1
|
Freudiger A, Josi D, Thünken T, Herder F, Flury JM, Marques DA, Taborsky M, Frommen JG. Ecological variation drives morphological differentiation in a highly social vertebrate. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Freudiger
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Dario Josi
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Timo Thünken
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Fabian Herder
- Sektion Ichthyologie Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - Jana M. Flury
- Sektion Ichthyologie Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - David A. Marques
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution Centre for Ecology and Evolution, and Biochemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Michael Taborsky
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
| | - Joachim G. Frommen
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leonard KC, Worden N, Boettcher ML, Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Effects of long-term ethanol storage on muscle architecture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:184-198. [PMID: 33843155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle excursion and force potential can be estimated from architectural variables, including mass, volume, fascicle length, and density. These have been collected from fresh specimens, preserved specimens, and sometimes mixed samples of both. However, preservation alters the gross morphology of muscles. This study aims to quantify the effects of long-term storage on myological properties across a sample of fresh and ethanol preserved Mus musculus specimens ranging in storage time from 16 to 130 years. Masses, volumes, and densities of biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, and triceps surae were measured, and histological cross-sections of some specimens were used to evaluate the microscale effects of long-term fluid preservation. For the remainder of the sample, chemically dissected fascicle lengths were measured to evaluate the fixation effects on the linear dimensions of muscle architecture. Relative muscle mass, volume, fascicle length, average fiber area, and density, and percent fiber area were regressed against years stored in ethanol. Muscle size dropped steeply between fresh and stored samples, ultimately decreasing by 62 and 60%, respectively. These losses correlate with histologically measured shrinking of average muscle fiber area. Density of stored specimens plateaued 5% below that of fresh ones. Although muscles lost mass and volume during ethanol storage, fascicle lengths did not shorten significantly (presumably because they were preserved attached on either end to bone). This study demonstrates that muscle mass, volume, and density of specimens stored long-term in ethanol should be corrected by factors of 2.64, 2.49, and 1.054 respectively for comparability to fresh specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn C Leonard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Meredith College, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikole Worden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marissa L Boettcher
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Namei E, Sun W, Pan D, Zhao Y, Yang B, Weng Y, Du C, Li H, Yu B, Subudeng G. The advanced paraffin-section preparation technique based on multiple cumulus-oocyte complexes rather than ovaries in ovine. Reprod Biol 2020; 21:100473. [PMID: 33373929 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical staining is the important method for the identification of protein expression in mammal ovaries, in particular in the follicles with the potential to develop into cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), which are able to support oocyte maturation regardless of in vivo or in vitro. Here, we reported an advanced immunohistochemical method based on an artificial structure gathering multiple COCs by paraffin embedding for rapid and highly sensitive detection of co-expressed proteins in ovine COCs rather than ovaries. Compared with the conventional immunohistochemistry on ovine ovaries, the advanced COC paraffin sectioning technique showed the better immunostaining effect and featured the higher generation rate for COCs, the distincter cumulus layers, and the more simplified procedures. These results indicate that the COC paraffin sectioning technique is highly effectively applied for identification of protein expression in ovine COC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erge Namei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, PR China
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Bingxue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Yu Weng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Chenguang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Haijun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- College of Basic Medical, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, PR China.
| | - Gerile Subudeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gilbert MC, Akama A, Fernandes CC, Albertson RC. Rapid morphological change in multiple cichlid ecotypes following the damming of a major clearwater river in Brazil. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2754-2771. [PMID: 33294021 PMCID: PMC7691474 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While anthropogenic disturbances can have damaging effects on biodiversity, they also offer an opportunity to understand how species adapt to new environments and may even provide insights into the earliest stages of evolutionary diversification. With these topics in mind, we explored the morphological changes that have occurred across several cichlid species following the damming of the Tocantins River, Brazil. The Tocantins was once a large (2,450 km), contiguous river system; however, upon closure of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Dam in 1984, a large (~2,850 km2), permanent reservoir was established. We used geometric morphometrics to evaluate changes in native cichlids, comparing historical museum specimens collected from the Tocantins to contemporary specimens collected from the Tucuruí reservoir. Six species across five genera were included to represent distinct ecomorphs, from large piscivores to relatively small opportunistic omnivores. Notably, statistically significant changes in shape and morphological disparity were observed in all species. Moreover, the documented changes tended to be associated with functionally relevant aspects of anatomy, including head, fin, and body shape. Our data offer insights into the ways cichlids have responded, morphologically, to a novel lake environment and provide a robust foundation for exploring the mechanisms through which these changes have occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Gilbert
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | | | - Cristina Cox Fernandes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
- Biology DepartmentMorrill Science CenterUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | - R. Craig Albertson
