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Hrazdilová K, Červená B, Blanvillain C, Foronda P, Modrý D. Quest for the type species of the genus Hepatozoon – phylogenetic position of hemogregarines of rats and consequences for taxonomy. SYST BIODIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1903616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hrazdilová
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1 Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 32300, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
- Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - David Modrý
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1 Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Isaak-Delgado AB, López-Díaz O, Romero-Callejas E, Martínez-Hernández F, Muñoz-García CI, Villalobos G, Rendón-Franco E. Morphological and molecular characteristics of hemoparasites in vaillant's frogs (Lithobates vaillanti). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1891-1901. [PMID: 32382990 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are declining around the world, and the main reasons are the environmental changes and pathogens. However, there are few studies addressing the interaction and impact of the different pathogens that affect amphibians, such as hemoparasites. These parasites had been described as common in some amphibian species, but unfortunately, their description and characterization are unclear and scarcely spread. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and molecular characterization of hemoparasites present in vaillant's frogs. Seven frogs of Lithobates vaillanti were captured at the biological station La Florida in Tabasco, Mexico. Blood smears were performed, and results show that 100% of the animals have hemoparasites. Three types of hemoparasites were found. Eighty-five percent of the frogs were positive to Hepatozoon sp., 57% to Lankesterella sp., and 28% to Trypanosoma sp. According to the molecular analysis of the obtained sequences of Trypanosoma sp. and Hepatozoon sp., both protozoans were positioned in between the clusters of parasites of different geographical regions. Nevertheless, no species names were assigned to any of these parasites because more sequences and analysis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belem Isaak-Delgado
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Romero-Callejas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia I Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Du Preez LH, Vanhove MP, Brendonck L, Smit NJ. An overview of the Dactylosomatidae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae), with the description of Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. parasitising Ptychadena anchietae and Sclerophrys gutturalis from South Africa. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11:246-260. [PMID: 32195110 PMCID: PMC7078462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) blood parasites are commonly reported from anuran hosts. Dactylosomatidae (Jakowska and Nigrelli, 1955) is a group of haemogregarines comprising Dactylosoma Labbé, 1894 and Babesiosoma Jakowska and Nigrelli, 1956. Currently Dactylosoma and Babesiosoma contain five recognised species each. In the current study, a total of 643 anurans, comprising 38 species, 20 genera, and 13 families were collected from South Africa (n = 618) and Belgium (n = 25), and their blood screened for the presence of dactylosomatid parasites. Three anuran species were found infected namely, Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage, 1868) and Sclerophrys gutturalis (Power, 1927) from South Africa, and Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) from Belgium. Based on morphological characteristics, morphometrics and molecular results a new dactylosomatid, Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. is described form Pty. anchietae and Scl. gutturalis. The species of Dactylosoma isolated from Pel. lessonae could not, based on morphological or molecular analysis, be identified to species level. Phylogenetic analysis shows species of Dactylosoma infecting anurans as a monophyletic group separate from the other haemogregarine groups. Additionally, the mosquitoes Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) mashonaensis Theobald, 1901 and U. (Pfc.) montana Ingram and De Meillon, 1927 were observed feeding on Scl. gutturalis in situ and possible dividing stages of this new parasite were observed in the mosquitoes. This study is the first to describe a dactylosomatid parasite based on morphological and molecular data from Africa as well as observe potential stages in possible dipteran vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Netherlands
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Courtney A. Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Louis H. Du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Maarten P.M. Vanhove
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O.Box 17, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Next generation sequencing from Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Coccidia: Adeleorina): Complete apicoplast genome and multiple mitochondrion-associated sequences. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:375-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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O'Donoghue P. Haemoprotozoa: Making biological sense of molecular phylogenies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:241-256. [PMID: 28913164 PMCID: PMC5582378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A range of protistan parasites occur in the blood of vertebrates and are transmitted by haematophagous invertebrate vectors. Some 48 genera are recognized in bood primarily on the basis of parasite morphology and host specificity; including extracellular kinetoplastids (trypanosomatids) and intracellular apicomplexa (haemogregarines, haemococcidia, haemosporidia and piroplasms). Gene sequences are available for a growing number of species and molecular phylogenies often link parasite and host or vector evolution. This review endeavours to reconcile molecular clades with biological characters. Four major trypanosomatid clades have been associated with site of development in the vector: salivarian or stercorarian for Trypanosoma, and supra- or peri-pylorian for Leishmania. Four haemogregarine clades have been associated with acarine