Extreme Arsenic and Antimony Uptake and Tolerance in Toad Tadpoles during Development in Highly Contaminated Wetlands

The effects of extreme concentrations of toxic metalloids, such as arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb), on larval amphibians are not well-understood. We sampled Western Toad tadpoles (Anaxyrus boreas) living in As- and Sb-contaminated wetlands throughout their development. Although the tadpoles completed metamorphosis, they accumulated among the highest concentrations of As and Sb ever reported for a living vertebrate (3866.9 mg/kg; 315.0 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively). Ingestion of contaminated sediment had a more important role in metalloid accumulation than aqueous exposure alone. Metalloids were initially concentrated in the gut; however, by metamorphosis, the majority were found in other tissues. These concentrations subsequently decreased with the onset of metamorphosis, yet remained quite elevated. Sublethal effects, including delayed development and reduced size at metamorphosis, were associated with elevated metalloid exposure. The presence of organic arsenicals in tadpole tissues suggests they have the ability to biomethylate inorganic As compounds. The arsenical trimethyl arsine oxide accounted for the majority of extractable organic As, with lesser amounts of monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid. Our findings demonstrate remarkable tolerance of toad tadpoles to extreme metalloid exposure and implicate physiological processes mediating that tolerance.

Morphological and microstructural changes of the oral apparatus in two Anuran tadpoles, in regard to pH

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscopy (LM) of the oral apparatus of Polypedates teraiensis and Hylarana leptoglossa tadpoles revealed a number of morphological and microstructural alterations in the labial tooth rows, jaw sheaths and marginal papillae on exposure to acidic and alkaline pH. These morphological and microstructural alterations observed in the oral apparatus of the tadpole are discussed in the light of available literature. The significance of the study with reference to adverse effects of acidic as well as alkaline pH on oral apparatus of the tadpole is also discussed.

Differential patterns of accumulation and retention of dietary trace elements associated with coal ash during larval development and metamorphosis of an amphibian

We performed an experiment in which larval gray tree frogs (Hyla chrysoscelis) were raised through metamorphosis on diets increased with a suite of elements associated with coal combustion residues (silver [Ag], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], mercury [Hg], lead [Pb], selenium [Se], vanadium [V], and zinc [Zn]) at "low" and "high" concentrations. We quantified accumulation of metals at three life stages (mid-larval development, initiation of metamorphosis, and completion of metamorphosis) as well as effects on survival, metabolic rate, size at metamorphosis, and duration and loss of weight during metamorphosis. Most elements were accumulated in a dose-dependent pattern by some or all life stages, although this was not the case for Hg. For most elements, larval body burdens exceeded those of later life stages in some or all treatments (control, low, or high). However for Se, As, and Hg, body burdens in control and low concentrations were increased in later compared with earlier life stages. A lack of dose-dependent accumulation of Hg suggests that the presence of high concentrations of other elements (possibly Se) either inhibited accumulation or increased depuration of Hg. The duration of metamorphosis (forelimb emergence through tail resorption) was lengthened in individuals exposed to the highest concentrations of elements, but there were no other statistically significant biological effects. This study shows that patterns of accumulation and possibly depuration of metals and trace elements are complex in animals possessing complex life cycles. Further study is required to determine specific interactions affecting these patterns, in particular which elements may be responsible for affecting accumulation or retention of Hg when organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of elements.

Efectos del cloruro de mercurio (HgCl₂) sobre la sobrevivencia y crecimiento de renacuajos de <i>Dendrosophus bogerti</i>

Larvas de la rana (Dendrosophus bogerti) fueron expuestas a cinco concentraciones letales (0,25, 0,3, 0,36, 0,43 y 0,51 mg/l) y cuatro subletales (0,02, 0,04, 0,08 y 0,10 mg/l) de cloruro de mercurio (HgCL2), con el fin de determinar la CL50, los efectos sobre el crecimiento y sobre la tasa de desarrollo. La CL50 96 h del HgCL2 fue 0,41 mg/l. Se evidenció un efecto del Hg sobre el crecimiento (peso y longitud) a los 10 y 20 días de exposición a 0,04, 0,08 y 0,1 mg/l HgCL2 con un P < 0,001. En contraste, el peso y la longitud de los renacuajos expuestos a 0,02 mg/l HgCL2 no mostraron diferencias significativas con el control negativo (P = 0,77 y P = 0,1, respectivamente). La mayor inhibición del crecimiento se observó a los 30 días (P < 0,001). En el tiempo para alcanzar el estadio 36 de Gosner se encontraron diferencias significativas en todos los ejemplares tratados con Hg con respecto al control (H = 35,4, P < 0,001). El retraso en el desarrollo puede estar relacionado con la alteración enzimática y en la naturaleza presenta consecuencias negativas en la sobrevivencia de los renacuajos debido a la rápida desecación de las charcas temporales y vulnerabilidad a depredadores. La especie D. bogerti es sensible a la exposición del mercurio en ambientes acuáticos, con efectos desfavorables sobre el crecimiento y la tasa de desarrollo.

Exposure to coal combustion residues during metamorphosis elevates corticosterone content and adversely affects oral morphology, growth, and development in Rana sphenocephala

Coal combustion residues (CCRs) are documented to negatively impact oral morphology, growth, and development in larval amphibians. It is currently unclear what physiological mechanisms may mediate these effects. Corticosterone, a glucocorticoid hormone, is a likely mediator because when administered exogenously it, like CCRs, also negatively influences oral morphology, growth, and development in larval amphibians. In an attempt to identify if corticosterone mediates these effects, we raised larval Southern Leopard Frogs, Rana sphenocephala, on either sand or CCR substrate and documented effects of sediment type on whole body corticosterone, oral morphology, and time to and mass at key metamorphic stages. Coal combustion residue treated tadpoles contained significantly more corticosterone than controls throughout metamorphosis. However, significantly more oral abnormalities occurred early in metamorphosis when differences in corticosterone levels between treatments were minimal. Overall, CCR-treated tadpoles took significantly more time to transition between key stages and gained less mass between stages than controls, but these differences between treatments decreased during later stages when corticosterone differences between treatments were greatest. Our results suggest endogenous increase in corticosterone content and its influence on oral morphology, growth and development is more complex than previously thought.