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Pearce LL, Zheng X, Wilen DS, Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Peterson J. Oxidant-Dependent Sensitizing, Protective, and Mitigative Effects in X-Ray-Irradiated Pulmonary Endothelial Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:624-636. [PMID: 38182415 PMCID: PMC10801727 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary response of proliferating bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) after X-ray irradiation [≤10 gray (Gy)] is shown to be transient cell-cycle arrest. Accompanying oxidant-linked functional changes within the mitochondria are readily measured, but increased autophagy is not. Radiation-induced apoptosis is negligible in this line-important because cells undergoing apoptosis release oxygen-derived species that can overwhelm/mask the radiation-associated species and their effects that we wish to investigate. Cells irradiated and cultured at 3% oxygen exhibited delayed cell-cycle arrest (6-8 hours after 10 Gy irradiation) compared with those maintained at 20% oxygen (2-4 hours after 10 Gy irradiation). At 3% oxygen, either only during or only after irradiation, results intermediate between 20% and 3% oxygen throughout were obtained. No variability in cell-cycle distribution was observed for unirradiated cells cultured under different prevailing oxygen levels. Mitochondrially localized manganese superoxide dismutase delayed the X-ray-induced cell-cycle changes when over-expressed in BPAEC, indicating superoxide to be one of the key oxygen-derived cytotoxic species involved in the radiobiological response. Also, the peroxynitrite biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine was elevated, whereas hydrogen peroxide levels were not. Lastly, the utility of the BPAEC for screening potential countermeasures to ionizing radiation is demonstrated with some quinoline derivatives. Three of the five compounds appeared mitigative, and all were protective. It is suggested that the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these compounds probably offers a reasonable explanation for their observed ameliorative properties. Furthermore, the results suggest a promising new direction in the search for lead compounds as countermeasures to the effects of ionizing radiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The primary radiological response of proliferating bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells is cell-cycle arrest, starting soon after X-ray irradiation (1-10 Gy) at 20% O2 but delayed by 4 hours at systemic (3%) O2. Oxygen/superoxide is found to be radio-sensitizing in at least two distinct time windows, during and after the irradiation, with both responses antagonized by various hydroxyquinoline derivatives. Similar responses in many other cell lines are likely to be masked by elevated oxidants associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Wilen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Malek M, Dana N, Ghasemi A, Ghasemi M. The antagonistic atorvastatin-glibenclamide interactions suppressed the atorvastatin-induced Bax/cytochrome c/p53 mRNA expressions and increased Rho A mRNA expression in B16f10 melanoma cell culture. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hendriks AM, Schrijnders D, Kleefstra N, de Vries EGE, Bilo HJG, Jalving M, Landman GWD. Sulfonylurea derivatives and cancer, friend or foe? Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172598. [PMID: 31408647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a higher risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Increased blood glucose and insulin levels in T2DM patients may be, at least in part, responsible for this effect. Indeed, lowering glucose and/or insulin levels pharmacologically appears to reduce cancer risk and progression, as has been demonstrated for the biguanide metformin in observational studies. Studies investigating the influence of sulfonylurea derivatives (SUs) on cancer risk have provided conflicting results, partly due to comparisons with metformin. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to within-class differences in systemic and off-target effects of the SUs. The aim of this systematic review is to discuss the available preclinical and clinical evidence on how the different SUs influence cancer development and risk. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Database of Abstracts on Reviews and Effectiveness, and trial registries were systematically searched for available clinical and preclinical evidence on within-class differences of SUs and cancer risk. The overall preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that the influence of SUs on cancer risk in T2DM patients differs between the various SUs. Potential mechanisms include differing affinities for the sulfonylurea receptors and thus differential systemic insulin exposure and off-target anti-cancer effects mediated for example through potassium transporters and drug export pumps. Preclinical evidence supports potential anti-cancer effects of SUs, which are of interest for further studies and potentially repurposing of SUs. At this time, the evidence on differences in cancer risk between SUs is not strong enough to guide clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Hendriks
