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Cheng X, Li F, Liang L. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Clinical Application and Research Progress. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7868-7886. [PMID: 36290899 PMCID: PMC9601095 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). Therefore, the most important part in BNCT is to selectively deliver a large number of 10B to tumor cells and only a small amount to normal tissue. So far, BNCT has been used in more than 2000 cases worldwide, and the efficacy of BNCT in the treatment of head and neck cancer, malignant meningioma, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma has been confirmed. We collected and collated clinical studies of second-generation boron delivery agents. The combination of different drugs, the mode of administration, and the combination of multiple treatments have an important impact on patient survival. We summarized the critical issues that must be addressed, with the hope that the next generation of boron delivery agents will overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fanfan Li
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (L.L.); Tel.: +86-13855137365 (F.L.); +86-15905602477 (L.L.)
| | - Lizhen Liang
- Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Institute of Energy, Building 9, Binhu Excellence City Phase I, 16 Huayuan Avenue, Baohe District, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (L.L.); Tel.: +86-13855137365 (F.L.); +86-15905602477 (L.L.)
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2
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Yang JU, Kim S, Lee KC, Lee YJ, Kim JY, Park JA. Development of Brain-Tumor-Targeted Benzothiazole-Based Boron Complex for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1615-1620. [PMID: 36262402 PMCID: PMC9575175 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a precision treatment technology that ideally damages only boron-accumulating cells. The effectiveness of BNCT depends on the amount of boron in the tumor cells and the concentration ratio between normal and tumor tissues. Therefore, for successful brain-tumor treatment using BNCT, it is essential to develop a drug with high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and high tumor accumulation. The benzothiazole-based boron complex 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenylboronic acid (BTPB) is a hydrophobic, low-molecular-weight compound that has shown high BBB permeability and brain accumulation. The highest boron concentration of BTPB is 36.11 ± 2.73 μg/g (at 1 h post-injection) in the brain, and the highest brain/blood ratio is 3.94 ± 0.46 (at 2 h post-injection), which is sufficient for the BNCT drug condition. In addition, BTPB showed good tumor-targeting ability in vivo in a U87MG glioma tumor model. In this study, we conducted a biological evaluation of BTPB compared to boronophenylalanine as a novel drug for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-ung Yang
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Department
of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
- Department
of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Park
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
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3
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Hu Q, Padron K, Hara D, Shi J, Pollack A, Prabhakar R, Tao W. Interactions of Urea-Based Inhibitors with Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33354-33369. [PMID: 34926886 PMCID: PMC8674901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular interactions of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with five chemically distinct urea-based boron-containing inhibitors have been investigated at the atomic level using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The PSMA-inhibitor complexations have been analyzed by comparing their binding modes, secondary structures, root-mean-square deviations, noncovalent interactions, principal components, and binding free energies. PSMA is a cell surface glycoprotein upregulated in cancerous cells and can be targeted by boron-labeled inhibitors for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The effective BNCT requires the selective boron delivery to the tumor area and highly specific PSMA-mediated cellular uptake by tumor. Thus, a potent inhibitor must exhibit both high binding affinity and high boron density. The computational results suggest that the chemical nature of inhibitors affects the binding mode and their association with PSMA is primarily dominated by hydrogen bonding, salt bridge, electrostatic, and π-π interactions. The binding free energies (-28.0, -15.2, -43.9, -23.2, and -38.2 kcal/mol) calculated using λ-dynamics for all inhibitors (In1-5) predict preferential binding that is in accordance with experimental data. Among all inhibitors, In5 was found to be the best candidate for BNCT. The binding of this inhibitor to PSMA preserved its overall secondary structure. These results provide computational insights into the coordination flexibility of PSMA and its interaction with various inhibitors. They can be used for the design and synthesis of efficient BNCT agents with improved drug selectivity and high boron percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Kevin Padron
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Daiki Hara
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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4
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Gubanova NV, Tsygankova AR, Zavjalov EL, Romashchenko AV, Orlov YL. Biodistribution of 10B in Glioma Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model after Injection of L-para-Boronophenylalanine and Sodium Borocaptate. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070722. [PMID: 34201895 PMCID: PMC8301403 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the ability of the boron-10 (10B) isotope to capture epithermal neutrons, as a result of which the isotope becomes unstable and decays into kinetically active elements that destroy cells where the nuclear reaction has occurred. The boron-carrying compounds—L-para-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH)—have low toxicity and, today, are the only representatives of such compounds approved for clinical trials. For the effectiveness and safety of BNCT, a low boron content in normal tissues and substantially higher content in tumor tissue are required. This study evaluated the boron concentration in intracranial grafts of human glioma U87MG cells and normal tissues of the brain and other organs of mice at 1, 2.5 and 5 h after administration of the boron-carrying compounds. A detailed statistical analysis of the boron biodistribution dynamics was performed to find a ‘window of opportunity’ for BNCT. The data demonstrate variations in boron accumulation in different tissues depending on the compound used, as well as significant inter-animal variation. The protocol of administration of BPA and BSH compounds used did not allow achieving the parameters necessary for the successful course of BNCT in a glioma orthotopic xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V. Gubanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.L.Z.); (A.V.R.); (Y.L.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alphiya R. Tsygankova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenii L. Zavjalov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.L.Z.); (A.V.R.); (Y.L.O.)
| | - Alexander V. Romashchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.L.Z.); (A.V.R.); (Y.L.O.)
