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Herrero-Villar M, Taggart MA, Mateo R. Pharmaceuticals in avian scavengers and other birds of prey: A toxicological perspective to improve risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174425. [PMID: 38969127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants given their increasing use worldwide due to intensive food production and population growth. These compounds reach the environment through different pathways with potential negative consequences for wildlife. One dramatic example occurred in Asia, where three native vulture populations collapsed almost to extinction due to acute intoxication with diclofenac, a veterinary use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). As seen with diclofenac, avian scavengers are useful sentinels to monitor for the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment given their position at the top of the trophic chain, and in the case of obligate avian scavengers (vultures), their intimate link to domestic animal carcasses. Unfortunately, little is known about the wider exposure and potential health and population risks of pharmaceuticals to birds of prey. Here we compile literature data regarding relevant toxicological aspects of the most important pharmaceutical groups for birds of prey in terms of toxicity: NSAIDs, antibiotics, external antiparasitics and barbiturates. This work also includes critical information for future risk assessments, including concentrations of drug residues that can remain in animal tissues after treatment, or specific pharmaceutical features that might influence their toxicity in avian scavengers and other birds of prey. We also consider future research needs in this field and provide management recommendations to prevent potential intoxication events with pharmaceuticals in these species. This review highlights the need to consider specific risk assessments regarding exposure to pharmaceuticals, especially those used in veterinary medicine, for birds of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Soh HY, Tan PXY, Ng TTM, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060741. [PMID: 35740148 PMCID: PMC9219738 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2–3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5–2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Soh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Prisca Xin Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Tao Tao Magdeline Ng
- National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore;
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, Conservation, Research, and Veterinary Department, Singapore 259569, Singapore
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Khaliq H, Ahmed S, Fan B, Cao J, He Q. Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Beagle Dogs After Oral Dosing: Preclinical Safety Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Two Different Tablets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 29692725 PMCID: PMC5903334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates a tested marbofloxacin tablet (MBT) (Petsen), in terms of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (PK) in a comparison of the commercialized and standard tablet (Marbocyl) in beagle dogs. Four different bacterial species were selected for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against marbofloxacin (MBF). Target animal safety studies were conducted with a wide spectrum of dosages of Petsen. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Petsen were observed after the oral administration of a recommended dosage of 2 mg/kg. The MIC90 of MBF against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus were 2.00, 4.00, 0.25, and 0.50 μg/ml, respectively. These results showed that the MBT has an expected antimicrobial activity in vitro. The main parameters of t1/2β, Clb, AUC0−∞, Cmax, and Ke were 22.14 h, 0.15 L/h, 13.27 μg.h/ml, 0.95 μg/ml, 0.09 h−1, and 16.47 h, 0.14 L/h, 14.10 μg.h/ml, 0.97 μg/ml, 0.11 h−1 after the orally administrated Petsen and Marbocyl, while no biologically significant changes and toxicological significance have been found by their comparison. These findings indicate that the Petsen had a slow elimination, high bioavailability and kinetically similar to the commercialized Marbocyl. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were distinguished on the continuous gradient dosages of 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg in the term of the clinical presentation. The present study results displayed that the tested MBT (Petsen) was safe, with limited toxicity, which was similar to the commercialized tablet (Marbocyl), could provide an alternative MBT as a veterinary medicine in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bowen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Xiong J, Yang B, Yang S, Zhu Q, Li K, Zhang S, Cao J, He Q. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Marbofloxacin and PK/PD Modeling against Escherichia coli in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:542. [PMID: 28871226 PMCID: PMC5566571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of marbofloxacin and establish the optimal dose regimens for decreasing the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in pigs against Escherichia coli with ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. The recommended dose (2 mg/kg body weight) of marbofloxacin was orally administered in healthy pigs. The ileum content and plasma were both collected for the determination of marbofloxacin. The main parameters of Cmax, AUC0-24 h, AUC, Ke, t1/2ke, MRT and Clb were 11.28 μg/g, 46.15, 77.81 μg⋅h/g, 0.001 h-1, 69.97 h, 52.45 h, 0.026 kg/h in ileum content, and 0.55 μg/ml, 8.15, 14.67 μg⋅h/ml, 0.023 h-1, 30.67 h, 34.83 h, 0.14 L/h in plasma, respectively In total, 218 E. coli strains were isolated from most cities of China. The antibacterial activity in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against E. coli was determined following CLSI guidance. The MIC90 of sensitive strains (142) was calculated as 2 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HB197 was 2 and 4 μg/ml in broth and ileum fluids, respectively. In vitro mutant prevention concentration, growth and killing-time in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against selected HB197 were assayed for pharmacodynamic studies. According to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling, the value of AUC0-24 h/MIC produced in ileum content was achieved, and bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity, and elimination were calculated as 16.26, 23.54, and 27.18 h, respectively. Based on Monte Carlo simulations to obtain 90% target attainment rate, the optimal doses to achieve bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects were 0.85, 1.22, and 1.41 mg/kg.bw for 50% target, respectively, and 0.92, 1.33, and 1.53 mg/kg.bw for 90% target, respectively, after oral administration. The results in this study provided a more optimized alternative for clinical use and demonstrated that the dosage 2 mg/kg of marbofloxacin by oral administration could have an effect on bactericidal activity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shuaike Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