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Schrijnders
- Langerhans Medical Research Group, Zwolle, the Netherlands; Diabetes Center, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J G Bilo
- Diabetes Center, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijs W D Landman
- Langerhans Medical Research Group, Zwolle, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
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Shailender G, Kumari S, Kiranmayi P, Malla RR. Effect of MMP-2 gene silencing on radiation-induced DNA damage in human normal dermal fibroblasts and breast cancer cells. Genes Environ 2019; 41:16. [PMID: 31367263 PMCID: PMC6647068 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diagnostic and therapeutic ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the well known long term risk factors of breast cancer. Extremely lethal consequences of IR causes double-strand breaks, which are mainly responsible for genomic instability, altered gene expression, and cell death. Findings This study evaluated the effect of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) gene silencing using MMP-2 shRNA expression plasmids (pMMP-2) on IR induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by MTT, dead green, γH2AX and comet assays in human normal dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. IR has decreased the viability of HDFs and MCF-7 cells with increasing IR (2-10Gy). IR induced DNA damage in both HDFs and MCF-7 cells. However, pMMP-2 transfection has increased the viability of irradiated HDFs (10Gy) and significantly decreased the viability of irradiated MCF-7 cells (10Gy). Further, DNA damage in terms of γH2AX foci decreased with pMMP-2 transfection in irradiated HDFs (10Gy) and increased in irradiated MCF-7 cells (10Gy). In addition, MMP-2 gene silencing using pMMP-2 decreased comet tail length in irradiated HDFs but increased in irradiated MCF-7 cells. Conclusions The results conclude that pMMP-2 has protected HDFs and sensitized the MCF-7 cells from IR induced DNA damage. This differential response might be due to IR induced MMP-2 distinctive ROS generation in HDFs and MCF-7 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-019-0131-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugalavath Shailender
- 1Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Seema Kumari
- 1Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Patnala Kiranmayi
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- 1Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India
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Radiation protective effects of baclofen predicted by a computational drug repurposing strategy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:475-483. [PMID: 27664700 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation causes damage to living tissues; however, only a small number of agents have been approved for use in radiation injuries. Radioprotector is the primary countermeasure to radiation injury and none radioprotector has indeed reached the drug development stage. Repurposing the long list of approved, non-radioprotective drugs is an attractive strategy to find new radioprotective agents. Here, we applied a computational approach to discover new radioprotectors in silico by comparing publicly available gene expression data of ionizing radiation-treated samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with gene expression signatures of more than 1309 small-molecule compounds from the Connectivity Map (cmap) dataset. Among the best compounds predicted to be therapeutic for ionizing radiation damage by this approach were some previously reported radioprotectors and baclofen (P<0.01), a chemical that was not previously used as radioprotector. Validation using a cell-based model and a rodent in vivo model demonstrated that treatment with baclofen reduced radiation-induced cytotoxicity in vitro (P<0.01), attenuated bone marrow damage and increased survival in vivo (P<0.05). These findings suggest that baclofen might serve as a radioprotector. The drug repurposing strategy by connecting the GEO data and cmap can be used to identify known drugs as potential radioprotective agents.
