectively. Therefore, the formula obtained through the 'd' mode was applied to obtain reference values. The calibrated IOP of normal pigeon eyes was 19.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg. The actual IOP could be calculated using the presented formula. Considering the limitations of the 'p' mode, use of the 'd' mode is more appropriate. Therefore, the TonoVet rebound tonometry under the 'd' mode is a reliable method for measuring IOP in pigeons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaegook Lim
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taekjin Nam
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seowoo Jeong
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|