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Peleg M, Berry EM, Deitch M, Nativ O, Richter E. On radar and radio exposure and cancer in the military setting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114610. [PMID: 36279918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2018, we reported a case series of 47 patients diagnosed with cancer following several years of exposure to high-intensity whole-body radiofrequency radiation (RFR) using the parameter of percentage frequency (PF). Consistent high and statistically significant PFs of hematolymphoid (HL) cancers were found in this group and in four previous reports on RFR-exposed groups in Belgium, Poland and Israel together with increased all-cancers rates. In this paper we report a new series of 46 young cancer patients who were exposed during military service to such radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The new group of patients comprises Israeli soldiers previously exposed to occupational RFR. The patients were self-selected to enroll in the research in cooperation with an NGO assisting patients with administrative counseling and legal and social services. The new group of patients was studied with respect to distribution (proportion) of cancer types using the method of PF. When possible, cancer risk ratios (RR) were estimated too. The results are compared to those of other occupational groups in three countries. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 23 years; duration of exposure was between 1 and 3 years and the latencies were short, median 4.6 years. The PF of HL cancers was 41.3%, 95% CI (27%-57%), versus 22.7% expected in non-exposed subjects matched for age and gender profiles, p = 0.003; 19 out of the 46 patients had HL cancers. The PF of Hodgkin lymphoma cancers was 21.7%, 95%CI (11%-36%), versus 11.6% expected, p = 0.033. For a subgroup of 6 patients, the number of soldiers in the units was known, and we were able estimate approximately the overall cancer risk ratio (RR) after 8 years as being 8.0 with 95% CI (2.9, 17), p < 0.002, with only 0.75 cases expected from the Cancer Registry data. In this subgroup, there were 3 HL cancer cases and 3 non-HL cases. Sarcoma PF was higher than expected, 7 out of the 46 patients were diagnosed with sarcoma, PF = 15.2%, 95%CI (6.3%-28.9%), p = 0.04 versus the expected PF of 7%. CONCLUSION The HL PF was high and consistent with previous reports. Epidemiological studies on excess risk for HL and other cancers, brain tumors in cellphone users, and experimental studies on RFR and carcinogenicity strongly point to a cause-effect relationship. It is mandatory to reduce the RFR exposure of all personnel to that of the typical community levels, including the peak level of radar pulses. Radiation protection, safety instructions, cancer risk warnings and quantitative data on individual exposure together with regular medical monitoring must be instituted for all personnel exposed to such risks. The findings from our study add to the growing body of evidence underscoring the gross inadequacy of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) thermal standards. Based on our findings and on the previous accumulated research, we endorse the recommendations to reclassify RFR exposure as a human carcinogen, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) group 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot M Berry
- Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Israel
| | - Mora Deitch
- Bar Ilan University, Israel and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Or Nativ
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Israel
| | - Elihu Richter
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Israel
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2
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Yadav H, Sharma RS, Singh R. Immunotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119793. [PMID: 35863710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence recommends that radiofrequency radiations might be a new type of environmental pollutant. The consequences of RFR on the human immune system have gained considerable interest in recent years, not only to examine probable negative effects on health but also to understand if RFR can modulate the immune response positively. Although several studies have been published on the immune effects of RFR but no satisfactory agreement has been reached. Hence this review aims to evaluate the RFR modulating impacts on particular immune cells contributing to various innate or adaptive immune responses. In view of existing pieces of evidence, we have suggested an intracellular signaling cascade responsible for RFR action. The bio-effects of RFR on immune cell morphology, viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and immune functions such as ROS, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, apoptosis, etc. are discussed. The majority of existing evidence point toward the possible shifts in the activity, number, and/or function of immunocompetent cells, but the outcome of several studies is still contradictory and needs further studies to reach a conclusion. Also, the direct association of experimental studies to human risks might not be helpful as exposure parameters vary in real life. On the basis of recent available literature, we suggest that special experiments should be designed to test each particular signal utilized in communication technologies to rule out the hypothesis that longer exposure to RFR emitting devices would affect the immunity by inducing genotoxic effects in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India.
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3
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Jagetia GC. Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113321. [PMID: 35508219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.