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Sharlow ER, Leimgruber S, Lira A, McConnell MJ, Norambuena A, Bloom GS, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Lazo JS. A Small Molecule Screen Exposes mTOR Signaling Pathway Involvement in Radiation-Induced Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1428-37. [PMID: 26938669 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are at risk of exposure to acute ionizing radiation (IR) from a nuclear accident or terrorism, but we lack effective therapies to mitigate the lethal IR effects. In the current study, we exploited an optimized, cell-based, high throughput screening assay to interrogate a small molecule library comprising 3437 known pharmacologically active compounds for mitigation against IR-induced apoptosis. Thirty-three library compounds significantly reduced apoptosis when administered 1 h after 4 Gy IR. Two- or three-dimensional computational structural analyses of the compounds indicated only one or two chemical clusters with most of the compounds being unique structures. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin, was the most potent compound, and it mitigated apoptosis by 50% at 200 ± 50 pM. Other mTOR inhibitors, namely everolimus, AZD8055, and torin 1, also suppressed apoptosis, providing additional pharmacological evidence for mTOR pathway involvement in regulating cell death after IR. Everolimus and torin 1 treatment after IR decreased the S phase population and enforced both G1 and G2 phase arrest. This prorogation of cell cycle progression was accompanied by decreased IR-induced DNA damage measured by γH2AX phosphorylation at Ser139. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the respective mTORC1 and mTORC2 subunits, Raptor or Rictor, also mitigated IR-induced apoptosis. Collectively, this study suggests a central role for the mTOR signaling in the cytotoxic response to IR and offers a useful platform to probe for additional agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Goff JP, Shields DS, Wang H, Skoda EM, Sprachman MM, Wipf P, Garapati VK, Atkinson J, London B, Lazo JS, Kagan V, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS. Evaluation of potential ionizing irradiation protectors and mitigators using clonogenic survival of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:957-66. [PMID: 23933481 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the use of colony formation (colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage [CFU-GM], burst-forming unit erythroid [BFU-E], and colony-forming unit-granulocyte-erythroid-megakaryocyte-monocytes [CFU-GEMM]) by human umbilical cord blood (CB) hematopoietic progenitor cells for testing novel small molecule ionizing irradiation protectors and mitigators. The following compounds were added before (protection) or after (mitigation) ionizing irradiation: GS-nitroxides (JP4-039 and XJB-5-131), the bifunctional sulfoxide MMS-350, the phosphoinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY29400, triphenylphosphonium-imidazole fatty acid, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (MCF-201-89), the p53/mdm2/mdm4 inhibitor (BEB55), methoxamine, isoproterenol, propranolol, and the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker (glyburide). The drugs XJB-5-131, JP4-039, and MMS-350 were radiation protectors for CFU-GM. JP4-039 was also a radiation protector for CFU-GEMM. The drugs XJB-5-131, JP4-039, and MMS-350 were radiation mitigators for BFU-E, MMS-350 and JP4-039 were mitigators for CFU-GM, and MMS350 was a mitigator for CFU-GEMM. In contrast, other drugs were effective in murine assays; TTP-IOA, LY294002, MCF201-89, BEB55, propranolol, isoproterenol, methoxamine, and glyburide but showed no significant protection or mitigation in human CB assays. These data support the testing of new candidate clinical radiation protectors and mitigators using human CB clonogenic assays early in the drug discovery process, thus reducing the need for animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Goff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Epperly MW, Bahary N, Quader M, Dewald V, Greenberger JS. The zebrafish--Danio rerio--is a useful model for measuring the effects of small-molecule mitigators of late effects of ionizing irradiation. In Vivo 2012; 26:889-897. [PMID: 23160669 PMCID: PMC3775014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Use of zebrafish models may decrease the cost of screening new irradiation protectors and mitigators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Zebrafish (Danio rerio) models were tested for screening water-soluble radiation protectors and mitigators. Irradiation of embryos and monitoring survival, and measuring fibrosis of the caudal musculature of adults allowed for testing of acute and late effects, respectively. RESULTS Incubation of zebrafish embryos either before or after irradiation in ethyl pyruvate (1 mM) increased survival. Irradiation of adults to 15 to 75 Gy, delivered in single-fraction at 13 Gy/min, showed dose-dependent fibrosis at 30 days, quantitated as physiological decrease in swimming tail movement, and histopathological detection of collagen deposition in the dorsal musculature. Continuous administration of small-molecule radioprotector drugs in the water after irradiation reduced both acute and chronic injuries. CONCLUSION The zebrafish is cost-effective for screening new radiation countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Zellefrow CD, Sharlow ER, Epperly MW, Reese CE, Shun T, Lira A, Greenberger JS, Lazo JS. Identification of druggable targets for radiation mitigation using a small interfering RNA screening assay. Radiat Res 2012; 178:150-9. [PMID: 22747550 DOI: 10.1667/rr2810.