Adenosine levels in serum and adenosine deaminase activity in blood cells of dogs infected by Rangelia vitalii

Simultaneous determination of cordycepin and its metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat whole blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry and its application to accurate pharmacokinetic studies

Cordycepin from Cordyceps possesses excellent pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects, therefore representing a potential alternative medicine. However, doubts about the pharmacokinetic results of cordycepin had been raised in the previous study due to its rapid deamination. The organic solvent methanol was immediately added to terminate the degradation of cordycepin in anticoagulated blood samples and enable the accurate evaluation of pharmacokinetics in vivo. A sensitive and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine using 2-chloroadenosine as an internal standard in rat whole blood. The calibration curves of cordycepin and 3'-deoxyinosine showed excellent linearity within the concentration range of 1.05-10 000.00 ng/ml with acceptable accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of cordycepin and its metabolite in rat blood. The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride on the pharmacokinetics of cordycepin was investigated. In summary, the reliable pharmacokinetic parameters of cordycepin and its deamination metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine in rat blood were successfully elucidated. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride considerably prolonged the half-life of cordycepin in vivo.

Determination of Serum Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Capacity and Protein Profiles in Dogs Naturally Infected with Ehrlichia canis

PURPOSE

Canine ehrlichiosis is an important tick-borne disease of dogs worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to determine the serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase, (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and serum protein profiles in dogs affected with naturally acquired ehrlichiosis.

METHODS

The animal materials had been consisted of ten dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, and ten controls negative for Ehrlichia canis. TAC, MDA, NO, SOD, GSH-Px, ADA activity and TP, ALB, GLOB levels were measured in sera of the animals. The serum protein concentrations were measured by autoanalyzer. The electrophoretic profiles of serum total protein were determined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE).

RESULTS

In dogs with ehrlichiosis, decreased TAC (P < 0.05) and GSH-Px (P > 0.05) levels were determined. However, NO (P > 0.05), SOD (P < 0.05), ADA (P > 0.05), MDA (P > 0.05), TP (P < 0.05) and GLO (P < 0.05) levels were found as increased in the Ehrlichia positive dogs. ALB levels were decreased without a statistical significance (P > 0.05). ALB, α1 and β2 globulin strip densities were found as decreased in native-PAGE, while β1 and γ globulin strip densities were significantly increased in the E. canis positive group when compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

It was determined that the oxidative stress decreased high antioxidant activity in dogs naturally infected with E. canis, and consequently, pro-oxidant and antioxidant defense and serum protein profiles were affected. It was thought that antioxidant supplementation could be beneficial to the treatment of the disease.

Involvement of cholinergic and adenosinergic systems on the branchial immune response of experimentally infected silver catfish with Streptococcus agalactiae

It has been recognized that the cholinergic and adenosinergic systems have an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses during bacterial fish pathogens, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosine deaminase (ADA), which are responsible for catalysis of the anti-inflammatory molecules acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine (Ado) respectively. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the cholinergic and adenosinergic systems on the immune response and inflammatory process in gills of experimentally infected Rhamdia quelen with Streptococcus agalactiae. Acetylcholinesterase activity decreased, while ACh levels increased in gills of infected animals compared to uninfected animals. On the other hand, a significant increase in ADA activity with a concomitant decrease in Ado levels was observed in infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Based on this evidence, we concluded that infection by S. agalactiae in silver catfish alters the cholinergic and adenosinergic systems, suggesting the involvement of AChE and ADA activities on immune and inflammatory responses, regulating the ACh and Ado levels. In summary, the downregulation of AChE activity exerts an anti-inflammatory profile in an attempt to reduce or prevent the tissue damage, while the upregulation of ADA activity exerts a pro-inflammatory profile, contributing to disease pathophysiology.

Determination of serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase activity in Kangal dogs with maternal cannibalism

Aim:

Kangal dogs, known as guard dogs in many countries of the world, have been found to eat their own puppies during their first 24 h following birth, which is called as maternal cannibalism. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are important enzymes for purine metabolism. In this study, the aim is to evaluate ADA and XO activities in Kangal dogs with maternal cannibalism.

Materials and Methods:

The material of the study consists of the blood sera of Kangal dog breed with and without maternal cannibalism in the breeders around Sivas city and its districts. ADA and XO activities in blood serum of these animals were investigated by spectrophotometric method.

Results:

ADA activities in Kangal dogs with maternal cannibalism were increased to the control group without maternal cannibalism (p<0.01).

Conclusion:

Postnatal measurement of ADA activity in dogs may be useful in assessing maternal cannibalism.

Blood cells: an historical account of the roles of purinergic signalling

The involvement of purinergic signalling in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes was recognised early. The release of ATP and the expression of purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases on erythrocytes in health and disease are reviewed. The release of ATP and ADP from platelets and the expression and roles of P1, P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X1 receptors on platelets are described. P2Y(1) and P2X(1) receptors mediate changes in platelet shape, while P2Y(12) receptors mediate platelet aggregation. The changes in the role of purinergic signalling in a variety of disease conditions are considered. The successful use of P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor, for the treatment of thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke is discussed.