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Guo HT, Tan J, He YL, Li X, Liang X, Li ZY. Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Killed Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii against Acute Toxoplasmosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:435-444. [PMID: 38169648 PMCID: PMC10758075 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii with widespread distribution infects over one third of human populations in the world and can cause serious life-threatening diseases especially for the immunodeficient patients in acute toxoplasmosis. As the clinical pharmaceutical drugs with severe side effects for treatment and non-ideal extant vaccines for prevention, more work starves to be done for keeping advantages in the athletics. Methods Aluminum adjuvant and hybrid formaldehyde-killed tachyzoites of T. gondii RH and GT1 isolates were prepared to intramuscularly immunize BALB/c mice for five times at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post first injection. The triggered humoral and cellular immune responses at two weeks post the last immunization and the survival times of infected mice were examined for the hybrid immunization scheme judgement. Results The anti-RH and anti-GT1 specific antibodies were both increased at one week prior to challenge (P < 0.05), and the survival times of immunized mice (7.33 ± 0.71 d for RH, 7.22 ± 0.97 d for GT1) against acute toxoplasmosis were significantly prolonged by the immunizations performed in the study compared to blank control (6.67 ± 0.50 d for RH, 6.33 ± 0.71 d for GT1; P < 0.05), with the higher IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12p70 in sera, the elevated CD3e+CD4+ T and CD3e+CD8a+ T cells, and the enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in spleen (P < 0.05). Conclusion The hybrid killed tachyzoites with aluminum adjuvant induced humoral and cellular immune responses of mice, and offered mildly protective efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ting Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lin He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
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Cao L, Liu J, Cao S, Zhao P, Sun X, Dong H, Bello BK, Guo Y, Wang N, Zhang N, Li Y, Li X, Gong P. Protective efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii bivalent MAG1 and SAG1 DNA vaccine against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:739-747. [PMID: 36600165 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, causing a global toxoplasmosis zoonotic epidemic. Surface antigen 1 (SAG1) protein is expressed at the proliferative tachyzoite stage, whereas matrix antigen 1 (MAG1) is expressed at the bradyzoite and tachyzoite stages. These two proteins were found to perform protective roles in previous studies; however, their synergetic protective efficacy as a DNA vaccine against toxoplasmosis has not been clarified. In this study, we constructed recombinant pcDNA3.1( +)-TgMAG1 (pMAG1), pcDNA3.1( +)-TgSAG1 (pSAG1), and pcDNA3.1( +)-TgMAG1-TgSAG1 (pMAG1-SAG1) plasmids and administered them intramuscularly to immunize mice. The levels of anti-T. gondii IgG in serum and cytokines, such as Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and Interferon (IFN)-γ, in splenocytes were measured using ELISA and the respective culture supernatants. Lethal doses of T. gondii (type I) RH strain tachyzoites were administered to immunized mice, and mortality was assessed. Conversely, mice infected with low doses of tachyzoites were monitored to determine their survival rates, and parasite burden analyses of the brains and livers were conducted. The bivalent TgMAG1 and TgSAG1 DNA vaccines exhibited excellent protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice, with higher serum IgG and splenocyte IFN-γ release levels, longer survival days, and reduced parasite burden in the brain and liver tissues (p < 0.05). These findings provide a new perspective for the development of T. gondii vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Pingdu People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266700, China
| | - Songgao Cao
- Pingdu People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266700, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xingzhong Sun
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Babatunde Kazeem Bello
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xianhe Li
- Metabolism of Infection Groups, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection in the central nervous system commonly occurs among immunodeficient patients. Its prevalence is high in countries with a high burden of HIV and low coverage of antiretroviral drugs. The brain is one of the predilections for T. gondii infection due to its low inflammatory reaction, and cerebral toxoplasmosis occurs solely due to the reactivation of a latent infection rather than a new infection. Several immune elements have recently been recognized to have an essential role in the immunopathogenesis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Although real-time isothermal amplification, next-generation sequencing, and enzyme-linked aptamer assays from blood samples have been the recommended diagnostic tools in some in-vivo studies, a combination of clinical symptoms, serology examination, and neuroimaging are still the daily standard for the presumptive diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis and early anti-toxoplasma administration. Clinical trials are needed to find a new therapy that is less likely to affect folate synthesis, have neuroprotective properties, or cure the latent phase of infection. The development of a vaccine is being extensively tested in animals, but its efficacy and safety for humans are still not proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiati Dian
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjdjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
- Health Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Rizal Ganiem
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjdjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
- Health Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Savira Ekawardhani
