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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Other Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:107-155. [PMID: 39008265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Corner RD, Cribb TH, Cutmore SC. Rich but morphologically problematic: an integrative approach to taxonomic resolution of the genus Neospirorchis (Trematoda: Schistosomatoidea). Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:363-380. [PMID: 37075879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Neospirorchis Price, 1934 is a genus of blood flukes that infect the cardiovascular system, including vessels surrounding the nervous systems of marine turtles. Although the genus comprises just two named species, the available molecular data suggest substantial richness which has not yet been formally described. The lack of description of species of Neospirorchis is probably explained by their small, slender, elongate bodies, which allow them to infect numerous organs and vessels in their hosts, such as the heart and peripheral vessels of nervous system, endocrine organs, thymus, mesenteric vessels, and gastrointestinal submucosa. This morphology and site of infection means that collecting good quality, intact specimens is generally difficult, ultimately hampering the formal description of species. Here we supplement limited morphological samples with multi-locus genetic data to formally describe four new species of Neospirorchis infecting marine turtles from Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA; Neospirorchis goodmanorum n. sp. and Neospirorchis deburonae n. sp. are described from Chelonia mydas, Neospirorchis stacyi n. sp. is described from Caretta caretta, and Neospirorchis chapmanae n. sp. from Ch. mydas and Ca. caretta. The four new species are delineated from each other and the two known species based on the arrangement of the male and female reproductive organs, on the basis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) molecular data, site of infection, and host species. Molecular evidence for three further putative, presently undescribable, species is also reported. We propose that this integrated characterisation of species of Neospirorchis, based on careful consideration of host, molecular and key morphological data, offers a valuable solution to the slow rate of descriptions for this important genus. We provide the first known life cycle data for Neospirorchis in Australian waters, from Moreton Bay, Queensland; consistent with reports from the Atlantic, sporocysts were collected from a terebellid polychaete and genetically matched to an unnamed species of Neospirorchis infecting Ch. mydas from Queensland and Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Corner
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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Corner RD, Cribb TH, Cutmore SC. Vermetid gastropods as key intermediate hosts for a lineage of marine turtle blood flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae), with evidence of transmission at a turtle rookery. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:225-241. [PMID: 34742720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood flukes of the family Spirorchiidae Stunkard, 1921 are significant pathogens of marine turtles, both in the wild and in captivity. Despite causing considerable disease and mortality, little is known about the life cycles of marine species, with just four reports globally. No complete life cycle has been elucidated for any named species of marine spirorchiid, but the group is reported to use vermetid and fissurellid gastropods, and terebelliform polychaetes as intermediate hosts. Here we report molecular evidence that nine related spirorchiid species infect vermetid gastropods as first intermediate hosts from four localities along the coast of Queensland, Australia. ITS2 rDNA and cox1 mtDNA sequence data generated from vermetid infections provides the first definitive identifications for the intermediate hosts for the four species of Hapalotrema Looss, 1899 and Learedius learedi Price, 1934. Additionally, we provide a new locality report for larval stages of Amphiorchis sp., and evidence of three additional unidentified spirorchiid species in Australian waters. Based on the wealth of infections from vermetids during this study, we conclude that the previous preliminary report of a fissurellid limpet as the intermediate host for L. learedi was likely mistaken. The nine species found infecting vermetids during this study form a strongly supported clade exclusive of species of the other two marine spirorchiid genera for which sequence data are available; Carettacola Manter & Larson, 1950 which falls sister to the vermetid-infecting clade + a small clade of freshwater spirorchiids, and Neospirorchis Price, 1934 which is distantly related to the vermetid-infecting clade. We provide further evidence that spirorchiid transmission can occur in closed system aquaria and show that spirorchiid transmission occurs at both an important turtle rookery (Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia) and foraging ground (Moreton Bay, Australia). We discuss the implications of our findings for the epidemiology of the disease, control in captivity, and the evolution of vermetid exploitation by the Spirorchiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Corner
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Kitayama C, Tomiyasu J, Bochimoto H, Kondo S, Tokuda K, Ogawa R, Okubo S, Kondoh D. Histological findings of sperm storage in green turtle (Chelonia mydas) oviduct. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19416. [PMID: 34593919 PMCID: PMC8484286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are seasonal breeders with a time lag between mating and nesting periods. We therefore investigated whether female turtles store sperm like some other animals by histologically and ultrastructurally analyzing oviducts collected from three mature female free-ranging green turtles during the breeding season in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. The oviduct comprised an infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. Sperm was found in the isthmus of all turtles examined. Some spermatozoa were found in the duct and acini of glands in the isthmus of two turtles with oviducts containing eggs, and a few were also located in the transition area between the uterus and vagina of one of the turtles. On the other hand, we also found abundant spermatozoa on the luminal surface of the isthmus of one turtle captured during mating. In most reptiles, fertilization occurs in the infundibulum or albumen region, and thus the isthmus near those areas might be suitable for storing sperm in female turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0822, Japan
| | - Jumpei Tomiyasu
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Division of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tokuda
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ogawa
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Saki Okubo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0822, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Kitayama C, Hayashi K, Hayashi K, Igarashi H, Kondo S, Ogawa R, Hashimoto T, Okubo S, Takashima Y, Itagaki T, Kuroki T, Shibahara T. Detection and molecular characteristics of Rhytidodoides sp. (Digenea: Rhytidodidae) from the gall bladder of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102377. [PMID: 33971309 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the genus Rhytidodoides are parasitic in marine turtles. Of the already known species, Rhytidodoides similis Price, 1939, occurs especially in the gall bladder. In this study, we surveyed 73 green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, and detected Rhytidodoides sp. from the gall bladders of 18 turtles. A detailed morphological analysis revealed that the forebody of Rhytidodoides sp. differed slightly in shape from that of R. similis. There has been no information on DNA sequences of the family Rhytidodidae. A molecular phylogeny based on 28S rDNA sequences of Rhytidodoides sp. and related taxa suggested that the Rhytidodidae is sister to the other families of Echinostomatoidea. The intraspecific diversity of Rhytidodoides sp. was examined by using DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI). The population genetic features of the COI haplotypes demonstrated that Rhytidodoides sp. is highly diverse in the Ogasawara Islands. The DNA sequences determined in this study will contribute to the species identification of congeners and the taxonomic reconsideration of the Echinostomatoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Hitomi Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ogawa
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hashimoto
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Saki Okubo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kuroki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibahara
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
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