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Lai H, Levitt BB. The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:230-255. [PMID: 35438055 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature on three important exposure metrics that are inadequately represented in most major radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure guidelines today: intensity, exposure duration, and signal modulation. Exposure intensity produces unpredictable effects as demonstrated by nonlinear effects. This is most likely caused by the biological system's ability to adjust and compensate but could lead to eventual biomic breakdown after prolonged exposure. A review of 112 low-intensity studies reveals that biological effects of RFR could occur at a median specific absorption rate of 0.0165 W/kg. Intensity and exposure duration interact since the dose of energy absorbed is the product of intensity and time. The result is that RFR behaves like a biological "stressor" capable of affecting numerous living systems. In addition to intensity and duration, man-made RFR is generally modulated to allow information to be encrypted. The effects of modulation on biological functions are not well understood. Four types of modulation outcomes are discussed. In addition, it is invalid to make direct comparisons between thermal energy and radiofrequency electromagnetic energy. Research data indicate that electromagnetic energy is more biologically potent in causing effects than thermal changes. The two likely functionthrough different mechanisms. As such, any current RFR exposure guidelines based on acute continuous-wave exposure are inadequate for health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Darvishi M, Mashati P, Kandala S, Paridar M, Takhviji V, Ebrahimi H, Zibara K, Khosravi A. Electromagnetic radiation: a new charming actor in hematopoiesis? Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:47-58. [PMID: 32951483 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1826301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic waves play indispensable roles in life. Many studies addressed the outcomes of Electromagnetic field (EMF) on various biological functions such as cell proliferation, gene expression, epigenetic alterations, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects, and its therapeutic applications in medicine. The impact of EMF on bone marrow (BM) is of high importance; however, EMF effects on BM hematopoiesis are not well understood. AREAS COVERED Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar with no restriction on publication date. A literature review has been conducted on the consequences of EMF exposure on BM non-hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the application of these waves in regenerative medicine. Human blood cells such as lymphocytes, red blood cells and their precursors are altered qualitatively and quantitatively following electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, studying the impact of EMF on related signaling pathways in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation could give a better insight into its efficacy on hematopoiesis and its potential therapeutic usage. EXPERT OPINION In this review, authors evaluated the possible biologic consequences of EMF on the hematopoiesis process in addition to its probable application in the treatment of hematologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Darvishi
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Mashati
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahithi Kandala
- University of Colorado, Boulder Department: Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering , Colarada, USA
| | - Mostafa Paridar
- Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Takhviji
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- School of Nursing, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE & Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
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Regalbuto E, Anselmo A, De Sanctis S, Franchini V, Lista F, Benvenuto M, Bei R, Masuelli L, D’Inzeo G, Paffi A, Trodella E, Sgura A. Human Fibroblasts In Vitro Exposed to 2.45 GHz Continuous and Pulsed Wave Signals: Evaluation of Biological Effects with a Multimethodological Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197069. [PMID: 32992895 PMCID: PMC7584027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), especially from wireless communication devices, raises questions about their possible adverse health effects. So far, several in vitro studies evaluating RF-EMF genotoxic and cytotoxic non-thermal effects have reported contradictory results that could be mainly due to inadequate experimental design and lack of well-characterized exposure systems and conditions. Moreover, a topic poorly investigated is related to signal modulation induced by electromagnetic fields. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of the potential non-thermal biological effects induced by 2.45 GHz exposures through a characterized exposure system and a multimethodological approach. Human fibroblasts were exposed to continuous (CW) and pulsed (PW) signals for 2 h in a wire patch cell-based exposure system at the specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.7 W/kg. The evaluation of the potential biological effects was carried out through a multimethodological approach, including classical biological markers (genotoxic, cell cycle, and ultrastructural) and the evaluation of gene expression profile through the powerful high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach. Our results suggest that 2.45 GHz radiofrequency fields did not induce significant biological effects at a cellular or molecular level for the evaluated exposure parameters and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Regalbuto
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.D.S.); (V.F.); (F.L.)
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Anselmo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.D.S.); (V.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Stefania De Sanctis
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.D.S.); (V.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Valeria Franchini
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.D.S.); (V.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Florigio Lista
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.D.S.); (V.F.); (F.L.)
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo D’Inzeo
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Alessandra Paffi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Eugenio Trodella
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Department of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (A.S.)