vectors (Hepatozoon A and B, Karyolysus, Hemolivia) and another two with leeches (Dactylosoma, Haemogregarina sensu stricto). Two haemococcidian clades (Lankesterella, Schellackia) using leeches and mosquitoes (as paratenic hosts!) were paraphyletic with monoxenous enteric coccidia. Two major haemosporidian clades have been associated with mosquito vectors (Plasmodium from mammals, Plasmodium from birds and lizards), two with midges (Hepatocystis from bats, Parahaemoproteus from birds) and two with louse-flies and black-flies (Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon from birds). Three major piroplasm clades were recognized: one associated with transovarian transmission in ticks (Babesia sensu stricto); one with pre-erythrocytic schizogony in vertebrates (Theileria/Cytauxzoon); and one with neither (Babesia sensu lato). Broad comparative studies with allied groups suggest that trypanosomatids and haemogregarines evolved first in aquatic and then terrestrial environments, as evidenced by extant lineages in invertebrates and their radiation in vertebrates. In contrast, haemosporidia and haemococcidia are thought to have evolved first in vertebrates from proto-coccidia and then incorporated invertebrate vectors. Piroplasms are thought to have evolved in ticks and diversified into mammals. More molecular studies are required on more parasite taxa to refine current thought, but ultimately transmission studies are mandated to determine the vectors for many haemoprotozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O'Donoghue
- Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Characterization of Hepatozoon spp. in Leptodactylus chaquensis and Leptodactylus podicipinus from two regions of the Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1541-9. [PMID: 25645008 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatozoon sp. are parasites that commonly infect frogs and arthropod vectors. This species has variability in the morphological and morphometric characteristics. Due to these variations, the naming of the species is thus impaired and only by visualizing the sporogonic cycle in vector and by molecular studies this problem can be solved. Recently, the use of molecular genetics has helped the species denomination. In this work, we collected 145 frogs (68 Leptodactylus chaquensis and 77 Leptodactylus podicipinus) in different sampling sites, where were found 18 (26.47%) L. chaquensis and 24 (31.17%) L. podicipinus parasitized; besides of gamonts, schizogonic forms were also seen in animals organs. The positivity difference between the collection sites for both frog species was not significant (p = 0.958). Comparing gamonts found in each species of anuran, we observed differences in morphology. The comparison in the molecular level for L. podicipinus was not possible due to small amount of blood obtained, just L. chaquensis had their parasites DNA sequenced. The amplified and sequenced samples, named HEP1 to HEP10, are presented in the phylogenetic tree as a different branch from other haemogregarines described on other hosts. Therefore, we have seen that, although the morphology and morphometry of the collected parasites at each site showed differences, the sequencing of these samples revealed identical species of Hepatozoon, and different compared to those from GenBank, thereby demonstrating that the species of Hepatozoon in L. chaquensis observed in this study probably represent a new species.
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Haklová-Kočíková B, Hižňanová A, Majláth I, Račka K, Harris DJ, Földvári G, Tryjanowski P, Kokošová N, Malčeková B, Majláthová V. Morphological and molecular characterization of Karyolysus--a neglected but common parasite infecting some European lizards. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:555. [PMID: 25492802 PMCID: PMC4298996 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood parasites of the genus Karyolysus Labbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Adeleida: Karyolysidae) represent the protozoan haemogregarines found in various genera of lizards, including Lacerta, Podarcis, Darevskia (Lacertidae) and Mabouia (Scincidae). The vectors of parasites are gamasid mites from the genus Ophionyssus. Methods A total of 557 individuals of lacertid lizards were captured in four different localities in Europe (Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and blood was collected. Samples were examined using both microscopic and molecular methods, and phylogenetic relationships of all isolates of Karyolysus sp. were assessed for the first time. Karyolysus sp. 18S rRNA isolates were evaluated using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses. Results A total of 520 blood smears were examined microscopically and unicellular protozoan parasites were found in 116 samples (22.3% prevalence). The presence of two Karyolysus species, K. latus and K. lacazei was identified. In total, of 210 samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the presence of parasites was observed in 64 individuals (prevalence 30.5%). Results of phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of four haplotypes, all part of the same lineage, with other parasites identified as belonging to the genus Hepatozoon. Conclusions Classification of these parasites using current taxonomy is complex - they were identified in both mites and ticks that typically are considered to host Karyolysus and Hepatozoon respectively. Furthermore although distortions to the intermediate host erythrocyte nuclei were observed, the defining characteristic of Karyolysus, the haplotypes were nearly identical to those reported from lizards in the Iberian Peninsula, where such distortions were not reported and which were thus identified as Hepatozoon. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, neither vertebrate host, nor geographical patterns of the studied blood parasites could be established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0555-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božena Haklová-Kočíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Adriana Hižňanová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Igor Majláth
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic. .,Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Karol Račka
- Department of Parasitology, State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93, 586 05, Jihlava, Czech Republic.
