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Cheong A, Nagel ZD. Human Variation in DNA Repair, Immune Function, and Cancer Risk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899574. [PMID: 35935942 PMCID: PMC9354717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage constantly threatens genome integrity, and DNA repair deficiency is associated with increased cancer risk. An intuitive and widely accepted explanation for this relationship is that unrepaired DNA damage leads to carcinogenesis due to the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells. But DNA repair also plays key roles in the function of immune cells, and immunodeficiency is an important risk factor for many cancers. Thus, it is possible that emerging links between inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and cancer risk are driven, at least in part, by variation in immune function, but this idea is underexplored. In this review we present an overview of the current understanding of the links between cancer risk and both inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and inter-individual variation in immune function. We discuss factors that play a role in both types of variability, including age, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. In conclusion, we propose a research paradigm that incorporates functional studies of both genome integrity and the immune system to predict cancer risk and lay the groundwork for personalized prevention.
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Wanotayan R, Wongsanit S, Boonsirichai K, Sukapirom K, Buppaungkul S, Charoenphun P, Songprakhon P, Jangpatarapongsa K, Uttayarat P. Quantification of histone H2AX phosphorylation in white blood cells induced by ex vivo gamma irradiation of whole blood by both flow cytometry and foci counting as a dose estimation in rapid triage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265643. [PMID: 35320288 PMCID: PMC8942256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A quick, reliable, and reproducible biological assay to distinguish individuals with possible life-threatening risk following radiological or nuclear incidents remains a quest in biodosimetry. In this paper, we examined the use of a γ-H2AX assay as an early dose estimation for rapid triage based on both flow cytometry and image analyses. In the experiment, whole blood from 11 donors was irradiated ex vivo inside a water phantom by gamma rays from Co-60 at 0.51 Gy/min. After the lysis of red blood cells, the white blood cells were collected for immunofluorescence labeling of γ-H2AX, CD45, and nuclear stained for signal collection and visualization. Analysis by flow cytometry showed that the relative γ-H2AX intensities of lymphocytes and granulocytes increased linearly with absorbed doses from 0 to 6 Gy with a large variation among individuals observed above 2 Gy. The relative γ-H2AX intensities of lymphocytes assessed by two different laboratories were highly correlated (ICC = 0.979). Using confocal microscopic images, γ-H2AX foci were observed to be discretely distributed inside the nuclei and to increase proportionally with doses from 0 to 2 Gy, whereas large plagues of merged foci appeared at 4 and 6 Gy, resulting in the saturation of foci counts above 4 Gy. The number of total foci per cell as well as the number of foci per plane were significantly different at 0 vs 1 and 2 vs 4 Gy doses (p < 0.01). Blind tests at 0.5 Gy and 1 Gy doses showed that dose estimation by flow cytometry had a mean absolute difference of less than 0.5 Gy from the actual value. In conclusion, while flow cytometry can provide a dose estimation with an uncertainty of 0.5 Gy at doses ≤ 1 Gy, foci counting can identify merged foci that are prominent at doses ≥ 4 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujira Wanotayan
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Department of Radiological Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail: , (PU); , (RW)
| | - Sarinya Wongsanit
- Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Ongkarak, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Kanokporn Boonsirichai
- Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Ongkarak, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Kasama Sukapirom
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Research Department, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Buppaungkul
- Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL), Bureau of Radiation and Medical Devices, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Putthiporn Charoenphun
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pucharee Songprakhon
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Research Department, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pimpon Uttayarat
- Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Ongkarak, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
- * E-mail: , (PU); , (RW)
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Ewing LE, Biju PG, Pathak R, Melnyk S, Hauer-Jensen M, Koturbash I. Methods for induction and assessment of intestinal permeability in rodent models of radiation injury. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:235-247. [PMID: 35366985 PMCID: PMC9808921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a significant contributor to the contemporary market of energy production and an important diagnostic and treatment modality. Besides having numerous useful applications, it is also a ubiquitous environmental stressor and a potent genotoxic and epigenotoxic agent, capable of causing substantial damage to organs and tissues of living organisms. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is highly sensitive to IR. This problem is further compounded by the fact that there is no FDA-approved medication to mitigate acute radiation-induced GI syndrome. Therefore, establishing the animal model for studying IR-induced GI-injury is crucially important to understand the harmful consequences of intestinal radiation damage. Here, we discuss two different animal models of IR-induced acute gastrointestinal syndrome and two separate methods for measuring the magnitude of intestinal radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Prabath G Biju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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Zhang Y, Ren H, Zheng Y, Yang Q, Li M, Gu H, Hao L. Exploring the optimal dose of low ionizing radiation to enhance immune function: a rabbit model. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211015079. [PMID: 34369192 PMCID: PMC8358509 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211015079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. Currently, immunotherapy for liver cancer is a research hotspot. Experimental studies and epidemiological investigations have confirmed the antineoplastic activity of low ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to explore the optimal dose of low ionizing radiation to enhance immune function. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5 each): experimental group 1 (25 mGy), experimental group 2 (50 mGy), experimental group 3 (75 mGy), experimental group 4 (100 mGy), and the control group (0 mGy). VX-2 tumor tissue was injected into rabbits using a high-frequency B-ultrasound probe (3.5 MHz). Rabbits were irradiated, and on day 4 after irradiation, blood was collected from each rabbit. Blood chemistry, interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and IgM levels were assessed. On day 15 after irradiation, macrophage phagocytic function was assessed. The rabbits were sacrificed, and the spleen was removed and weighed to calculate its spleen index. Each parameter was highest in the experimental group 3 (75 mGy). Thus, we suspect the optimal low ionizing radiation dose to improve immune function may be 75 mGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- Medical Imaging Class 17-03, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Medical Imaging Class 17-03, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Medical Imaging Class 17-03, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Medical Imaging Class 17-03, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Miao Li
- Medical Imaging Class 17-03, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongqian Gu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
| | - Liguo Hao
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, China
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Blasiak J, Pawlowska E, Sobczuk A, Szczepanska J, Kaarniranta K. The Aging Stress Response and Its Implication for AMD Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228840. [PMID: 33266495 PMCID: PMC7700335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging induces several stress response pathways to counterbalance detrimental changes associated with this process. These pathways include nutrient signaling, proteostasis, mitochondrial quality control and DNA damage response. At the cellular level, these pathways are controlled by evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules, such as 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and sirtuins, including SIRT1. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), encoded by the PPARGC1A gene, playing an important role in antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis, may interact with these molecules influencing lifespan and general fitness. Perturbation in the aging stress response may lead to aging-related disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main reason for vision loss in the elderly. This is supported by studies showing an important role of disturbances in mitochondrial metabolism, DDR and autophagy in AMD pathogenesis. In addition, disturbed expression of PGC-1α was shown to associate with AMD. Therefore, the aging stress response may be critical for AMD pathogenesis, and further studies are needed to precisely determine mechanisms underlying its role in AMD. These studies can include research on retinal cells produced from pluripotent stem cells obtained from AMD donors with the mutations, either native or engineered, in the critical genes for the aging stress response, including AMPK, IGF1, MTOR, SIRT1 and PPARGC1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426354334
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Sobczuk
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Martin OA, Martin RF. Cancer Radiotherapy: Understanding the Price of Tumor Eradication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:261. [PMID: 32391355 PMCID: PMC7193305 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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OKAWA A, MORIOKA T, IMAOKA T, KAKINUMA S, MATSUMOTO Y. Differential expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the brain of neonatal mice and young adult mice. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:171-179. [PMID: 32389917 PMCID: PMC7248211 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is generally thought that younger people are more susceptible to cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation in reference to epidemiological studies and animal experiments. However, little is known about the age-dependent alteration in DNA repair ability. In the present study, we examined the expression levels of proteins involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), i.e., DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), X-ray repair cross-complementing 4 (XRCC4) and XRCC4-like factor (XLF). We found that the expression of DNA-PKcs in brain tissues was higher in neonatal mice (1 week after birth) than in young adult mice (7 weeks after birth). In association with this, DNA double-strand breaks were repaired more rapidly in the brain tissues of neonatal mice than in those of young adult mice. The current results suggested a possible role for DNA-PKcs protecting developing brain tissues from DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi OKAWA