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7
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Halgamuge MN, Skafidas E, Davis D. A meta-analysis of in vitro exposures to weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phones (1990-2015). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109227. [PMID: 32199316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To function, mobile phone systems require transmitters that emit and receive radiofrequency signals over an extended geographical area exposing humans in all stages of development ranging from in-utero, early childhood, adolescents and adults. This study evaluates the question of the impact of radiofrequency radiation on living organisms in vitro studies. In this study, we abstract data from 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1990-2015) describing 1127 experimental observations in cell-based in vitro models. Our first analysis of these data found that out of 746 human cell experiments, 45.3% indicated cell changes, whereas 54.7% indicated no changes (p = 0.001). Realizing that there are profound distinctions between cell types in terms of age, rate of proliferation and apoptosis, and other characteristics and that RF signals can be characterized in terms of polarity, information content, frequency, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and power, we further refined our analysis to determine if there were some distinct properties of negative and positive findings associated with these specific characteristics. We further analyzed the data taking into account the cumulative effect (SAR × exposure time) to acquire the cumulative energy absorption of experiments due to radiofrequency exposure, which we believe, has not been fully considered previously. When the frequency of signals, length and type of exposure, and maturity, rate of growth (doubling time), apoptosis and other properties of individual cell types are considered, our results identify a number of potential non-thermal effects of radiofrequency fields that are restricted to a subset of specific faster-growing less differentiated cell types such as human spermatozoa (based on 19 reported experiments, p-value = 0.002) and human epithelial cells (based on 89 reported experiments, p-value < 0.0001). In contrast, for mature, differentiated adult cells of Glia (p = 0.001) and Glioblastoma (p < 0.0001) and adult human blood lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) there are no statistically significant differences for these more slowly reproducing cell lines. Thus, we show that RF induces significant changes in human cells (45.3%), and in faster-growing rat/mouse cell dataset (47.3%). In parallel with this finding, further analysis of faster-growing cells from other species (chicken, rabbit, pig, frog, snail) indicates that most undergo significant changes (74.4%) when exposed to RF. This study confirms observations from the REFLEX project, Belyaev and others that cellular response varies with signal properties. We concur that differentiation of cell type thus constitutes a critical piece of information and should be useful as a reference for many researchers planning additional studies. Sponsorship bias is also a factor that we did not take into account in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka N Halgamuge
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Efstratios Skafidas
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, 83025, USA
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Saliev T, Begimbetova D, Masoud AR, Matkarimov B. Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields: Two sides of a coin. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 141:25-36. [PMID: 30030071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controversial, sensational and often contradictory scientific reports have triggered active debates over the biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in literature and mass media the last few decades. This could lead to confusion and distraction, subsequently hampering the development of a univocal conclusion on the real hazards caused by EMFs on humans. For example, there are lots of publications indicating that EMF can induce apoptosis and DNA strand-breaks in cells. On the other hand, these effects could rather be beneficial, in that they could be effectively harnessed for treatment of various disorders, including cancer. This review discusses and analyzes the results of various in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies on the effects of non-ionizing EMFs on cells and organs, including the consequences of exposure to the low and high frequencies EM spectrum. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of recent data on the role of EMF in the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Additionally, the impact of EMF on the reproductive system has been discussed, as well as the relationship between EM radiation and blood cancer. Apart from adverse effects, the therapeutic potential of EMFs for clinical use in different pathologies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Saliev
- Kazakh National Medical University Named After S.D. Asfendiyarov, Tole Bi Street 94, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan; National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Dinara Begimbetova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Abdul-Razak Masoud
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakhyt Matkarimov
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Franchini V, Regalbuto E, De Amicis A, De Sanctis S, Di Cristofaro S, Coluzzi E, Marinaccio J, Sgura A, Ceccuzzi S, Doria A, Gallerano GP, Giovenale E, Ravera GL, Bei R, Benvenuto M, Modesti A, Masuelli L, Lista F. Genotoxic Effects in Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Microwave Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:126-139. [PMID: 29787439 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, technological development has led to an increasing use of devices and systems based on microwave radiation. The increased employment of these devices has elicited questions about the potential long-term health consequences associated with microwave radiation exposure. From this perspective, biological effects of microwave radiation have been the focus of many studies, but the reported scientific data are unclear and contradictory. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential genotoxic and cellular effects associated with in vitro exposure of human fetal and adult fibroblasts to microwave radiation at the frequency of 25 GHz. For this purpose, several genetic and biological end points were evaluated. Results obtained from comet assay, phosphorylation of H2AX histone, and antikinetochore antibody (CREST)-negative micronuclei frequency excluded direct DNA damage to human fetal and adult fibroblasts exposed to microwaves. No induction of apoptosis or changes in prosurvival signalling proteins were detected. Moreover, CREST analysis showed for both the cell lines an increase in the total number of micronuclei and centromere positive micronuclei in exposed samples, indicating aneuploidy induction due to chromosome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Franchini
