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Wilson AN, Chen B, Liu X, Kurie JM, Kim J. A Method for Orthotopic Transplantation of Lung Cancer in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:231-242. [PMID: 34562257 PMCID: PMC9262117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical mouse models of lung cancer have been vital experimental tools to elucidate cancer biology and test novel therapeutic regimens. Two main models are most commonly used-genetically engineered mouse models and xenograft transplantation models. The most common xenograft model employs subcutaneous transplantation of tumor cells. However, the subcutaneous space is a foreign environment to lung cancer cells and does not appropriately model the tumor-stromal interactions of endogenous lung cancers. Here, we present an orthotopic mouse model of lung cancer that utilizes direct injection of cancer cells into the lung parenchyma that allows many potential studies including interactions of lung fibroblast Hedgehog pathway activity and tumor epithelia. The protocol describes this procedure and its potential applications for lung cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Wilson
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Kim
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Kim MY, Shin JY, Kim JO, Son KH, Kim YS, Jung CK, Kang JH. Anti-tumor efficacy of CKD-516 in combination with radiation in xenograft mouse model of lung squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1057. [PMID: 33143663 PMCID: PMC7607852 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic tumors are known to be highly resistant to radiotherapy and cause poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. CKD-516, a novel vascular disrupting agent (VDA), mainly affects blood vessels in the central area of the tumor and blocks tubulin polymerization, thereby destroying the aberrant tumor vasculature with a rapid decrease in blood, resulting in rapid tumor cell death. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of CKD-516 in combination with irradiation (IR) and examined tumor necrosis, delayed tumor growth, and expression of proteins involved in hypoxia and angiogenesis in this study. METHODS A xenograft mouse model of lung squamous cell carcinoma was established, and the tumor was exposed to IR 5 days per week. CKD-516 was administered with two treatment schedules (day 1 or days 1 and 5) 1 h after IR. After treatment, tumor tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and pimonidazole. HIF-1α, Glut-1, VEGF, CD31, and Ki-67 expression levels were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Short-term treatment with IR alone and CKD-516 + IR (d1) significantly reduced tumor volume (p = 0.006 and p = 0.048, respectively). Treatment with CKD-516 + IR (d1 and d1, 5) resulted in a marked reduction in the number of blood vessels (p < 0.005). More specifically, CKD-516 + IR (d1) caused the most extensive tumor necrosis, which resulted in a significantly large hypoxic area (p = 0.02) and decreased HIF-1α, Glut-1, VEGF, and Ki-67 expression. Long-term administration of CKD-516 + IR reduced tumor volume and delayed tumor growth. This combination also greatly reduced the number of blood vessels (p = 0.0006) and significantly enhanced tumor necrosis (p = 0.004). CKD-516 + IR significantly increased HIF-1α expression (p = 0.0047), but significantly reduced VEGF expression (p = 0.0046). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that when used in combination, CKD-516 and IR can significantly enhance anti-tumor efficacy compared to monotherapy in lung cancer xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Young Shin
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Kim
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Son
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sil Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kang
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Yamazaki T, Buqué A, Rybstein M, Chen J, Sato A, Galluzzi L. Methods to Detect Immunogenic Cell Death In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:433-452. [PMID: 31502164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In response to selected stressors, cancer cells can undergo a form of regulated cell death that-in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts-is capable of eliciting an adaptive immune response specific for dead cell-associated antigens. Thus, such variant of regulated cell death manifests with robust antigenicity and adjuvanticity. As compared to their normal counterparts, malignant cells are highly antigenic per se, implying that they express a variety of antigens that are not covered by central tolerance. However, the precise modality through which cancer cells die in response to stress has a major influence on adjuvanticity. Moreover, the adjuvanticity threshold to productively drive anticancer immune responses is considerably lower in tumor-naïve hosts as compared to their tumor-bearing counterparts, largely reflecting the establishment of peripheral tolerance to malignant lesions in the latter (but not in the former). So far, no cellular biomarker or combination thereof has been found to reliably predict the ability of cancer cell death to initiate antitumor immunity. Thus, although some surrogate biomarkers of adjuvanticity can be used for screening purposes, the occurrence of bona fide immunogenic cell death (ICD) can only be ascertained in vivo. Here, we describe two methods that can be harnessed to straightforwardly determine the immunogenicity of mouse cancer cells succumbing to stress in both tumor-naïve and tumor-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marissa Rybstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ai Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
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4