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a serious absence of pharmaceutically attractive small molecules that mitigate the lethal effects of an accidental or intentional public exposure to toxic doses of ionizing radiation. Moreover, cellular systems that emulate the radiobiologically relevant cell populations and that are suitable for high-throughput screening have not been established. Therefore, we examined two human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell lines for use in an unbiased phenotypic small interfering RNA (siRNA) assay to identify proteins with the potential of being drug targets for the protection of human cell populations against clinically relevant ionizing radiation doses that cause acute radiation syndrome. Of the two human cell lines tested, NCCIT cells had optimal growth characteristics in a 384 well format, exhibited radiation sensitivity (D(0) = 1.3 ± 0.1 Gy and ñ = 2.0 ± 0.6) comparable to the radiosensitivity of stem cell populations associated with human death within 30 days after total-body irradiation. Moreover, they internalized siRNA after 4 Gy irradiation enabling siRNA library screening. Therefore, we used the human NCCIT cell line for the radiation mitigation study with a siRNA library that silenced 5,520 genes known or hypothesized to be potential therapeutic targets. Exploiting computational methodologies, we identified 113 siRNAs with potential radiomitigative properties, which were further refined to 29 siRNAs with phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (p85α) being among the highest confidence candidate gene products. Colony formation assays revealed radiation mitigation when the phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 was given after irradiation of 32D cl 3 cells (D(0) = 1.3 ± 0.1 Gy and ñ = 2.3 ± 0.3 for the vehicle control treated cells compared to D(0) = 1.2 ± 0.1 Gy and ñ = 6.0 ± 0.8 for the LY294002 treated cells, P = 0.0004). LY294002 and two other PI3K inhibitors, PI 828 and GSK 1059615, also mitigated radiation-induced apoptosis in NCCIT cells. Treatment of mice with a single intraperitoneal LY294002 dose of 30 mg/kg at 10 min, 4, or 24 h after LD(50/30) whole-body dose of irradiation (9.25 Gy) enhanced survival. This study documents that an unbiased siRNA assay can identify new genes, signaling pathways, and chemotypes as radiation mitigators and implicate the PI3K pathway in the human radiation response.
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Bourgier C, Levy A, Vozenin MC, Deutsch E. Pharmacological strategies to spare normal tissues from radiation damage: useless or overlooked therapeutics? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:699-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Greenberger JS, Clump D, Kagan V, Bayir H, Lazo JS, Wipf P, Li S, Gao X, Epperly MW. Strategies for discovery of small molecule radiation protectors and radiation mitigators. Front Oncol 2012; 1:59. [PMID: 22655254 PMCID: PMC3356036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial targeted radiation damage protectors (delivered prior to irradiation) and mitigators (delivered after irradiation, but before the appearance of symptoms associated with radiation syndrome) have been a recent focus in drug discovery for (1) normal tissue radiation protection during fractionated radiotherapy, and (2) radiation terrorism counter measures. Several categories of such molecules have been discovered: nitroxide-linked hybrid molecules, including GS-nitroxide, GS-nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, p53/mdm2/mdm4 inhibitors, and pharmaceutical agents including inhibitors of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway and the anti-seizure medicine, carbamazepine. Evaluation of potential new radiation dose modifying molecules to protect normal tissue includes: clonogenic radiation survival curves, assays for apoptosis and DNA repair, and irradiation-induced depletion of antioxidant stores. Studies of organ specific radioprotection and in total body irradiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome in the mouse model for protection/mitigation facilitate rational means by which to move candidate small molecule drugs along the drug discovery pipeline into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Greenberger
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Clump
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian Kagan
