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Spillover and spillback risks of ectoparasites by an invasive squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus in Kanto region of Japan. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:1-8. [PMID: 35991948 PMCID: PMC9385448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Invasive organisms can alter host-parasite relationships in a given ecosystem by spreading exotic parasites and/or becoming a new reservoir for native ones. Since these problems affect management programs of the invasive host organisms, it is necessary to monitor them individually. The Pallas's squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus is an invasive arboreal mammal introduced into Japan that threatens to exacerbate ecological and public health problems by spreading native and exotic parasites. However, only limited surveys have been available especially for ectoparasites, using the traditional combing method in which the possibility of oversight is inherent. Here, we evaluated the ectoparasite occurrences in Kanto region of Japan, using the whole-shaving method as an alternative approach. As a result of examining 52 hosts from two invaded districts (Yokohama and Yokosuka), chigger mites (Leptotrombidium spp.) and fleas (Ceratophyllus anisus and Ceratophyllus indages indages) were newly recovered in addition to the previously reported tick (Haemaphysalis flava) and exotic lice (Enderleinellus kumadai and Neophaematoponis callosciuri). The parasite burdens were higher in Yokosuka and in male host individuals, affecting infracommunity richness and composition. Our findings on the variety of native and exotic ectoparasites, at higher abundances in some cases than previously known, may suggest that both the spillover and spillback risks need to be adjusted upwards. Ectoparasite infections were examined for Pallas's squirrels invaded in Kanto region of Japan. A variety of native and exotic ectoparasites with high abundance in some cases was found. Infracommunity composition changed depending on the invading environment and host features. Spillover and spillback risks may need to be adjusted upwards in this country.
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2
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Thaweepworadej P, Evans KL. Squirrel and tree‐shrew responses along an urbanisation gradient in a tropical mega‐city – reduced biodiversity, increased hybridisation of
Callosciurus
squirrels, and effects of habitat quality. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Thaweepworadej
- School of Biosciences The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - K. L. Evans
- School of Biosciences The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield UK
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3
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Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Koprowski JL. Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101046. [PMID: 34681145 PMCID: PMC8533491 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pet industry is a growing global multibillion dollar market. The increase of exotic and non-domesticated animal ownership has led to an increase in the number of non-native pets released that create invasive alien species (IAS) populations in the wild. IAS negatively impact the biodiversity, human health and countries’ economies. We use tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus as a well-documented case study of pets that become IAS. We review the pathways and range of introduction and the challenge and legal importance of species identification. Next, we document how they negatively affect native plants and animals, their parasitic infections that can threat native wildlife and human health and their impact on human activities and productive systems. We discuss the diverse biological, social, political and economic reasons that make control/eradication of these charismatic species difficult in most countries. However, we also highlight the successful management of the IAS in two countries where the early detection and engagement of stakeholders were key to successful eradication. We conclude that efforts to educate and involve the broader public by actively engaging a diversity of stakeholders are more likely to build a consensus toward IAS management and should be a priority for each country. Abstract The trade of non-native pets, especially of non-domesticated and exotic animals, and their subsequent release and establishment of populations is one of the major pathways of introduction for invasive alien reptiles, amphibia, birds and mammals. Here, we use a group of arboreal mammals, tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus, as a well-documented case study, reviewing the pathways of introduction, the current areas of non-native distribution, the rate of establishment success and the challenge and legal importance of species identification. We further illustrate the importance of early detection and effective monitoring methods and plans. Next, we document how they interfere with native species, their risk of acting as vectors for emerging infectious diseases and their potential role in maintaining parasitic infections that can affect human health. We conclude by reviewing the current management, or the lack of it, and highlight the diverse biological, social, political and economic reasons that make control/eradication of these charismatic species difficult or even impractical in most countries. However, reviewing the only two successful eradications of the IAS, we highlight the need to acknowledge the public opinion and the importance of communication, transparency and the engagement of a diversity of stakeholders to create a consensus about the actions to undertake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Mazzamuto
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucas A. Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - John L. Koprowski
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
