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The Potentiation of Anti-Tumor Immunity by Tumor Abolition with Alpha Particles, Protons, or Carbon Ion Radiation and Its Enforcement by Combination with Immunoadjuvants or Inhibitors of Immune Suppressor Cells and Checkpoint Molecules. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020228. [PMID: 33503958 PMCID: PMC7912488 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of radiation therapy (RT) for cancer with intent to cure has been optimized and standardized over the last 80 years. Both preclinical and clinical work emphasized the observation that radiation destroys the tumor and exposes its components to the immune response in a mode that facilitates the induction of anti-tumor immunity or reinforces such a response. External beam photon radiation is the most prevalent in situ abolition treatment, and its use exposed the “abscopal effect”. Particle radiotherapy (PRT), which has been in various stages of research and development for 70 years, is today available for the treatment of patients in the form of alpha particles, proton, or carbon ion radiotherapy. Charged particle radiotherapy is based on the acceleration of charged species, such as protons or carbon-12, which deposit their energy in the treated tumor and have a higher relative biological effectiveness compared with photon radiation. In this review, we will bring evidence that alpha particles, proton, or carbon ion radiation can destroy tumors and activate specific anti-tumor immune responses. Radiation may also directly affect the distribution and function of immune cells such as T cells, regulatory T cells, and mononuclear phagocytes. Tumor abolition by radiation can trigger an immune response against the tumor. However, abolition alone rarely induces effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in systemic tumor rejection. Immunotherapy can complement abolition to reinforce the anti-tumor immunity to better eradicate residual local and metastatic tumor cells. Various methods and agents such as immunoadjuvants, suppressor cell inhibitors, or checkpoint inhibitors were used to manipulate the immune response in combination with radiation. This review deals with the manifestations of particle-mediated radiotherapy and its correlation with immunotherapy of cancer.
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Wang L, Fossati P, Paganetti H, Ma L, Gillison M, Myers JN, Hug E, Frank SJ. The Biological Basis for Enhanced Effects of Proton Radiation Therapy Relative to Photon Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Part Ther 2021; 8:3-13. [PMID: 34285931 PMCID: PMC8270087 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-20-00070.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) often present as local-regionally advanced disease at diagnosis, for which a current standard of care is x-ray-based radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. This approach provides effective local regional tumor control, but at the cost of acute and late toxicity that can worsen quality of life and contribute to mortality. For patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in particular, for whom the prognosis is generally favorable, de-escalation of the radiation dose to surrounding normal tissues without diminishing the radiation dose to tumors is desired to mitigate radiation-related toxic effects. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) may be an excellent de-escalation strategy because of its physical properties (that eliminate unnecessary radiation to surrounding tissues) and because of its biological properties (including tumor-specific variations in relative biological effectiveness [RBE] and linear energy transfer [LET]), in combination with concurrent systemic therapy. Early clinical evidence has shown that compared with x-ray-based radiation therapy, PRT offers comparable disease control with fewer and less severe treatment-related toxicities that can worsen the quality of life for patients with HNSCC. Herein, we review aspects of the biological basis of enhanced HNSCC cell response to proton versus x-ray irradiation in terms of radiation-induced gene and protein expression, DNA damage and repair, cell death, tumor immune responses, and radiosensitization of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piero Fossati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maura Gillison
- Department of Thoracic-Head & Neck Med Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugen Hug
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Steven J. Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi KS, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab Platform Utilized for Biological Response to Space Radiation in Animal Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E381. [PMID: 32045996 PMCID: PMC7072278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) is one of the major risk factors that will impact the health of astronauts on extended missions outside the protective effects of the Earth's magnetic field. The NASA GeneLab project has detailed information on radiation exposure using animal models with curated dosimetry information for spaceflight experiments. Methods: We analyzed multiple GeneLab omics datasets associated with both ground-based and spaceflight radiation studies that included in vivo and in vitro approaches. A range of ions from protons to iron particles with doses from 0.1 to 1.0 Gy for ground studies, as well as samples flown in low Earth orbit (LEO) with total doses of 1.0 mGy to 30 mGy, were utilized. Results: From this analysis, we were able to identify distinct biological signatures associating specific ions with specific biological responses due to radiation exposure in space. For example, we discovered changes in mitochondrial function, ribosomal assembly, and immune pathways as a function of dose. Conclusions: We provided a summary of how the GeneLab's rich database of omics experiments with animal models can be used to generate novel hypotheses to better understand human health risks from GCR exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Stainforth