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamitsu MORIOKA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko IMAOKA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko KAKINUMA
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa MATSUMOTO
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Narendran N, Luzhna L, Kovalchuk O. Sex Difference of Radiation Response in Occupational and Accidental Exposure. Front Genet 2019; 10:260. [PMID: 31130979 PMCID: PMC6509159 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a well-established cause of deleterious effects on human health. Understanding the risks of radiation exposure is important for the development of protective measures and guidelines. Demographic factors such as age, sex, genetic susceptibility, comorbidities, and various other lifestyle factors influence the radiosensitivity of different subpopulations. Amongst these factors, the influence of sex differences on radiation sensitivity has been given very less attention. In fact, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has based its recommendations on a population average, rather than the data on the radiosensitivity of distinct subpopulations. In this study, we reviewed major human studies on the health risks of radiation exposure and showed that sex-related factors may potentially influence the long-term response to radiation exposure. Available data suggest that long-term radiosensitivity in women is higher than that in men who receive a comparable dose of radiation. The report on the biological effects of ionizing radiation (BEIR VII) published in 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences, United States emphasized that women may be at significantly greater risk of suffering and dying from radiation-induced cancer than men exposed to the same dose of radiation. We show that radiation effects are sex-specific, and long-term radiosensitivity in females is higher than that in males. We also discuss the radiation effects as a function of age. In the future, more systematic studies are needed to elucidate the sex differences in radiation responses across the life continuum - from preconception through childhood, adulthood, and old age - to ensure that boys and girls and men and women are equally protected across ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Narendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lidia Luzhna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Siddiqui MS, Francois M, Hecker J, Faunt J, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. γH2AX is increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients in the South Australian Neurodegeneration, Nutrition and DNA Damage (SAND) study of aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:6-18. [PMID: 29704994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An early cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks is the phosphorylation of histone H2AX to form γH2AX. Although increased levels of γH2AX have been reported in neuronal nuclei of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, γH2AX responses in the lymphocytes of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD remain unexplored. In this study, the endogenous γH2AX level was measured, using laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and visual scoring, in lymphocyte nuclei from MCI (n = 18), or AD (n = 20) patients and healthy controls (n = 40). Levels were significantly elevated in nuclei of the AD group compared to the MCI and control groups, and there was a concomitant increase, with a significant trend, from the control group through MCI to the AD group. A significant negative correlation was seen between γH2AX and the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, when the analysis included all subjects. Receiver Operation Characteristic curves were carried out for different γH2AX parameters; visually scored percent cells containing overlapping γH2AX foci displayed the best area under the curve value of 0.9081 with 85% sensitivity and 92% specificity for the identification of AD patients versus control. Plasma homocysteine, creatinine, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) were positively correlated with lymphocyte γH2AX signals, while glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was negatively correlated. Finally, there was a diminished γH2AX response to X-rays in lymphocytes of the MCI and AD groups compared to the control group. Our results indicate that lymphocyte γH2AX levels are a potential marker for identifying individuals at increased risk of developing AD. Prospective studies with normal healthy individuals are needed to test whether there is indeed a link between γH2AX levels and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime Francois
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jane Hecker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Faunt