- Biology DepartmentMorrill Science CenterUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fruciano C, Schmidt D, Ramírez Sanchez MM, Morek W, Avila Valle Z, Talijančić I, Pecoraro C, Schermann Legionnet A. Tissue preservation can affect geometric morphometric analyses: a case study using fish body shape. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In geometric morphometrics, the extent of variation attributable to non-biological causes (i.e. measurement error) is sometimes overlooked. The effects of this variation on downstream statistical analyses are also largely unknown. In particular, it is unclear whether specimen preservation induces substantial variation in shape and whether such variation affects downstream statistical inference. Using a combination of empirical fish body shape data and realistic simulations, we show that preservation introduces substantial artefactual variation and significant non-random error (i.e. bias). Most changes in shape occur when fresh fish are frozen and thawed, whereas a smaller change in shape is observed when frozen and thawed fish are fixed in formalin and transferred to ethanol. Surprisingly, we also show that, in our case, preservation produces only minor effects on three downstream analyses of shape variation: classification using canonical variate analysis, permutation tests of differences in means and computations of differences in mean shape between groups. Even mixing of differently preserved specimens has a relatively small effect on downstream analyses. However, we suggest that mixing fish with different preservation should still be avoided and discuss the conditions in which this practice might be justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Fruciano
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominik Schmidt
- Department of Modeling and Systems Analysis, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Marcia Maria Ramírez Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Witold Morek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zamira Avila Valle
- Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uiblein F, Nielsen JG, Baldwin CC, Quattrini AM, Robertson R. Discovery of a Distinctive Spotted Color Pattern in the Cuskeel Neobythites unicolor (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) Based on Underwater-Vehicle Dives, with New Records from the Southern and Eastern Caribbean. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-18-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Uiblein
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Jørgen G. Nielsen
- Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Carole C. Baldwin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 156, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012;
| | - Andrea M. Quattrini
- Harvey Mudd College, F.W. Olin Science Center, 1250 N Dartmouth Ave, Claremont, California 91711;
| | - Ross Robertson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sotola VA, Craig CA, Pfaff PJ, Maikoetter JD, Martin NH, Bonner TH. Effect of preservation on fish morphology over time: Implications for morphological studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213915. [PMID: 30897173 PMCID: PMC6428252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the process of preserving biological specimens results in alterations of body shape, though detailed studies examining the degree to which morphological changes occur throughout the preservation process are lacking. We utilize geometric morphometric analyses, an increasingly common tool for examining shape variation in a wide variety of biological disciplines, to examine the effects of formalin and ethanol preservation on the body shape of 10 freshwater fish species over time: from fresh specimens to eight weeks after preservation. We found significant changes in body shape among fresh and formalin fixed specimens. Furthermore, changes in body shape continue to occur after subsequent ethanol preservation. Two fish species collected at multiple localities show significant morphological differences for a limited number of morphometric characters. However, the significance, or lack thereof, often changed inconsistently from one stage of preservation to another. We conclude that morphometric analyses would ideally be performed on fresh specimens. However, recognizing that this is not always feasible, it is important to be aware of the morphometric changes that can occur during preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Alex Sotola
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cody A. Craig
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Pfaff
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D. Maikoetter
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noland H. Martin
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy H. Bonner
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Outomuro D, Johansson F. A potential pitfall in studies of biological shape: Does size matter? J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1447-1457. [PMID: 28699246 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of published studies using geometric morphometrics (GM) for analysing biological shape has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, covering multiple research areas such as ecology, evolution, development, taxonomy and palaeontology. Unfortunately, we have observed that many published studies using GM do not evaluate the potential allometric effects of size on shape, which normally require consideration or assessment. This might lead to misinterpretations and flawed conclusions in certain cases, especially when size effects explain a large part of the shape variation. We assessed, for the first time and in a systematic manner, how often published studies that have applied GM consider the potential effects of allometry on shape. We reviewed the 300 most recent published papers that used GM for studying biological shape. We also estimated how much of the shape variation was explained by allometric effects in the reviewed papers. More than one-third (38%) of the reviewed studies did not consider the allometric component of shape variation. In studies where the allometric component was taken into account, it was significant in 88% of the cases, explaining up to 87.3% of total shape variation. We believe that one reason that may cause the observed results is a misunderstanding of the process that superimposes landmark configurations, i.e. the Generalized Procrustes Analysis, which removes isometric effects of size on shape, but not allometric effects. Allometry can be a crucial component of shape variation. We urge authors to address, and report, size effects in studies of biological shape. However, we do not propose to always remove size effects, but rather to evaluate the research question with and without the allometric component of shape variation. This approach can certainly provide a thorough understanding of how much size contributes to the observed shaped variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nyegaard M, Sawai E, Gemmell N, Gillum J, Loneragan NR, Yamanoue Y, Stewart AL. Hiding in broad daylight: molecular and morphological data reveal a new ocean sunfish species (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) that has eluded recognition. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Nyegaard
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Etsuro Sawai
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Neil Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Gillum
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Neil R Loneragan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamanoue
- The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew L Stewart
- Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|