| | - David James Harris
- CI-BIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursors Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István Street, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary.
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Natália Kokošová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Beáta Malčeková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktória Majláthová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Dickson CM, Ogbuah CT, Smith TG. The Role of Gamont Entry into Erythrocytes in the Specificity ofHepatozoonSpecies (Apicomplexa: Adeleida) for Their Frog Hosts. J Parasitol 2013; 99:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1645/12-152.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Seffer I, Nemeth Z, Hoffmann G, Matics R, Seffer AG, Koller A. Unexplored potentials of epigenetic mechanisms of plants and animals-theoretical considerations. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2013; 5:23-41. [PMID: 25512705 PMCID: PMC4222336 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and functional changes of cells are important for adapting to environmental changes and associated with continuous regulation of gene expressions. Genes are regulated–in part–by epigenetic mechanisms resulting in alternating patterns of gene expressions throughout life. Epigenetic changes responding to the environmental and intercellular signals can turn on/off specific genes, but do not modify the DNA sequence. Most epigenetic mechanisms are evolutionary conserved in eukaryotic organisms, and several homologs of epigenetic factors are present in plants and animals. Moreover, in vitro studies suggest that the plant cytoplasm is able to induce a nuclear reassembly of the animal cell, whereas others suggest that the ooplasm is able to induce condensation of plant chromatin. Here, we provide an overview of the main epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression and discuss fundamental epigenetic mechanisms and factors functioning in both plants and animals. Finally, we hypothesize that animal genome can be reprogrammed by epigenetic factors from the plant protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Nemeth
- Seffer-Renner Medical Clinic, Budapest, Hungary. ; Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Medical School, and Szentagothai Res Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gyula Hoffmann
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Matics
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Medical School, and Szentagothai Res Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Gergely Seffer
- Surgery Clinic, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Akos Koller
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Medical School, and Szentagothai Res Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. ; Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
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Barta JR, Ogedengbe JD, Martin DS, Smith TG. Phylogenetic Position of the Adeleorinid Coccidia (Myzozoa, Apicomplexa, Coccidia, Eucoccidiorida, Adeleorina) Inferred Using 18S rDNA Sequences. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Barta
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph; N1G 2W1; Ontario; Canada
| | - Joseph D. Ogedengbe
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph; N1G 2W1; Ontario; Canada
| | - Donald S. Martin
- Parasitology; IDEXX Reference Laboratories Ltd.; 1345 Denison St.; Markham; L3R 5V2; Ontario; Canada
| | - Todd G. Smith
- Department of Biology; Acadia University; Wolfville; B4P 2R6; Nova Scotia; Canada
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Shutler D, Marcogliese DJ. Leukocyte Profiles of Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates pipiens, Exposed to Pesticides and Hematozoa in Agricultural Wetlands. COPEIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1643/cp-10-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Haemogregarine blood parasites in the lizards Podarcis bocagei (Seoane) and P. carbonelli (Pérez-Mellado) (Sauria: Lacertidae) from NW Portugal. Syst Parasitol 2009; 75:75-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-009-9206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Looks can deceive: Molecular identity of an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite in Australian gliders. Vet Parasitol 2009; 159:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jakobi V, Petry F. Humoral immune response in IL-12 and IFN-gamma deficient mice after infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:151-61. [PMID: 18179628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. causes diarrhoeal disease and has become an important medical and veterinary problem especially in the immunocompromised host. The importance of the adaptive immune response, with CD4+ T-lymphocytes being the major players, has been clearly demonstrated. The requirement of IL-12 and IFN-gamma identifies this response as a Th1-dominated reaction. IFN-gamma is also important in the early phase of the host-parasite interaction. We analysed the outcome of infection in IL-12p40 (IL-12KO) and IFN-gamma (GKO) deficient C57BL/6 mice after primary and secondary challenge with the parasite and, for the first time, we demonstrate the resulting Ig response in sera and vaginal lavages. Although showing differences in the extent and the time course both strains of mice were able to clear infection and developed an almost complete resistance to re-infection. While GKO mice mounted prolonged parasite-specific IgG and IgA responses after primary infection, in IL-12KO mice IgG and IgA titres dropped over time. Re-challenge of mice 5 weeks after primary infection