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Personalised Nutrition and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Habash M, Bohorquez LC, Kyriakou E, Kron T, Martin OA, Blyth BJ. Clinical and Functional Assays of Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Second Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110147. [PMID: 29077012 PMCID: PMC5704165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the near instantaneous physical interaction of radiation energy with living cells leaves little opportunity for inter-individual variation in the initial yield of DNA damage, all the downstream processes in how damage is recognized, repaired or resolved and therefore the ultimate fate of cells can vary across the population. In the clinic, this variability is observed most readily as rare extreme sensitivity to radiotherapy with acute and late tissue toxic reactions. Though some radiosensitivity can be anticipated in individuals with known genetic predispositions manifest through recognizable phenotypes and clinical presentations, others exhibit unexpected radiosensitivity which nevertheless has an underlying genetic cause. Currently, functional assays for cellular radiosensitivity represent a strategy to identify patients with potential radiosensitivity before radiotherapy begins, without needing to discover or evaluate the impact of the precise genetic determinants. Yet, some of the genes responsible for extreme radiosensitivity would also be expected to confer susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer, which can be considered another late adverse event associated with radiotherapy. Here, the utility of functional assays of radiosensitivity for identifying individuals susceptible to radiotherapy-induced second cancer is discussed, considering both the common mechanisms and important differences between stochastic radiation carcinogenesis and the range of deterministic acute and late toxic effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habash
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Luis C Bohorquez
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kyriakou
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Tomas Kron
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Das U, Manna K, Khan A, Sinha M, Biswas S, Sengupta A, Chakraborty A, Dey S. Ferulic acid (FA) abrogates γ-radiation induced oxidative stress and DNA damage by up-regulating nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activation of NHEJ pathway. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:47-63. [PMID: 28074659 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1267345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a naturally occurring plant flavonoid in terms of DNA damage and damage related alterations of repair pathways by gamma radiation. FA was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days prior to exposing the swiss albino mice to a single dose of 10 Gy gamma radiation. Ionising radiation induces oxidative damage manifested by decreased expression of Cu, Zn-SOD (SOD stands for super oxide dismutase), Mn-SOD and catalase. Gamma radiation promulgated reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated DNA damage and modified repair pathways. ROS enhanced nuclear translocation of p53, activated ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein), increased expression of GADD45a (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein) gene and inactivated Non homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. The comet formation in irradiated mice peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) reiterated the DNA damage in IR exposed groups. FA pretreatment significantly prevented the comet formation and regulated the nuclear translocation of p53, inhibited ATM activation and expression of GADD45a gene. FA promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and activated NHEJ repair pathway to overcome ROS mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage. Therefore, the current study stated that FA can challenge the oxidative stress by (i) inducing nuclear translocation of Nrf2, (ii) scavenging ROS, and (iii) activating NHEJ DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Amitava Khan
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Mahuya Sinha
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Sushobhan Biswas
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- b Division of Radiation Biology , UGC-DAE CSR Center Kolkata , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- a Department of Physiology , Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
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DNA Methylation Patterns in Rat Mammary Carcinomas Induced by Pre- and Post-Pubertal Irradiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164194. [PMID: 27711132 PMCID: PMC5053445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate one’s age at exposure to radiation strongly modifies the risk of radiation-induced breast cancer. We previously reported that rat mammary carcinomas induced by pre- and post-pubertal irradiation have distinct gene expression patterns, but the changes underlying these differences have not yet been characterized. The aim of this investigation was to see if differences in CpG DNA methylation were responsible for the differences in gene expression between age at exposure groups observed in our previous study. DNA was obtained from the mammary carcinomas arising in female Sprague-Dawley rats that were either untreated or irradiated (γ-rays, 2 Gy) during the pre- or post-pubertal period (3 or 7 weeks old). The DNA methylation was analyzed using CpG island microarrays and the results compared to the gene expression data from the original study. Global DNA hypomethylation in tumors was accompanied by gene-specific hypermethylation, and occasionally, by unique tumor-specific patterns. We identified methylation-regulated gene expression candidates that distinguished the pre- and post-pubertal irradiation tumors, but these represented only 2 percent of the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that methylation is not a major or primary mechanism underlying the phenotypes. Functional analysis revealed that the candidate methylation-regulated genes were enriched for stem cell differentiation roles, which may be important in mammary cancer development and worth further investigation. However, the heterogeneity of human breast cancer means that the interpretation of molecular and phenotypic differences should be cautious, and take into account the co-variates such as hormone receptor status and cell-of-origin that may influence the associations.