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Carpenter JW, Pollock CG, Koch DE, Hunter RP. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration to rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:522-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dova SW, San Andrés MD, González F, San Andrés MI, De Lucas JJ, Rodríguez C. Pharmacokinetic behavior and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin after subcutaneous administration in goats. Vet J 2006; 174:425-7. [PMID: 16807010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin was studied in goats after single-dose subcutaneous (SC) administration of 2mg/kg bodyweight. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by high performance liquid chromatography and the data obtained were subjected to non-compartmental kinetic analysis. Marbofloxacin peak plasma concentration (C(max)=1.77+/-0.24microg/mL) was reached 1.25+/-0.50h (T(max)) after SC administration. The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) and area under curve (AUC) were 5.74+/-1.21h and 8.15 vs 2.33microg h/mL, respectively. Taking into account the values obtained for the efficacy indices, it was concluded that a SC dose of 2mg/kg/24h of marbofloxacin could be adequate to treat infections caused by high susceptible bacteria like Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Waxman Dova
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Carpenter JW, Hunter RP, Olsen JH, Henry H, Isaza R, Koch DE. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:947-50. [PMID: 16740085 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single IV and orally administered doses in blue and gold macaws. ANIMALS 10 healthy blue and gold macaws. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally (via crop gavage) to 5 birds and IV to 5 birds. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after marbofloxacin administration. After a 4-week washout period, the study was repeated, with the first 5 birds receiving the dose IV and the second 5 birds receiving the dose orally. Serum marbofloxacin concentrations were quantitated by use of a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. RESULTS After oral administration, mean +/- SD area under the curve was 7.94 +/- 2.08 microg.h/mL, maximum plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.316 microg/mL, and bioavailability was 90.0 +/- 31%. After IV administration of marbofloxacin, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.3 +/- 0.32 L/kg, plasma clearance was 0.29 +/- 0.078 L/h/kg, area under the curve was 9.41 +/- 2.84 microg.h/mL, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 4.3 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Single IV and orally administered doses of marbofloxacin were well tolerated by blue and gold macaws. The orally administered dose was well absorbed. Administration of marbofloxacin at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours may be appropriate to control bacterial infections susceptible to marbofloxacin in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Garcia-Montijano M, Waxman S, Lucas JJD, Luaces I, Zalba J, González F, Andrés MIS, Rodríguez C. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of marbofloxacin in Eurasian buzzards (Buteo buteo) after intraosseous administration. Vet J 2006; 171:551-5. [PMID: 16624724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the administration of a single dose of marbofloxacin (2 mg/kg) to five adult Eurasian buzzards (Buteo buteo) by the intraosseous (IO) route, which has been proposed as a rapid and efficient means for the parenteral delivery of antimicrobial drugs. The drug was rapidly absorbed. Peak marbofloxacin concentration (C(max)) in plasma and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 1.92+/-0.78 microg/mL and 8.53+/-2.73 microg h/mL, respectively. The time marbofloxacin remained in the plasma after IO administration was relatively short (elimination half-life, t(1/2beta)=4.91+/-0.65 h; mean residence time (MRT)=5.38+/-0.57 h). Single dose marbofloxacin gave values for C(max)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 19.2 and an AUC/MIC value of 85.3h after IO administration. The IO route appears to be practical and effective for the rapid delivery of marbofloxacin to buzzards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Garcia-Montijano
- AULAGA, Centro de Cria del Aguila Imperial, Ibérica Quintos de Mora, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Toledo, Spain
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de Lucas JJ, Rodríguez C, Waxman S, González F, Uriarte I, San Andrés MI. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administration to ostriches. Vet J 2005; 170:364-8. [PMID: 16266851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin was investigated after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration, both at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg BW, in six clinically healthy domestic ostriches. Plasma concentrations of marbofloxacin was determined by a HPLC/UV method. The high volume of distribution (3.22+/-0.98 L/kg) suggests good tissue penetration. Marbofloxacin presented a high clearance value (2.19+/-0.27 L/kgh), explaining the low AUC values (2.32+/-0.30 microgh/mL and 2.25+/-0.70 microgh/mL, after IV and IM administration, respectively) and a short half life and mean residence time (t(1/2 beta)=1.47+/-0.31 h and 1.96+/-0.35 h; MRT=1.46+/-0.02 h and 2.11+/-0.30 h, IV and IM, respectively). The absorption of marbofloxacin after IM administration was rapid and complete (C(max)=1.13+/-0.29 microg/mL; T(max)=0.36+/-0.071 h; MAT=0.66+/-0.22 h and F (%)=95.03+/-16.89).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Julio de Lucas
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda/Puerta de Hierro s.n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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