- Environmental and Occupational Health Department, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Critical Care Medicine Department, University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John S. Lazo
- Pharmacology Department, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, Accelerated Chemical Discovery Center, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Song Li
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kim H, Bernard M, Flickinger J, Epperly MW, Wang H, Dixon TM, Shields D, Houghton F, Zhang X, Greenberger JS. The autophagy-inducing drug carbamazepine is a radiation protector and mitigator. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1052-60. [PMID: 21728759 PMCID: PMC3772684 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.587860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a radiation protector and/or mitigator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine hematopoietic progenitor 32D cl 3 cells were incubated in 1, 10, or 100 μM CBZ 1 h before or immediately after 0-8 Gy irradiation and assayed for clonogenic survival. Autophagy was assayed by immunoblot for microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). In vivo radioprotection and mitigation were determined with C57BL/6NTac mice. RESULTS CBZ treatment at 1, 10 or 100 μM for 1 h prior to irradiation increased radioresistance (the dose for 37% survival or D(0)) from control 1.5 ± 0.1 Gy to 2.1 ± 0.2 Gy (P = 0.012), 2.3 ± 0.1 Gy (P = 0.010), and 3.6 ± 0.7 Gy (P = 0.003), respectively; after irradiation increased the extrapolation number (ñ) from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 10.1 ± 4.2 (P = 0.011), 5.5 ± 1.7 (P = 0.019), and 3.6 ± 0.8 (P = 0.014), respectively, and increased autophagy. CBZ treated mice 10 min or 24 h before or 10 min or 12 h after 9.25 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) showed increased survival (P = 0.012, 0.011, 0.0002, and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION CBZ may be a useful radiation protector and mitigator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Mark Bernard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - John Flickinger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Tracy M. Dixon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Donna Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Frank Houghton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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Epperly MW, Franicola D, Shields D, Rwigema JC, Stone B, Zhang X, McBride W, Georges G, Wipf P, Greenberger JS. Screening of antimicrobial agents for in vitro radiation protection and mitigation capacity, including those used in supportive care regimens for bone marrow transplant recipients. In Vivo 2010; 24:9-19. [PMID: 20133970 PMCID: PMC3039923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic and antifungal agents used in supportive care regimens for bone marrow transplantation recipients contribute to a significant dose-modifying effect of otherwise lethal total body irradiation. To determine whether drugs used in supportive care and other commonly used antibiotics such as tetracycline function as radiation protectors or damage mitigators in vitro, 13 drugs were tested for radiation protection and radiation damage mitigation of 32D cl 3 hematopoietic progenitor cells in clonagenic survival curves in vitro. Antibiotic/Antifungal agents including cilastatin, amikacin, ceftazidine, vancomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, methacycline, minocycline, meclocycline, oxytetracycline and rolitetracycline were added in 1, 10, or 100 micromolar concentrations to murine interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 cells either before or after irradiation of 0 to 8 Gy. Control irradiated 32D cl 3 cells showed radiosensitivity comparable to freshly explanted mouse marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (D(0) 1.1+/-0.1 Gy, N 1.5+/-0.4). Positive control GS-nitroxide JP4-039 (known radiation mitigator) treated 32D cl 3 cells were radioresistant (D(0) 1.2+/-0.1, N 5.8+/-2.4 (p=0.009)). Of the 13 drugs tested, tetracycline was found to be a significant radiation mitigator (D(0) 0.9+/-0.1, N 13.9+/-0.4 (p=0.0027)). Thus, the radiation dose-modifying effect of some antibiotics, but not those currently used in the supportive care (antibiotic/antifungal regimens) for marrow transplant patients, may act as radiation damage mitigators for hematopoietic cells as well as decreasing the growth and inflammatory response to microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Darcy Franicola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Donna Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Jean-Claude Rwigema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Brandon Stone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - William McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - George Georges
- Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
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