Batracholandros salamandrae (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) in Endemic Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Host Range Wide Distribution or Cryptic Species Complex?

MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GYRINICOLA BATRACHIENSIS (NEMATODA: OXYUROIDEA) LENDS SUPPORT TO THE MONOPHYLY OF THE GENUS AND THE RESURRECTION OF GYRINICOLINAE

Gyrinicola Yamaguti, 1938, includes 6 species of oxyurid found within the intestinal tract of numerous, larval, anuran species in Europe, Asia, South America, and North America. The systematic placement and hierarchical treatment of the genus has shifted at least 5 times since its discovery; the group was first considered as its own family (Gyrinicolidae), then treated as a subfamily (Gyrinicolinae) of Cosmocercidae, then as a member of the Pharyngodonidae, followed by movement back to the Cosmocercidae, and finally a recent proposal suggested the resurrection of the Gyrinicolidae. Species in the genus vary widely in the morphology of the uterine tract, a characteristic often used to indicate membership in the genus, as it is tied to the reproductive mode. However, until recently very few genetic data were available to aid in the placement of this unique group of worms, and before this study to the best of our knowledge none existed for the North American species. To examine the monophyly and placement of the Gyrinicola we sampled populations of Gyrinicola batrachiensis across North America and screened them for genetic diversity using nuclear markers 18S and 28S. Phylogenies suggest at least 3 clades exist among the nematodes from North America and that these clades, alongside Gyrinicola japonica, form a well-supported group within Oxyuroidea. Further representation of Pharyngodonidae from other vertebrate classes may help clarify the relationship of this historical grouping to other members of the Oxyuroidea.