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Marthandan S, Menzel U, Priebe S, Groth M, Guthke R, Platzer M, Hemmerich P, Kaether C, Diekmann S. Conserved genes and pathways in primary human fibroblast strains undergoing replicative and radiation induced senescence. Biol Res 2016; 49:34. [PMID: 27464526 PMCID: PMC4963952 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular senescence is induced either internally, for example by replication exhaustion and cell division, or externally, for example by irradiation. In both cases, cellular damages accumulate which, if not successfully repaired, can result in senescence induction. Recently, we determined the transcriptional changes combined with the transition into replicative senescence in primary human fibroblast strains. Here, by γ-irradiation we induced premature cellular senescence in the fibroblast cell strains (HFF and MRC-5) and determined the corresponding transcriptional changes by high-throughput RNA sequencing. Results Comparing the transcriptomes, we found a high degree of similarity in differential gene expression in replicative as well as in irradiation induced senescence for both cell strains suggesting, in each cell strain, a common cellular response to error accumulation. On the functional pathway level, “Cell cycle” was the only pathway commonly down-regulated in replicative and irradiation-induced senescence in both fibroblast strains, confirming the tight link between DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. However, “DNA repair” and “replication” pathways were down-regulated more strongly in fibroblasts undergoing replicative exhaustion. We also retrieved genes and pathways in each of the cell strains specific for irradiation induced senescence. Conclusion We found the pathways associated with “DNA repair” and “replication” less stringently regulated in irradiation induced compared to replicative senescence. The strong regulation of these pathways in replicative senescence highlights the importance of replication errors for its induction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-016-0095-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Marthandan
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Uwe Menzel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Siva S, Lobachevsky P, MacManus MP, Kron T, Möller A, Lobb RJ, Ventura J, Best N, Smith J, Ball D, Martin OA. Radiotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induces DNA Damage Response in Both Irradiated and Out-of-field Normal Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4817-4826. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ferreira RF, Souza DRS, Souza AS. Factors that Induce DNA Damage Involving Histone H2AX Phosphorylation. Radiology 2015; 277:307-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015150818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Flegal M, Blimkie MS, Wyatt H, Bugden M, Surette J, Klokov D. Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation. J Vis Exp 2015:e52912. [PMID: 26168333 DOI: 10.3791/52912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose radiation exposure may produce a variety of biological effects that are different in quantity and quality from the effects produced by high radiation doses. Addressing questions related to environmental, occupational and public health safety in a proper and scientifically justified manner heavily relies on the ability to accurately measure the biological effects of low dose pollutants, such as ionizing radiation and chemical substances. DNA damage and repair are the most important early indicators of health risks due to their potential long term consequences, such as cancer. Here we describe a protocol to study the effect of chronic in vivo exposure to low doses of γ- and β-radiation on DNA damage and repair in mouse spleen cells. Using a commonly accepted marker of DNA double-strand breaks, phosphorylated histone H2AX called γH2AX, we demonstrate how it can be used to evaluate not only the levels of DNA damage, but also changes in the DNA repair capacity potentially produced by low dose in vivo exposures. Flow cytometry allows fast, accurate and reliable measurement of immunofluorescently labeled γH2AX in a large number of samples. DNA double-strand break repair can be evaluated by exposing extracted splenocytes to a challenging dose of 2 Gy to produce a sufficient number of DNA breaks to trigger repair and by measuring the induced (1 hr post-irradiation) and residual DNA damage (24 hrs post-irradiation). Residual DNA damage would be indicative of incomplete repair and the risk of long-term genomic instability and cancer. Combined with other assays and end-points that can easily be measured in such in vivo studies (e.g., chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequencies in bone marrow reticulocytes, gene expression, etc.), this approach allows an accurate and contextual evaluation of the biological effects of low level stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Flegal
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Melinda S Blimkie
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Heather Wyatt
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Michelle Bugden
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Joel Surette
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories;
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