- Parasitology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
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Yilmaz-Ozturk R, Calik H, Yaman S, Ustun-Karatop E, Cakir-Koc R. Immunogenic evaluation of multi-epitope peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles as a vaccine candidate against Toxoplasma Gondii. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 92:101927. [PMID: 36528908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a major health problem and socioeconomic burden, affecting around 30-50% of the global population. Poly(dicarboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene (PCPP) polymer was chosen as adjuvant for the immunogenic peptide antigen. Peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles were synthesized via the coacervation method and the characterization studies of microparticles were conducted to determine their size, charge, morphology, encapsulation efficacy, and loading capacity. To evaluate in vivo efficacy of the vaccine candidate, Balb/c mice were immunized with the formulations. Brain and spleen tissues were isolated from animals to investigate cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and brain cyst formation. As a result, antibody and cytokine responses in groups immunized with peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles were found to be significantly higher when compared to the control group. In conclusion, our novel multi-epitope peptide-loaded PCPP microparticle-based vaccine formulation demonstrated considerable humoral and cellular immune responses against T. gondii and protected mice against T. gondii infection during Toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Yilmaz-Ozturk
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Calik
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yaman
- Gumushane University, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Gumushane 29100, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eslin Ustun-Karatop
- University of Ottawa, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Rabia Cakir-Koc
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhang X, Yuan H, Mahmmod YS, Yang Z, Zhao M, Song Y, Luo S, Zhang XX, Yuan ZG. Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:66-89. [PMID: 36508550 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2157818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii) is a widespread protozoan with significant economic losses and public health importance. But so far, the protective effect of reported DNA-based vaccines fluctuates widely, and no study has demonstrated complete protection. AREAS COVERED This review provides an inclusive summary of T. gondii DNA vaccine antigens, adjuvants, and some other parameters. A total of 140 articles from 2000 to 2021 were collected from five databases. By contrasting the outcomes of acute and chronic challenges, we aimed to investigate and identify viable immunological strategies for optimum protection. Furthermore, we evaluated and discussed the impact of several parameters on challenge outcomes in the hopes of developing some recommendations to assist better future horizontal comparisons among research. EXPERT OPINION In the coming five years of research, the exploration of vaccine cocktails combining invasion antigens and metabolic antigens with genetic adjuvants or novel DNA delivery methods may offer us desirable protection against this multiple stage of life parasite. In addition to finding a better immune strategy, developing better in silico prediction methods, solving problems posed by variables in practical applications, and gaining a more profound knowledge of T.gondii-host molecular interaction is also crucial towards a successful vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, 17155, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zipeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mengpo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yining Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiu-Xiang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zhang Y, Li D, Lu S, Zheng B. Toxoplasmosis vaccines: what we have and where to go? NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:131. [PMID: 36310233 PMCID: PMC9618413 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent major advances in developing effective vaccines against toxoplasmosis, finding new protective vaccination strategies remains a challenging and elusive goal as it is critical to prevent the disease. Over the past few years, various experimental approaches have shown that developing an effective vaccine against T. gondii is achievable. However, more remains unknown due to its complicated life cycle, difficulties in clinical translation, and lack of a standardized platform. This minireview summarizes the recent advances in the development of T. gondii vaccines and the main obstacles to developing a safe, effective and durable T. gondii vaccine. The successes and failures in developing and testing vaccine candidates for the T. gondii vaccine are also discussed, which may facilitate the future development of T. gondii vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Zhang
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Lu
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Key Laboratory of Bio-tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China ,grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Key Laboratory of Bio-tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Z, Kong Z, Chen M, Shang Y. Design of live-attenuated animal vaccines based on pseudorabies virus platform. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV contains many non-essential genes that can be replaced with genes encoding heterogenous antigens without affecting viral propagation. With the ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal immune responses in the host, PRV is considered to be an ideal and potential live vector for generation of animal vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advances in attenuated recombinant PRVs and design of PRV-based live vaccines as well as the challenge of vaccine application.
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