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Krochmal AR, Roth TC. The case for investigating the cognitive map in nonavian reptiles. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Exploring the effect of 195 years-old locks on species movement: landscape genetics of painted turtles in the Rideau Canal, Canada. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Krochmal AR, Roth TC, Simmons NT. The geomagnetic field does not appear to influence navigation in Eastern painted turtles. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy C. Roth
- Department of Psychology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster Pennsylvania
| | - Nathaniel T. Simmons
- Department of Biology Washington College Chestertown Maryland
- Still Pond Chestertown, Maryland
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A Comparison of the Population Genetic Structure and Diversity between a Common (Chrysemys p. picta) and an Endangered (Clemmys guttata) Freshwater Turtle. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The northeastern United States has experienced dramatic alteration to its landscape since the time of European settlement. This alteration has had major impacts on the distribution and abundance of wildlife populations, but the legacy of this landscape change remains largely unexplored for most species of freshwater turtles. We used microsatellite markers to characterize and compare the population genetic structure and diversity between an abundant generalist, the eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys p. picta), and the rare, more specialized, spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) in Rhode Island, USA. We predicted that because spotted turtles have disproportionately experienced the detrimental effects of habitat loss and fragmentation associated with landscape change, that these effects would manifest in the form of higher inbreeding, less diversity, and greater population genetic structure compared to eastern painted turtles. As expected, eastern painted turtles exhibited little population genetic structure, showed no evidence of inbreeding, and little differentiation among sampling sites. For spotted turtles, however, results were consistent with certain predictions and inconsistent with others. We found evidence of modest inbreeding, as well as tentative evidence of recent population declines. However, genetic diversity and differentiation among sites were comparable between species. As our results do not suggest any major signals of genetic degradation in spotted turtles, the southern region of Rhode Island may serve as a regional conservation reserve network, where the maintenance of population viability and connectivity should be prioritized.
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Roth TC, Krochmal AR. Of molecules, memories and migration: M1 acetylcholine receptors facilitate spatial memory formation and recall during migratory navigation. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1904. [PMID: 30429306 PMCID: PMC6253372 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals use complex cognitive processes, including the formation and recall of memories, for successful navigation. However, the developmental and neurological processes underlying these cognitive aspects of navigation are poorly understood. To address the importance of the formation and recollection of memories during navigation, we pharmacologically manipulated turtles (Chrysemys picta) that navigate long distances using precise, complex paths learned during a juvenile critical period. We treated freely navigating turtles both within and outside of their critical learning period with a specific M1 acetylcholine receptor antagonist, a drug known to disrupt spatial cognition. Experienced adult turtles lost all navigational ability under the influence of the drug, while naive juveniles navigated successfully. We retested these same juveniles the following year (after they had passed their critical period). The juveniles that initially navigated successfully under the influence of the antagonist (but were unable to form spatial memories) were unable to do so subsequently. However, the control animals (who had the opportunity to form memories previously) exhibited typical navigational precision. These results suggest that the formation of spatial memories for navigation occur during a critical period, and successful navigation after the critical period is dependent upon the recall of such memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Roth
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Aaron R Krochmal
- Department of Biology, Washington College, 300 Washington Avenue, Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
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Pérez-Pérez A, López-Moreno AE, Suárez-Rodríguez O, Rheubert JL, Hernández-Gallegos O. How far do adult turtles move? Home range and dispersal of Kinosternon integrum. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8220-8231. [PMID: 29075445 PMCID: PMC5648664 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the home range and movements of a population of Kinosternon integrum in Tonatico, Estado de México, México, over 3.5 years (during rainy and dry season months) using radiotelemetry in 37 adult turtles. The results showed that the home range of K. integrum was 0.151 ± 0.051 ha using 50% kernel density estimator (KDE), and 0.657 ± 0.214 ha using 95% KDE; the home range did not vary between sexes. Kinosternon integrum showed low distances traveled 51.44 ± 4.50 m, where 87.3% (n = 373) of movements were <100 m. The distance traveled differed by season, and movement category (aquatic and terrestrial movements). The shortest distance occurred during the dry season, during which some individuals move to estivation sites, and these movements were shorter than movements to artificial ponds (cattle ponds). In this population, home range and movement are similar to other species of the genus Kinosternon. Overall, the results indicate than K. integrum are highly dependent on aquatic habitats, but also utilize the terrestrial habitats for different biological activities, and to maintain viable populations. Therefore, the conservation of the entire inhabited area is fundamental. This study highlights the need to increase the studies, in Central México, concerning habitat use of freshwater turtles in order to increase the efficiency of conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailed Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca Estado de México Mexico
| | - Ana Esthela López-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Herpetología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca Estado de México Mexico
| | - Orlando Suárez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca Estado de México Mexico
| | | | - Oswaldo Hernández-Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Herpetología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca Estado de México Mexico
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Krochmal AR, Roth TC, O'Malley H. An empirical test of the role of learning in translocation. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Krochmal
- Department of Biology; Washington College; Chestertown MD USA
| | - T. C. Roth
- Department of Psychology; Franklin and Marshall College; Lancaster PA USA