led to a booster effect in Ig response despite the absence of oocyst shedding. The data from infection and re-challenge experiments suggest that in IL-12- or IFN-gamma-deficient mice the development of resistance involves other protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jakobi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz/Hochhaus, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Ehigiator HN, Romagnoli P, Priest JW, Secor WE, Mead JR. Induction of murine immune responses by DNA encoding a 23-kDa antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:943-50. [PMID: 17487508 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cp23 has been identified as one of the immunodominant antigens involved in the immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Thus, in this study, Cp23 antigen was investigated as a vaccine candidate using the DNA vaccine model in adult interleukin-12 (IL-12) knockout (KO) mice, which are susceptible to C. parvum infection. Our data show that subcutaneous immunization in the ear with DNA encoding Cp23 (Cp23-DNA) cloned into the pUMVCb4 vector induced a significant anti-Cp23 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a antibody response and specific in vitro spleen cell proliferation to recombinant Cp23 as compared to control mice. Long-term memory responses were also detected after administration of the Cp23-DNA vaccine. Furthermore, Cp23-DNA vaccination induced a 50-60% reduction in oocysts shedding, indicating a partial protection against C. parvum infection in IL-12 KO mice. However, it is possible that this protective response was nonspecific because mice immunized with vector only also exhibited lower oocyst shedding than the naive controls. These results suggest that DNA encoding for immunodominant C. parvum antigens may provide an effective means of eliciting humoral and cellular responses and possibly in generating protective immunity against C. parvum infections in mammals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cryptosporidiosis/immunology
- Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology
- Cryptosporidiosis/prevention & control
- Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics
- Cryptosporidium parvum/immunology
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Protozoan/immunology
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunologic Memory
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey N Ehigiator
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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16
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Široký P, Kamler M, Frye FL, Fictum P, Modrý D. Endogenous development of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in the marginated tortoise Testudo marginata (Reptilia: Testudinidae): evidence from experimental infection. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2007. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2007.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ehigiator HN, Romagnoli P, Borgelt K, Fernandez M, McNair N, Secor WE, Mead JR. Mucosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12p40 KO mice. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:17-28. [PMID: 15813719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of cellular immune responses to Cryptosporidium parvum have been limited in part by lack of suitable animal models. IL-12p40(-/-)mice are susceptible to initial infection with C. parvum but recover within 2 weeks, rendering the animals resistant to reinfection. Because the host responses that determine duration and severity of primary infection are not yet understood, we studied the cellular immune response to primary infection with C. parvum in IL-12p40(-/-)mice and also explored possible mechanisms for this response. Female IL-12p40(-/-)mice were inoculated with 10,000 oocysts. Uninfected age-matched mice served as controls. At different time intervals following exposure to oocysts, mice were sacrificed and their intestine, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node tissues were harvested. Cellular immune responses to C. parvum were characterized. Infection of IL-12p40(-/-)mice induced changes in the gene expression of the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta during primary infection. There was also a significant increase in total numbers of lymphocytes and CD19/CD62L-expressing cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. These MLN cells exhibited increased antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6 and IFN-gamma) levels when stimulated in vitro. These observations delineate the cellular immune responses during acute C. parvum infection of the IL-12p40(-/-)mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Ehigiator
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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18
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Singh I, Theodos C, Li W, Tzipori S. Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum-specific cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C. parvum infection. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:309-17. [PMID: 16052360 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility or resistance to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with the ability of mice to produce characteristic panels of cytokines in response to infection. Both adult healing and nonhealing mouse models of cryptosporidiosis were used to study the cell-mediated immune response during the course of C. parvum infection. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes from both mouse models were proliferated after ex vivo re-stimulation with C. parvum sporozoite antigen. Study of the cytokine profile from the supernatant of proliferated MLN cells revealed that healing mice produced greater levels of Th1 (IFN-gamma and IL-2) and moderate amounts of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) cytokines throughout the course of infection. Whereas, MLN cells from nonhealing mice produced no IFN-gamma, low levels of IL-2 and IL-4, and higher levels of IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines. These results suggest that the capacity to produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, rather than the presence of Th2 cytokines alone, determines the effective immune response against C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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19