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A-1C1, Canada; (R.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Jack Miller
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Thomas Cahill
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
| | - Willian A. da Silveira
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
| | - Komal S. Rathi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A-1C1, Canada; (R.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Robert Meller
- Department of Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
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Wang L, Yang L, Han S, Zhu J, Li Y, Wang Z, Fan YH, Lin E, Zhang R, Sahoo N, Li Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Li T, Zhu XR, Zhu H, Heymach JV, Myers JN, Frank SJ. Patterns of protein expression in human head and neck cancer cell lines differ after proton vs photon radiotherapy. Head Neck 2020; 42:289-301. [PMID: 31710172 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton radiotherapy (PRT) may be a less toxic alternative to photon radiotherapy (XRT) for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the molecular responses of HNSCC cells to PRT vs XRT are unclear. METHODS Proteomics analyses of protein expression profiles by reverse-phase protein arrays were done for two human papillomavirus [HPV]-negative and two HPV+ cell lines. Expression patterns of 175 proteins involved in several signaling pathways were tested. RESULTS Compared with PRT, XRT tended to induce lower expression of DNA damage repair-and cell cycle arrest-related proteins and higher expression of cell survival- and proliferation-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS Under these experimental conditions, PRT and XRT induced different protein expression and activation profiles. Further preclinical verification is needed, as are studies of tumor pathway mutations as biomarkers for choice of treatment or as radiosensitization targets to improve the response of HNSCC to PRT or XRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinming Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeming Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - You-Hong Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Narayan Sahoo
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaorong R Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven J Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Beheshti A, McDonald JT, Miller J, Grabham P, Costes SV. GeneLab Database Analyses Suggest Long-Term Impact of Space Radiation on the Cardiovascular System by the Activation of FYN Through Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030661. [PMID: 30717456 PMCID: PMC6387434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation has recently been considered a risk factor for astronauts’ cardiac health. As an example, for the case of how to query and identify datasets within NASA’s GeneLab database and demonstrate the database utility, we used an unbiased systems biology method for identifying key genes/drivers for the contribution of space radiation on the cardiovascular system. This knowledge can contribute to designing appropriate experiments targeting these specific pathways. Microarray data from cardiomyocytes of male C57BL/6 mice followed-up for 28 days after exposure to 900 mGy of 1 GeV proton or 150 mGy of 1 GeV/n 56Fe were compared to human endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured for 7 days on the International Space Station (ISS). We observed common molecular pathways between simulated space radiation and HUVECs flown on the ISS. The analysis suggests FYN is the central driver/hub for the cardiovascular response to space radiation: the known oxidative stress induced immediately following radiation would only be transient and would upregulate FYN, which in turn would reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, protecting the cardiovascular system. The transcriptomic signature of exposure to protons was also much closer to the spaceflight signature than 56Fe’s signature. To our knowledge, this is the first time GeneLab datasets were utilized to provide potential biological indications that the majority of ions on the ISS are protons, clearly illustrating the power of omics analysis. More generally, this work also demonstrates how to combine animal radiation studies done on the ground and spaceflight studies to evaluate human risk in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Beheshti
- WYLE Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA.
| | - J Tyson McDonald
- Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 USA.