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Tamura N, Boonkhaw P, Prayoon U, Phan QT, Yu P, Liu X, Hayashi F. Geographical variation in squirrel mating calls and their recognition limits in the widely distributed species complex. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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The enemy release hypothesis and Callosciurus erythraeus in Argentina: combining community and biogeographical parasitological studies. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Invasion pathways and lag times in the spread of Callosciurus erythraeus introduced into Argentina. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Search for polyoma-, herpes-, and bornaviruses in squirrels of the family Sciuridae. Virol J 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32220234 PMCID: PMC7099801 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squirrels (family Sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order Rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive species) and frequent presence in zoological gardens and other holdings. Multiple species introductions, strong inter-species competition as well as the recent discovery of a novel zoonotic bornavirus resulted in increased research interest on squirrel pathogens. Therefore we aimed to test a variety of squirrel species for representatives of three virus families. METHODS Several species of the squirrel subfamilies Sciurinae, Callosciurinae and Xerinae were tested for the presence of polyomaviruses (PyVs; family Polyomaviridae) and herpesviruses (HVs; family Herpesviridae), using generic nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specificity for the PyV VP1 gene and the HV DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene, respectively. Selected animals were tested for the presence of bornaviruses (family Bornaviridae), using both a broad-range orthobornavirus- and a variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1)-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS In addition to previously detected bornavirus RNA-positive squirrels no more animals tested positive in this study, but four novel PyVs, four novel betaherpesviruses (BHVs) and six novel gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) were identified. For three PyVs, complete genomes could be amplified with long-distance PCR (LD-PCR). Splice sites of the PyV genomes were predicted in silico for large T antigen, small T antigen, and VP2 coding sequences, and experimentally confirmed in Vero and NIH/3T3 cells. Attempts to extend the HV DPOL sequences in upstream direction resulted in contiguous sequences of around 3.3 kilobase pairs for one BHV and two GHVs. Phylogenetic analysis allocated the novel squirrel PyVs to the genera Alpha- and Betapolyomavirus, the BHVs to the genus Muromegalovirus, and the GHVs to the genera Rhadinovirus and Macavirus. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on molecular identification and sequence characterization of PyVs and HVs and the detection of bornavirus coinfections with PyVs or HVs in two squirrel species. Multiple detection of PyVs and HVs in certain squirrel species exclusively indicate their potential host association to a single squirrel species. The novel PyVs and HVs might serve for a better understanding of virus evolution in invading host species in the future.
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Kobayashi S, Denda T, Placksanoi J, Waengsothorn S, Aryuthaka C, Panha S, Izawa M. The pollination system of the widely distributed mammal-pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) in the tropics. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6276-6286. [PMID: 31236220 PMCID: PMC6580284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pollinators of some plant species differ across regions, only a few mammal-pollinated plant species have regional pollinator differences in Asia. Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) is pollinated by squirrels, flying foxes, and macaques in subtropical and temperate islands. In this study, the pollination system of M. macrocarpa was identified in tropical Asia, where the genus originally diversified. This species requires "explosive opening" of the flower, where the wing petals must be pressed down and the banner petal pushed upward to fully expose the stamens and pistil. A bagging experiment showed that fruits did not develop in inflorescences (n = 66) with unopened flowers, whereas fruits developed in 68.7% of inflorescences (n = 131) with opened flowers. This indicated that the explosive opening is needed for the species to reproduce. Four potential pollinator mammals were identified by a video camera-trap survey, and 78.3% and 60.1% of monitored inflorescences (n = 138) were opened by gray-bellied squirrels (Callosciurus caniceps) and Finlayson's squirrels (C. finlaysonii), respectively, even though more than 10 mammal species visited flowers. Nectar was surrounded by the calyx, and the volume and sugar concentration of secreted nectar did not change during the day. This nectar secretion pattern is similar to those reported by previous studies in other regions. These results showed that the main pollinators of M. macrocarpa in the tropics are squirrels. However, the species' nectar secretion pattern is not specifically adapted to this particular pollinator. Pollinators of M. macrocarpa differ throughout the distribution range based on the fauna present, but there might not have been no distinctive changes in the attractive traits that accompanied these changes in pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kobayashi
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of the RyukyusNishiharaJapan
| | - Tetsuo Denda
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of the RyukyusNishiharaJapan
| | - Jumlong Placksanoi
- Sakaerat Environmental Research StationThailand Institute of Scientific and Technological ResearchWang Nam KhieoThailand
| | - Surachit Waengsothorn
- Sakaerat Environmental Research StationThailand Institute of Scientific and Technological ResearchWang Nam KhieoThailand
| | | | - Somsak Panha
- Department of BiologyChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Center of Excellence on Biodiversity, Ministry of EducationChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Masako Izawa
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of the RyukyusNishiharaJapan
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Yoshimura K, Shindo J, Kageyama I. Comparative Morphology of the Lingual Papillae and Their Connective Tissue Cores in the Tongue of Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus thai, Kloss, 1917). Zoolog Sci 2018; 35:353-359. [PMID: 30079839 DOI: 10.2108/zs180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We observed the morphology of the papilla linguae (filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate) and underlying connective tissue cores (CTCs) in Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus thai) using light and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue was caudally elongated and lacked the lingual torus. Filiform papillae were densely distributed along the dorsal surface of the apex, and the rostral and caudal parts of the corpus, but were attenuated in the lingual root. Two or three vallate papillae that were rounded or elongated were situated at the boundary between the caudal part of the corpus and lingual root, and foliate papillae and associated cone-like processes were observable in the lateral margin of the caudal end. The epithelial surface of filiform papillae had a main process and a few associated processes that varied between short and elongated, depending on the location. Filiform papillae CTCs appeared to have a few processes that caudally surrounded a concavity and were morphologically variable based on location. Moreover, fungiform papillae CTCs appeared to be columnar cores and had a shallow convex curve at the top. The Pallas's squirrel's tongue exhibited transitional morphological characteristics between Rodentia and other mammalian species, in that they lacked the lingual torus and had CTCs of lingual papillae that were somewhat morphologically similar to those of other non-Glires species, especially treeshrews and tamarins, rather than those of other Rodentia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yoshimura