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Zhou H, Belzile O, Zhang Z, Wagner J, Ahn C, Richardson JA, Saha D, Brekken RA, Mason RP. The effect of flow on blood oxygen level dependent (R * 2 ) MRI of orthotopic lung tumors. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3787-3797. [PMID: 30697815 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI based on R 2 * measurements can provide insights into tumor vascular oxygenation. However, measurements are susceptible to blood flow, which may vary accompanying a hyperoxic gas challenge. We investigated flow sensitivity by comparing R 2 * measurements with and without flow suppression (fs) in 2 orthotopic lung xenograft tumor models. METHODS H460 (n = 20) and A549 (n = 20) human lung tumor xenografts were induced by surgical implantation of cancer cells in the right lung of nude rats. MRI was performed at 4.7T after tumors reached 5 to 8 mm in diameter. A multiecho gradient echo MRI sequence was acquired with and without spatial saturation bands on each side of the imaging plane to evaluate the effect of flow on R 2 * . fs and non-fs R 2 * MRI measurements were interleaved during an oxygen breathing challenge (from air to 100% O2 ). T 2 * -weighted signal intensity changes (ΔSI(%)) and R 2 * measurements were obtained for regions of interest and on a voxel-by-voxel basis and discrepancies quantified with Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Flow suppression affected ΔSI(%) and R 2 * measurements in each tumor model. Average discrepancy and limits of agreement from Bland-Altman analyses revealed greater flow-related bias in A549 than H460. CONCLUSION The effect of flow on R 2 * , and hence BOLD, was tumor model dependent with measurements being more sensitive in well-perfused A549 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Olivier Belzile
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jo Wagner
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chul Ahn
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James A Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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5
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Frelin AM, Beaudouin V, Le Deroff C, Roger T. Implementation and evaluation of respiratory gating in small animal radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:215024. [PMID: 30375369 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aae760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Major advance was done in preclinical radiotherapy thanks to the development of image guided micro-irradiator. Nevertheless, some applications still can benefit of improvements, such as the irradiation of mobile tumors. This preclinical radiotherapy case presents increased difficulties compared to clinical practice because of the waveform of small animals breathing cycle, its frequency and amplitude. To answer this issue, we developed a specific beam shutter and implemented respiratory gating on the X-RAD 225Cx preclinical irradiator. In the first step of this study, the shutter was accurately characterized. Opening and closing speed of 1.28 and 0.33 mm ms-1 were respectively measured, and a transmission of 0.7% of the beam was measured with the shutter fully closed. Beam-on times were also determined for various gating parameters and highlighted a difference of 57 ms between the beam delivery duration and the gate width. This discrepancy was compensated during the respiratory monitoring adjustment. In a second step, a respiratory protocol was evaluated with two vertical beams of 2.5 and 5 mm diameters, for motion amplitudes ranging from 0.5 to 4 mm. This evaluation demonstrated the effectiveness of our set up to perform motion compensation for amplitude as small as 0.5 mm despite a dose gradient of 1.47 cGy mm-1 observed with the 5 mm irradiation field, due to the shutter opening and closing durations. We also investigated the efficiency of a scintillating fiber dosimeter, adapted to small beams and providing real-time dose rate measurements. This detector showed very good performances to detect motion in small irradiation fields and would be very suitable to monitor the number of delivered gates until the planned delivered dose is achieved. This study presented a new respiratory gating set up and showed that very efficient motion compensation could be achieved in small animal radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Frelin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France. Advanced Resource Centre for Hadrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE) Program, Caen, France
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Zhou H, Zhang Z, Denney R, Williams JS, Gerberich J, Stojadinovic S, Saha D, Shelton JM, Mason RP. Tumor physiological changes during hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy assessed using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37464-37477. [PMID: 28415581 PMCID: PMC5514922 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a primary treatment for non-resectable lung cancer and hypoxia is thought to influence tumor response. Hypoxia is expected to be particularly relevant to the evolving new radiation treatment scheme of hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). As such, we sought to develop non-invasive tools to assess tumor pathophysiology and response to irradiation. We applied blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD) MRI, together with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI to explore the longitudinal effects of SBRT on tumor oxygenation and vascular perfusion using A549 human lung cancer xenografts in a subcutaneous rat model. Intra-tumor heterogeneity was seen on multi-parametric maps, especially in BOLD, T2* and DCE. At baseline, most tumors showed a positive BOLD signal response (%ΔSI) and increased T2* in response to oxygen breathing challenge, indicating increased vascular oxygenation. Control tumors showed similar response 24 hours and 1 week later. Twenty-four hours after a single dose of 12 Gy, the irradiated tumors showed a significantly decreased T2* (-2.9±4.2 ms) and further decrease was observed (-4.0±6.0 ms) after 1 week, suggesting impaired vascular oxygenation. DCE revealed tumor heterogeneity, but showed minimal changes following irradiation. Rats were cured of the primary tumors by 3x12 Gy, providing long term survival, though with ultimate metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Rebecca Denney
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Jessica S Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Jeni Gerberich
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Strahinja Stojadinovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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