| | - Jack Miller
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Peter Grabham
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Amundson SA. Gene Expression Studies for the Development of Particle Therapy. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:49-59. [PMID: 30555854 PMCID: PMC6292674 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy for cancer is now in widespread use, and facilities for carbon ion therapy are showing great promise, but a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying particle radiation therapy is still needed in order to optimize treatment. Studies of gene expression, especially those using whole genome techniques, can provide insight into many of the questions still remaining, from the molecular mechanisms involved to predicting patient outcome. This review will summarize gene expression studies of response to proton and carbon ion beams, as well as high-energy protons and high-z high-energy particles with relevance to particle therapy. In general, most such studies find that, in comparison with x-ray or gamma-ray exposure, particle irradiation increases both the number of genes responding and the magnitude of the response. Patterns of gene expression have suggested impacts on specific pathways of relevance to radiation therapy, such as enhancement or suppression of tumor progression or metastasis. However, even within the relatively small number of studies done to date there is no clear consensus of response, suggesting influence by multiple parameters, such as particle type, particle energy, and tumor type. Systematic gene expression studies can help to address these issues, and promoting a culture of data sharing will expedite the process, benefiting investigators across the radiation therapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Beheshti A, Miller J, Kidane Y, Berrios D, Gebre SG, Costes SV. NASA GeneLab Project: Bridging Space Radiation Omics with Ground Studies. Radiat Res 2018; 189:553-559. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15062.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Beheshti
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Jack Miller
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Daniel Berrios
- USRA, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calfornia 94035
| | - Samrawit G. Gebre
- Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, California 94035
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Beheshti A, Wage J, McDonald JT, Lamont C, Peluso M, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L. Tumor-host signaling interaction reveals a systemic, age-dependent splenic immune influence on tumor development. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35419-32. [PMID: 26497558 PMCID: PMC4742115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of age-dependent host control of cancer development raises the natural question of how these effects manifest across the host tissue/organ types with which a tumor interacts, one important component of which is the aging immune system. To investigate this, changes in the spleen, an immune nexus in the mouse, was examined for its age-dependent interactive influence on the carcinogenesis process. The model is the C57BL/6 male mice (adolescent, young adult, middle-aged, and old or 68, 143, 551 and 736 days old respectively) with and without a syngeneic murine tumor implant. Through global transcriptome analysis, immune-related functions were found to be key regulators in the spleen associated with tumor progression as a function of age with CD2, CD3ε, CCL19, and CCL5 being the key molecules involved. Surprisingly, other than CCL5, all key factors and immune-related functions were not active in spleens from non-tumor bearing old mice. Our findings of age-dependent tumor-spleen signaling interaction suggest the existence of a global role of the aging host in carcinogenesis. Suggested is a new avenue for therapeutic improvement that capitalizes on the pervasive role of host aging in dictating the course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Beheshti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Wage
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Clare Lamont
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Peluso
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Hahnfeldt
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Wage J, Ma L, Peluso M, Lamont C, Evens AM, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Beheshti A. Proton irradiation impacts age-driven modulations of cancer progression influenced by immune system transcriptome modifications from splenic tissue. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:792-803. [PMID: 26253138 PMCID: PMC4577010 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Age plays a crucial role in the interplay between tumor and host, with additional impact due to irradiation. Proton irradiation of tumors induces biological modulations including inhibition of angiogenic and immune factors critical to 'hallmark' processes impacting tumor development. Proton irradiation has also provided promising results for proton therapy in cancer due to targeting advantages. Additionally, protons may contribute to the carcinogenesis risk from space travel (due to the high proportion of high-energy protons in space radiation). Through a systems biology approach, we investigated how host tissue (i.e. splenic tissue) of tumor-bearing mice was altered with age, with or without whole-body proton exposure. Transcriptome analysis was performed on splenic tissue from adolescent (68-day) versus old (736-day) C57BL/6 male mice injected with Lewis lung carcinoma cells with or without three fractionations of 0.5 Gy (1-GeV) proton irradiation. Global transcriptome analysis indicated that proton irradiation of adolescent hosts caused significant signaling changes within splenic tissues that support carcinogenesis within the mice, as compared with older subjects. Increases in cell cycling and immunosuppression in irradiated adolescent hosts with CDK2, MCM7, CD74 and RUVBL2 indicated these were the key genes involved in the regulatory changes in the host environment response (i.e. the spleen). Collectively, these results suggest that a significant biological component of proton irradiation is modulated by host age through promotion of carcinogenesis in adolescence and resistance to immunosuppression, carcinogenesis and genetic perturbation associated with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wage
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Ma
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Peluso
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Lamont
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Evens
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts Cancer Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Hahnfeldt
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts Cancer Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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