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Laghzaoui EM, Perera A, Harris D, Mouden EHE. Putative intranuclear coccidium in Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger) from Morocco. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34642290 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although intranuclear coccidiosis was first identified in chelonians less than 30 years ago, it is now considered an important emerging disease. Symptoms include anorexia, weakness and weight loss, potentially leading to death of the infected animal. The use of molecular tools has led to improved diagnosis and has also led to an increase in known host species. Here we report a putative intranuclear coccidium in Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger), from Morocco, based on 18S rDNA sequence analysis. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of this parasite from a freshwater terrapin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Mustapha Laghzaoui
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal
| | - D Harris
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal
| | - El Hassan El Mouden
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Marschang RE, Salzmann E, Pees M. Diagnostics of Infectious Respiratory Pathogens in Reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:369-395. [PMID: 33892892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease in reptiles, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, are constantly evolving as is the understanding of the specific roles played by various pathogens in disease processes. Some are known to be primary pathogens with high prevalence in captive reptiles, for example, serpentoviruses in pythons or mycoplasma in tortoises. Others are very commonly found in reptiles with respiratory disease but are most often considered secondary, for example, gram-negative bacteria. Detection methods as well as specific pathogens associated with upper- and lower-respiratory disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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DETECTION OF TESTADENOVIRUSES AND ATADENOVIRUSES IN TORTOISES AND TURTLES IN EUROPE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:223-231. [PMID: 33827180 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been regularly detected in squamate reptiles; evidence of infection in chelonians is described much less frequently. The adenoviruses found in turtles and tortoises have been genetically diverse, and have included members of the genus Siadenovirus, a proposed testadenovirus genus, and, in a single case, an Atadenovirus. In this study, samples from 949 chelonians submitted to a diagnostic laboratory were screened for the presence of adenoviruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a portion of the DNA polymerase gene. Adenoviruses were detected in 22 (2.3%) chelonians of different species. Adenovirus-positive species included Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni), spur-thighed tortoises (T. graeca), Horsfield's tortoises (T. horsfieldii), sliders (Trachemys spp.), box turtles (Terrapene spp.) and a black pond turtle (Geochlemys hamiltonii). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the obtained PCR products revealed that the majority of the detected adenoviruses (72.7%) cluster with members of the proposed testadenovirus genus, while the rest (27.3%) cluster with the atadenoviruses. This study significantly expands the known host range of both the proposed testadenoviruses and the atadenoviruses in different chelonian species and families.
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Adamovicz L, Allender MC, Gibbons PM. Emerging Infectious Diseases of Chelonians: An Update. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:263-283. [PMID: 32327035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chelonians are increasingly challenged by anthropogenic threats and disease. This article summarizes recent literature and clinical experiences regarding 4 emerging infectious diseases in turtles and tortoises: ranaviruses, cryptosporidiosis, intranuclear coccodiosis of Testudines, and Emydomyces testavorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Paul M Gibbons
- Avian and Exotic Veterinary Care, 7826 Northeast Sandy Boulevard, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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Raphael BL, Macey SK, Platt SG, Seimon TA, Ossiboff RJ, Horne BD, Gamarra AL, Barrera MG, Lwin T, Soe MM, Aung SH, New SS, Khaing LL, Platt K. Health Screening of Burmese Star Tortoises (Geochelone platynota) Prior to Introduction to the Wild. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1353.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Raphael
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; ]
| | - Suzanne K. Macey
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA [; ; ]
| | - Steven G. Platt
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; ]
| | - Tracie A. Seimon
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; ]
| | - Robert J. Ossiboff
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; ]
| | - Brian D. Horne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; ]
| | - Ariana L. Gamarra
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA [; ; ]
| | - Michelle G. Barrera
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA [; ; ]
| | - Tint Lwin
- Turtle Survival Alliance - Myanmar Program, No. 12, Nanrattaw Street, Kamayut Township, Yangon, Myanmar []
| | - Me Me Soe
- Turtle Survival Alliance - Myanmar Program, No. 12, Nanrattaw Street, Kamayut Township, Yangon, Myanmar []
| | - Shwe Htay Aung
- Myanmar Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, Lawkanandar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bagan, Myanmar
| | - San San New
- Myanmar Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary, Natowgyi, Myanmar
| | - Lay Lay Khaing
- Myanmar Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary, Natowgyi, Myanmar
| | - Kalyar Platt
- Turtle Survival Alliance - Myanmar Program, No. 12, Nanrattaw Street, Kamayut Township, Yangon, Myanmar []
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Kolesnik E, Obiegala A, Marschang RE. Detection of Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, topiviruses, and ferlaviruses in samples from chelonians in Europe. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:820-832. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717722387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested samples from 1,015 chelonians in Europe for Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, ranaviruses, picornaviruses, and ferlaviruses by PCR. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in 42.1% and herpesviruses were detected in 8.0% of tested chelonians. Differentiation of the herpesviruses revealed that 46.9% of the detected chelonian viruses were testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV-1) and 54.3% were TeHV-3, including co-detections of TeHV-1 and -3 in 3 tortoises. TeHV-4 was detected in a leopard tortoise ( Stigmochelys pardalis), and a herpesvirus that could not be further characterized was found in a pond slider ( Trachemys scripta). Picornaviruses (topiviruses) were detected in 2.2% of the tested animals; ferlaviruses were found in 0.6%; no ranaviruses were detected in any of the animals tested. Mycoplasma spp. were detected significantly more often in Horsfield’s tortoises ( Testudo horsfieldii), leopard tortoises, and Indian star tortoises ( Geochelone elegans) than in other species. Horsfield’s tortoises were also significantly more often positive for TeHV-1. Mycoplasma and TeHV-1 were co-detected in 3.0%, and mycoplasma and TeHV-3 in 2.3%. The TeHV-4–positive tortoise was also positive for mycoplasma. Mycoplasma and picornaviruses were co-detected in 1.2% of the tortoises. A spur-thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca) was positive for mycoplasma and a ferlavirus. In some cases, >2 pathogens were detected. A significant correlation between mycoplasma and herpesvirus detection was found. Of all tested animals, 47.6% were positive for at least one pathogen, demonstrating the importance of pathogen detection in captive chelonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kolesnik
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany (Kolesnik, Marschang)
- Institut of Animal Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Obiegala)
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