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Wang T, Akkoyunlu M, Banerjee R, Fikrig E. Interferon-gamma deficiency reveals that 129Sv mice are inherently more susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum than C57BL/6 mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 42:299-305. [PMID: 15477043 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompetent mice 129Sv (129) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice are similarly susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We now show that 129 mice lacking interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) develop more severe infection with A. phagocytophilum than IFN-gamma deficient B6 mice. These data demonstrate that there is an inherent increased susceptibility of 129 mice, compared with B6 mice, to A. phagocytophilum that can only be discerned in the absence of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University of School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Apponyi MA, Pukala TL, Brinkworth CS, Maselli VM, Bowie JH, Tyler MJ, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Carver JA, Separovic F, Doyle J, Llewellyn LE. Host-defence peptides of Australian anurans: structure, mechanism of action and evolutionary significance. Peptides 2004; 25:1035-54. [PMID: 15203252 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-defence peptides secreted from the skin glands of Australian frogs and toads, are, with a few notable exceptions, different from those produced by anurans elsewhere. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the following classes of peptide isolated and characterized from Australian anurans: neuropeptides (including smooth muscle active peptides, and peptides that inhibit the production of nitric oxide from neuronal nitric oxide synthase), antimicrobial and anticancer active peptides, antifungal peptides and antimalarial peptides. Other topics covered include sex pheromones of anurans, and the application of peptide profiling to (i). recognize particular populations of anurans of the same species and to differentiate between species, and (ii). investigate evolutionary aspects of peptide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit A Apponyi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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21
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Campbell LD, Stewart JN, Mead JR. Susceptibility to Cryptosporidium parvum infections in cytokine- and chemokine-receptor knockout mice. J Parasitol 2002; 88:1014-6. [PMID: 12435147 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1014:stcpii]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of cytokines and a chemokine receptor in the susceptibility to, and outcome of, infection, 4 different knockout mice (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and CCR5) were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum and monitored for infection intensity by collection of fecal pellets from individual mice. Because adult immunocompetent mice are refractory to infection, wild-type mice on the same background as the knockout mice (C57BL/6) were used as a negative control. No infection was detected over a 4-wk time period in IL-4, IL-10, and CCR5 knockout mice inoculated with 106 oocysts. IL-12 knockout mice inoculated with as little as 100 oocysts shed up to 10,000 oocysts/100 microl of feces on the peak infection day (day 8) and were able to fully recover by 2 wk after infection. IL-12 is an important inducer of IFN-gamma, which probably accounted for susceptibility to infection. Previous studies using IFN-gamma knockout mice have shown strain-related differences in infection intensity and outcome, with increased parasite loads and decreased survival among IFN-gamma knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background compared with those on a BALB/c background. Similar results were observed in IL-12 knockout mice on a BALB/c background, which exhibited little or no infection, despite higher levels of inoculation (10(6) oocysts/mouse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA
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Paperna I, Smallridge CJ. Ultrastructure of developmental stages of Hemolivia mariae (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae), natural parasite of the Australian sleepy lizard, in experimentally infected deviant hosts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 48:255-62. [PMID: 11817448 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2001.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mabuya vitatta (Olivier) (Scincidae) and Agama stellio (L.) (Agamidae) were infected with Hemolivia mariae Smallridge et Paperna, 1997 by ingestion of tick viscera from Amblyomma limbatum Neumann, fed as nymphs on naturally infected Australian sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa Gray. The unnatural infection apparently interfered with the developmental schedule of the parasites. Transmission electron microscopic images of merogonic stages were obtained, as well as images of early developing gametocytes. Tissue and intraerythrocytic meronts were bound by a hardened wall. Intraerythrocytic gametocytes were lodged in a parasitophorous vacuole, which was filled with granular material, and were bound by a two-membrane wall. Small and large osmiophilic bodies were located in a sub-pellicular position. With differentiation, the wall membranes tightened with the parasitophorous vacuole wall, and the osmiophilic bodies disappeared. The outer parasite membrane consolidated into a thick encasing with distinct sutures. Late infection in A. stellio comprised gametocytes only.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paperna