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
- University of Rome Roma Tre, Department of Science, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Regalbuto
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
- University of Rome Roma Tre, Department of Science, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Amicis
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania De Sanctis
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Cristofaro
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Coluzzi
- University of Rome Roma Tre, Department of Science, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Marinaccio
- University of Rome Roma Tre, Department of Science, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- University of Rome Roma Tre, Department of Science, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Ceccuzzi
- Radiation Sources, Antennas and Diagnostics Laboratory, ENEA Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Radiation Sources, Antennas and Diagnostics Laboratory, ENEA Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Gian Piero Gallerano
- Radiation Sources, Antennas and Diagnostics Laboratory, ENEA Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Emilio Giovenale
- Radiation Sources, Antennas and Diagnostics Laboratory, ENEA Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Ravera
- Radiation Sources, Antennas and Diagnostics Laboratory, ENEA Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- University of Rome La Sapienza, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Scientific Department of Army Medical Center of Rome, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 4-00184, Rome, Italy
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Franchini V, De Sanctis S, Marinaccio J, De Amicis A, Coluzzi E, Di Cristofaro S, Lista F, Regalbuto E, Doria A, Giovenale E, Gallerano GP, Bei R, Benvenuto M, Masuelli L, Udroiu I, Sgura A. Study of the effects of 0.15 terahertz radiation on genome integrity of adult fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:476-487. [PMID: 29602275 DOI: 10.1002/em.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The applications of Terahertz (THz) technologies have significantly developed in recent years, and the complete understanding of the biological effects of exposure to THz radiation is becoming increasingly important. In a previous study, we found that THz radiation induced genomic damage in fetal fibroblasts. Although these cells demonstrated to be a useful model, exposure of human foetuses to THz radiation is highly improbable. Conversely, THz irradiation of adult dermal tissues is cause of possible concern for some professional and nonprofessional categories. Therefore, we extended our study to the investigation of the effects of THz radiation on adult fibroblasts (HDF). In this work, the effects of THz exposure on HDF cells genome integrity, cell cycle, cytological ultrastructure and proteins expression were assessed. Results of centromere-negative micronuclei frequencies, phosphorylation of H2AX histone, and telomere length modulation indicated no induction of DNA damage. Concordantly, no changes in the expression of proteins associated with DNA damage sensing and repair were detected. Conversely, our results showed an increase of centromere-positive micronuclei frequencies and chromosomal nondisjunction events, indicating induction of aneuploidy. Therefore, our results indicate that THz radiation exposure may affect genome integrity through aneugenic effects, and not by DNA breakage. Our findings are compared to published studies, and possible biophysical mechanisms are discussed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:476-487, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Franchini
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisa Coluzzi
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Regalbuto
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Radiation Sources Laboratory, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | - Emilio Giovenale
- Radiation Sources Laboratory, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Ion Udroiu
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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Silva V, Hilly O, Strenov Y, Tzabari C, Hauptman Y, Feinmesser R. Effect of cell phone-like electromagnetic radiation on primary human thyroid cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 92:107-15. [PMID: 26689947 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1117678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency energy (RFE) emitted by cell phones on human thyroid primary cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary thyroid cell culture was prepared from normal thyroid tissue obtained from patients who underwent surgery at our department. Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated under different conditions inside a cell incubator using a device that simulates cell phone-RFE. Proliferation of control and irradiated cells was assessed by the immunohistochemical staining of antigen Kiel clone-67 (Ki-67) and tumor suppressor p53 (p53) expression. DNA ploidy and the stress biomarkers heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Our cells highly expressed thyroglobulin (Tg) and sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) confirming the origin of the tissue. None of the irradiation conditions evaluated here had an effect neither on the proliferation marker Ki-67 nor on p53 expression. DNA ploidy was also not affected by RFE, as well as the expression of the biomarkers HSP70 and ROS. CONCLUSION Our conditions of RFE exposure seem to have no potential carcinogenic effect on human thyroid cells. Moreover, common biomarkers usually associated to environmental stress also remained unchanged. We failed to find an association between cell phone-RFE and thyroid cancer. Additional studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Silva