| | - H. O'Malley
- Education Coordinator; Disney's Animals; Science and Environment; Lake Buena Vista FL USA
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Reid BN, Mladenoff DJ, Peery MZ. Genetic effects of landscape, habitat preference and demography on three co‐occurring turtle species. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:781-798. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan N. Reid
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Herpetology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
| | - David J. Mladenoff
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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Roth TC, Krochmal AR. Pharmacological evidence is consistent with a prominent role of spatial memory in complex navigation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2548. [PMID: 26865305 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn about the spatial environment plays an important role in navigation, migration, dispersal, and foraging. However, our understanding of both the role of cognition in the development of navigation strategies and the mechanisms underlying these strategies is limited. We tested the hypothesis that complex navigation is facilitated by spatial memory in a population of Chrysemys picta that navigate with extreme precision (±3.5 m) using specific routes that must be learned prior to age three. We used scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, to manipulate the cognitive spatial abilities of free-living turtles during naturally occurring overland movements. Experienced adults treated with scopolamine diverted markedly from their precise navigation routes. Naive juveniles lacking experience (and memory) were not affected by scopolamine, and thereby served as controls for perceptual or non-spatial cognitive processes associated with navigation. Further, neither adult nor juvenile movement was affected by methylscopolamine, a form of scopolamine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, a control for the peripheral effects of scopolamine. Together, these results are consistent with a role of spatial cognition in complex navigation and highlight a cellular mechanism that might underlie spatial cognition. Overall, our findings expand our understanding of the development of complex cognitive abilities of vertebrates and the neurological mechanisms of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Roth
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Aaron R Krochmal
- Department of Biology, Washington College, 300 Washington Ave., Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
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Smith GR, Rettig JE, Iverson JB. Is righting response lateralized in two species of freshwater turtles? BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laterality has been found in a variety of reptiles. In turtles, one important behaviour is the righting response. Here, we studied laterality of righting response of two species of freshwater turtles, the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) and the Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus). We found evidence of individual-level laterality in righting response in C. picta, but not S. odoratus. Neither species showed evidence of population-level laterality in righting response. Our results suggest that there is variation in the extent of laterality of righting response in turtles. Possible explanations for variation in laterality of righting response in turtles include shell shape and use of terrestrial habitats. However, more species of turtles need to be examined to demonstrate any general patterns in laterality of righting response in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R. Smith
- aDepartment of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
| | - Jessica E. Rettig
- aDepartment of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
| | - John B. Iverson
- bDepartment of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, USA
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Manshack LK, Conard CM, Johnson SA, Alex JM, Bryan SJ, Deem SL, Holliday DK, Ellersieck MR, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A and ethinyl estradiol on spatial navigational learning and memory in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Horm Behav 2016; 85:48-55. [PMID: 27476434 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure of turtles and other reptiles to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2, estrogen present in birth control pills), can induce partial to full gonadal sex-reversal in males. No prior studies have considered whether in ovo exposure to EDCs disrupts normal brain sexual differentiation. Yet, rodent model studies indicate early exposure to these chemicals disturbs sexually selected behavioral traits, including spatial navigational learning and memory. Thus, we sought to determine whether developmental exposure of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) to BPA and EE2 results in sex-dependent behavioral changes. At developmental stage 17, turtles incubated at 26⁰C (male-inducing temperature) were treated with 1) BPA High (100μg /mL), 2) BPA Low (0.01μg/mL), 3) EE2 (0.2μg/mL), or 4) vehicle or no vehicle control groups. Five months after hatching, turtles were tested with a spatial navigational test that included four food containers, only one of which was baited with food. Each turtle was randomly assigned one container that did not change over the trial period. Each individual was tested for 14 consecutive days. Results show developmental exposure to BPA High and EE2 improved spatial navigational learning and memory, as evidenced by increased number of times spent in the correct target zone and greater likelihood of solving the maze compared to control turtles. This study is the first to show that in addition to overriding temperature sex determination (TSD) of the male gonad, these EDCs may induce sex-dependent behavioral changes in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Manshack
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Caroline M Conard
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jorden M Alex
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sara J Bryan
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dawn K Holliday
- Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Westminster College, Fulton, MO 65251, USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Do Ponds on Golf Courses Provide Suitable Habitat for Wetland-Dependent Animals in Suburban Areas? An Assessment of Turtle Abundances. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Eskew EA, Price SJ, Dorcas ME. Survivorship and Population Densities of Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta) in Recently Modified Suburban Landscapes. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0823.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Padgett DJ, Carboni JJ, Schepis DJ. The Dietary Composition ofChrysemys Picta Picta(Eastern Painted Turtles) with Special Reference to the Seeds of Aquatic Macrophytes. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2010. [DOI: 10.1656/045.017.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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