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junji Shindo
- 2 Laboratory of Wildlife Science, Department of Environmental Bioscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kageyama
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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10
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Mitsuzuka W, Oshida T. Feeding Adaptation of Alimentary Tract Length in Arboreal Squirrels. MAMMAL STUDY 2018. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2017-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Mitsuzuka
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
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Mazzamuto MV, Morandini M, Panzeri M, Wauters LA, Preatoni DG, Martinoli A. Space invaders: effects of invasive alien Pallas’s squirrel on home range and body mass of native red squirrel. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Bobadilla SY, Benitez VV, Guichón ML. Asiatic Callosciurus squirrels as seed dispersers of exotic plants in the Pampas. Curr Zool 2016; 62:215-219. [PMID: 29491908 PMCID: PMC5804237 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal by exotic mammals exemplifies mutualistic interactions that can modify the habitat by facilitating the establishment of certain species. We examined the potential for endozoochoric dispersal of exotic plants by Callosciurus erythraeus introduced in the Pampas Region of Argentina. We identified and characterized entire and damaged seeds found in squirrel faeces and evaluated the germination capacity and viability of entire seeds in laboratory assays. We collected 120 samples of squirrel faeces that contained 883 pellets in seasonal surveys conducted between July 2011 and June 2012 at 3 study sites within the main invasion focus of C. erythraeus in Argentina. We found 226 entire seeds in 21% of the samples belonging to 4 species of exotic trees and shrubs. Germination in laboratory assays was recorded for Morus alba and Casuarina sp.; however, germination percentage and rate was higher for seeds obtained from the fruits than for seeds obtained from the faeces. The largest size of entire seeds found in the faeces was 4.2 × 4.0 mm, whereas the damaged seeds had at least 1 dimension ≥ 4.7 mm. Our results indicated that C. erythraeus can disperse viable seeds of at least 2 species of exotic trees. C. erythraeus predated seeds of other naturalized species in the region. The morphometric description suggested a restriction on the maximum size for the passage of entire seeds through the digestive tract of squirrels, which provides useful information to predict its role as a potential disperser or predator of other species in other invaded communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yasmin Bobadilla
- Ecología de Mamíferos Introducidos, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y 7, Luján (6700), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica V Benitez
- Ecología de Mamíferos Introducidos, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y 7, Luján (6700), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Laura Guichón
- Ecología de Mamíferos Introducidos, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y 7, Luján (6700), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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MAZZAMUTO MV, GALIMBERTI A, CREMONESI G, PISANU B, CHAPUIS JL, STUYCK J, AMORI G, SU H, ALOISE G, PREATONI DG, WAUTERS LA, CASIRAGHI M, MARTINOLI A. Preventing species invasion: A role for integrative taxonomy? Integr Zool 2016; 11:214-28. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. MAZZAMUTO
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Andrea GALIMBERTI
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnoly and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
| | - Giacomo CREMONESI
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza; Rome University; Rome Italy
| | - Benoît PISANU
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences; Sorbonne University, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, National Museum of Natural History; Paris France
| | - Jean-Louis CHAPUIS
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences; Sorbonne University, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, National Museum of Natural History; Paris France
| | - Jan STUYCK
- Research Institute for Nature and Forestry; Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - Giovanni AMORI
- CNR - Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza; Rome University; Rome Italy
| | - Haijun SU
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
- Forestry College; Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Gaetano ALOISE
- University of Calabria; Museum of Natural History of Calabria and Botanical Garden; Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Damiano G. PREATONI
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Lucas A. WAUTERS
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Maurizio CASIRAGHI
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnoly and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
| | - Adriano MARTINOLI
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
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Mazzamuto MV, Pisanu B, Romeo C, Ferrari N, Preatoni D, Wauters LA, Chapuis JL, Martinoli A. Poor Parasite Community of an Invasive Alien Species: Macroparasites of Pallas's Squirrel in Italy. ANN ZOOL FENN 2016. [DOI: 10.5735/086.053.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dozières A, Pisanu B, Kamenova S, Bastelica F, Gerriet O, Chapuis JL. Range expansion of Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) introduced in southern France: Habitat suitability and space use. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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From a lag in vector activity to a constant increase of translocations: invasion of Callosciurus squirrels in Argentina. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gabrielli M, Cardoso YP, Benitez V, Gozzi AC, Guichón ML, Lizarralde MS. Genetic characterization ofCallosciurus(Rodentia: Sciuridae) Asiatic squirrels introduced in Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2014.940006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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