- a Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Research , The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Petach Tikva
| | - Ohad Hilly
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus , Petach Tikva
| | - Yulia Strenov
- c Department of Pathology , Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus , Petach Tikva
| | - Cochava Tzabari
- c Department of Pathology , Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus , Petach Tikva
| | | | - Raphael Feinmesser
- a Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Research , The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Petach Tikva ;,b Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus , Petach Tikva
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Gustavino B, Carboni G, Petrillo R, Paoluzzi G, Santovetti E, Rizzoni M. Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei inVicia fabaroot tips. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:187-92. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Akar A, Şekeroğlu V. Evaluation of the cytogenotoxic damage in immature and mature rats exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:985-92. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.809170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Waldmann P, Bohnenberger S, Greinert R, Hermann-Then B, Heselich A, Klug SJ, Koenig J, Kuhr K, Kuster N, Merker M, Murbach M, Pollet D, Schadenboeck W, Scheidemann-Wesp U, Schwab B, Volkmer B, Weyer V, Blettner M. Influence of GSM Signals on Human Peripheral Lymphocytes: Study of Genotoxicity. Radiat Res 2013; 179:243-53. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2914.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Waldmann
- Incos Boté GmbH, D-55232 Alzey, Friedhofstrasse 6, Germany
| | - Susanne Bohnenberger
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Dermatology Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbeklinikum Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, D-21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Beate Hermann-Then
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Anja Heselich
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Klug
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem Koenig
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kuhr
- Institut für Medizinische Statistik, Informatik und Epidemiologie – IMSIE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, D-50923 Koeln, Germany
| | - Niels Kuster
- ITIS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, ch-8004 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mandy Merker
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Murbach
- ITIS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, ch-8004 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Pollet
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Scheidemann-Wesp
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Britt Schwab
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Dermatology Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbeklinikum Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, D-21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyer
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Genetic damage in human cells exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: A meta-analysis of the data from 88 publications (1990–2011). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 749:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hintzsche H, Jastrow C, Kleine-Ostmann T, Stopper H, Schmid E, Schrader T. Terahertz radiation induces spindle disturbances in human-hamster hybrid cells. Radiat Res 2011; 175:569-74. [PMID: 21388294 DOI: 10.1667/rr2406.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify the production of spindle disturbances in A(L) cells, a human-hamster hybrid cell line, by 0.106 THz radiation (continuous wave). Monolayer cultures in petri dishes were exposed for 0.5 h to 0.106 THz radiation with power densities ranging from 0.043 mW/cm(2) to 4.3 mW/cm(2) or were kept under sham conditions (negative control) for the same period. As a positive control, 100 µg/ml of the insecticide trichlorfon, which is an aneuploidy-inducing agent, was used for an exposure period of 6 h. During exposure, the sample containers were kept at defined environmental conditions in a modified incubator as required by the cells. Based on a total of 6,365 analyzed mitotic cells, the results of two replicate experiments suggest that 0.106 THz radiation is a spindle-acting agent as predominately indicated by the appearance of spindle disturbances at the anaphase and telophase (especially lagging and non-disjunction of single chromosomes) of cell divisions. The findings in the present study do not necessarily imply disease or injury but may be important for evaluating possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hintzsche
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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Trillo MA, Cid MA, Martínez MA, Page JE, Esteban J, Úbeda A. Cytostatic response of NB69 cells to weak pulse-modulated 2.2 GHz radar-like signals. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:340-50. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bourthoumieu S, Terro F, Leveque P, Collin A, Joubert V, Yardin C. Aneuploidy studies in human cells exposed in vitro to GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation using FISH. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:400-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.542543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Pacchierotti F, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Environmental Hazard in the Aetiology of Somatic and Germ Cell Aneuploidy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 133:254-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000323284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Schrader T, Kleine-Ostmann T, Münter K, Jastrow C, Schmid E. Spindle disturbances in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells induced by the electrical component of the mobile communication frequency range signal. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 32:291-301. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Bourthoumieu S, Joubert V, Marin B, Collin A, Leveque P, Terro F, Yardin C. Cytogenetic Studies in Human Cells ExposedIn Vitroto GSM-900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation Using R-Banded Karyotyping. Radiat Res 2010; 174:712-8. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2137.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Verschaeve L, Juutilainen J, Lagroye I, Miyakoshi J, Saunders R, de Seze R, Tenforde T, van Rongen E, Veyret B, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res 2010; 705:252-68. [PMID: 20955816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the possibility of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those emitted by wireless communication devices. Since the introduction of mobile phones many studies have been conducted regarding alleged health effects but there is still some uncertainty and no definitive conclusions have been reached so far. Although thermal effects are well understood they are not of great concern as they are unlikely to result from the typical low-level RFR exposures. Concern rests essentially with the possibility that RFR-exposure may induce non-thermal and/or long-term health effects such as an increased cancer risk. Consequently, possible genetic effects have often been studied but with mixed results. In this paper we review the data on alleged RFR-induced genetic effects from in vitro and in vivo investigations as well as from human cytogenetic biomonitoring surveys. Attention is also paid to combined exposures of RFR with chemical or physical agents. Again, however, no entirely consistent picture emerges. Many of the positive studies may well be due to thermal exposures, but a few studies suggest that biological effects can be seen at low levels of exposure. Overall, however, the evidence for low-level genotoxic effects is very weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschaeve
- O.D. Public Health & Surveillance, Laboratory of Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Ruediger HW. Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:89-102. [PMID: 19285841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
101 publications are exploited which have studied genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in vivo and in vitro. Of these 49 report a genotoxic effect and 42 do not. In addition, 8 studies failed to detect an influence on the genetic material, but showed that RF-EMF enhanced the genotoxic action of other chemical or physical agents. The controversial results may in part be explained by the different cellular systems. Moreover, inconsistencies may depend from the variety of analytical methods being used, which differ considerably with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Taking altogether there is ample evidence that RF-EMF can alter the genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way. This genotoxic action may be mediated by microthermal effects in cellular structures, formation of free radicals, or an interaction with DNA-repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Ruediger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Berggasse 4/33, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Genetic damage in subjects exposed to radiofrequency radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2009; 681:259-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Prisco MG, Nasta F, Rosado MM, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Effects of GSM-Modulated Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. Radiat Res 2008; 170:803-10. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Korenstein-Ilan A, Barbul A, Hasin P, Eliran A, Gover A, Korenstein R. Terahertz radiation increases genomic instability in human lymphocytes. Radiat Res 2008; 170:224-34. [PMID: 18666810 DOI: 10.1667/rr0944.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz radiation is increasingly being applied in new and evolving technologies applied in areas such as homeland security and medical imaging. Thus a timely assessment of the potential hazards and health effects of occupational and general population exposure to THz radiation is required. We applied continuous-wave (CW) 0.1 THz radiation (0.031 mW/ cm(2)) to dividing lymphocytes for 1, 2 and 24 h and examined the changes in chromosome number of chromosomes 1, 10, 11 and 17 and changes in the replication timing of their centromeres using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomes 11 and 17 were most vulnerable (about 30% increase in aneuploidy after 2 and 24 h of exposure), while chromosomes 1 and 10 were not affected. We observed changes in the asynchronous mode of replication of centromeres 11, 17 and 1 (by 40%) after 2 h of exposure and of all four centromeres after 24 h of exposure (by 50%). It is speculated that these effects are caused by radiation-induced low-frequency collective vibrational modes of proteins and DNA. Our results demonstrate that exposure of lymphocytes in vitro to a low power density of 0.1 THz radiation induces genomic instability. These findings, if verified, may suggest that such exposure may result in an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Korenstein-Ilan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Rüdiger HW. Answer to comments by A. Lerchl on "Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes" published by C. Schwarz et al. 2008. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:279-83. [PMID: 18481076 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects induced in vitro by the third generation mobile communication standard UMTS have recently been described by Schwarz et al. (Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81:755-767, 2008). These findings which may have considerable significance for environmental health have been commented upon by Lerchl (Int Arch Occup Environ Health in press, 2008) (this issue). These comments which are invalid in part have to be set right. Although some of his minor points are correct the objected inconsistencies are largely based on the author's incomplete and superficial consideration of published data in the field. Moreover, the statistical points being made cannot cast doubts on the validity of the experimental data reported by Schwarz et al. and may not change the principal conclusion of in vitro genotoxic action of UMTS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Rüdiger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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