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Smith TG, Walliker D, Ranford-Cartwright LC. Sexual differentiation and sex determination in the Apicomplexa. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18:315-23. [PMID: 12379952 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa have complex life cycles involving various types of asexual division that allow rapid proliferation of parasites within one or more hosts. Such replication is punctuated by obligate sexual differentiation that produces male and female gametocytes. These stages are transmissible to haematophagous vectors or are necessary ultimately to form resistant cysts that are released into the environment. This article examines the sexual differentiation of apicomplexan parasites as it relates to the timing of commitment and the mechanism of the switch from asexual proliferation to the development of male and female sexual stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Smith
- Clinical Science Division, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A5.
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Davie AJ, Smit NJ. The life cycle of haemogregarina bigemina (Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in South African hosts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 48:169-77. [PMID: 11699651 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2001.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran et Mesnil, 1901 was examined in marine fishes and the gnathiid isopod, Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914 in South Africa. Its development in fishes was similar to that described previously for this species. Gnathiids taken from fishes with H. bigemina, and prepared sequentially over 28 days post feeding (d.p.f.), contained stages of syzygy, immature and mature oocysts, sporozoites and merozoites of at least three types. Sporozoites, often five in number, formed from each oocyst from 9 d.p.f. First-generation merozoites appeared in small numbers at 11 d.p.f., arising from small, rounded meronts. Mature, second-generation merozoites appeared in large clusters within gut tissue at 18 d.p.f. They were presumed to arise from fan-shaped meronts, first observed at 11 d.p.f. Third-generation merozoites were the shortest, and resulted from binary fission of meronts, derived from second-generation merozoites. Gnathiids taken from sponges within rock pools contained only gamonts and immature oocysts. It is concluded that the development of H. bigemina in its arthropod host illustrates an affinity with Hemolivia and one species of Hepatozoon. However, the absence of sporokinctes and sporocysts also distances it from these genera, and from Karyolysus. Furthermore, H. bigemina produces fewer sporozoites than Cyrilia and Desseria, although, as in Desseria, Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) and Babesiosoma, post-sporogonic production of merozoites occurs in the invertebrate host. The presence of intraerythrocytic binary fission in its fish host means that H. bigemina is not a Desseria. Overall it most closely resembles Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) in its development, although the match is not exact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Davie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK.
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Smith LM, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, Mead JR. Human T and B cell immunoreactivity to a recombinant 23-kDa Cryptosporidium parvum antigen. J Parasitol 2001; 87:704-7. [PMID: 11426740 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0704:htabci]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidial infection in humans results in parasite-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses, but little is known of the cell-mediated immune responses to cryptosporidial antigens. In a convenience sample of 35 Haitian residents, there was a high level of cryptosporidial exposure (>90%) as determined by immunoblot reactivity of serum against cryptosporidial antigens. An attempt was made to determine if there was a relationship between antibody and T cell-mediated responses to recombinant Cp23 antigen and how this correlated with reactivity to crude sporozoite antigen preparations (SAg). T cell reactivity was greater against SAg (57%) than to Cp23 (34.3%) as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Proliferative responses to Cp23 were significantly correlated with SAg responses. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, most persons had IgG responses to both SAg (91.4%) and to recombinant Cp23 (88.5%). Antibody responses were greater among persons who exhibited T cell responses to SAg and Cp23. This study demonstrates that recombinant Cp23 antigen could be a useful antigen for detection of both antibody and cell-mediated responses in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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