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.L.Z.); (A.V.R.); (Y.L.O.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- The Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119911 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Worm DJ, Els-Heindl S, Kellert M, Kuhnert R, Saretz S, Koebberling J, Riedl B, Hey-Hawkins E, Beck-Sickinger AG. A stable meta-carborane enables the generation of boron-rich peptide agonists targeting the ghrelin receptor. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3119. [PMID: 30168238 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer therapy, which combines the biochemical targeting of a boron-containing drug with the regional localization of radiation treatment. Although the concept of BNCT has been known for decades, the selective delivery of boron into tumor cells remains challenging. G protein-coupled receptors that are overexpressed on cancer cells in combination with peptidic ligands can be potentially used as shuttle system for a tumor-directed boron uptake. In this study, we present the generation of short, boron-rich peptide conjugates that target the ghrelin receptor. Expression of the ghrelin receptor on various cancer cells makes it a viable target for BNCT. We designed a novel hexapeptide super-agonist that was modified with different specifically synthesized carborane monoclusters and tested for ghrelin receptor activation. A meta-carborane building block with a mercaptoacetic acid linker was found to be optimal for peptide modification, owing to its chemical stability and a suitable activation efficacy of the conjugate. The versatility of this carborane for the development of peptidic boron delivery agents was further demonstrated by the generation of highly potent, boron-loaded conjugates using the backbone of the known ghrelin receptor ligands growth hormone releasing peptide 6 and Ipamorelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Worm
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Kellert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kuhnert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Saretz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Yoshimoto M, Honda N, Kurihara H, Hiroi K, Nakamura S, Ito M, Shikano N, Itami J, Fujii H. Non-invasive estimation of 10 B-4-borono-L-phenylalanine-derived boron concentration in tumors by PET using 4-borono-2- 18 F-fluoro-phenylalanine. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1617-1626. [PMID: 29498142 PMCID: PMC5980255 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), 10 B-4-borono-L-phenylalanine (BPA) is commonly used as a 10 B carrier. PET using 4-borono-2-18 F-fluoro-phenylalanine (18 F-FBPA PET) has been performed to estimate boron concentration and predict the therapeutic effects of BNCT; however, the association between tumor uptake of 18 F-FBPA and boron concentration in tumors remains unclear. The present study investigated the transport mechanism of 18 F-FBPA and BPA, and evaluated the utility of 18 F-FBPA PET in predicting boron concentration in tumors. The transporter assay revealed that 2-aminobicyclo-(2.2.1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, an inhibitor of the L-type amino acid transporter, significantly inhibited 18 F-FBPA and 14 C-4-borono-L-phenylalanine (14 C-BPA) uptake in FaDu and LN-229 human cancer cells. 18 F-FBPA uptake strongly correlated with 14 C-BPA uptake in 7 human tumor cell lines (r = .93; P < .01). PET experiments demonstrated that tumor uptake of 18 F-FBPA was independent of the administration method, and uptake of 18 F-FBPA by bolus injection correlated well with BPA uptake by continuous intravenous infusion. The results of this study revealed that evaluating tumor uptake of 18 F-FBPA by PET was useful for estimating 10 B concentration in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional ImagingExploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaChibaJapan
| | - Natsuki Honda
- Department of PharmacyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kenta Hiroi
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Masashi Ito
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological SciencesIbaraki Prefectural University of Health SciencesAmiIbarakiJapan
| | - Jun Itami
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Fujii
- Division of Functional ImagingExploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaChibaJapan
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7
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Wittig A, Moss RL, Sauerwein WA. Glioblastoma, brain metastases and soft tissue sarcoma of extremities: Candidate tumors for BNCT. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 88:46-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Garabalino MA, Heber EM, Monti Hughes A, Pozzi ECC, Molinari AJ, Nigg DW, Bauer W, Trivillin VA, Schwint AE. Boron biodistribution for BNCT in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model: combined administration of BSH and BPA. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 88:64-8. [PMID: 24360859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH) is being investigated clinically for BNCT. We examined the biodistribution of BSH and BPA administered jointly in different proportions in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model. The 3 assayed protocols were non-toxic, and showed preferential tumor boron uptake versus precancerous and normal tissue and therapeutic tumor boron concentration values (70-85ppm). All 3 protocols warrant assessment in BNCT studies to contribute to the knowledge of (BSH+BPA)-BNCT radiobiology for head and neck cancer and optimize therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Verónica A Trivillin
- National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Argentina; National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Amanda E Schwint
- National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Argentina; National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
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Garabalino MA, Heber EM, Monti Hughes A, González SJ, Molinari AJ, Pozzi ECC, Nievas S, Itoiz ME, Aromando RF, Nigg DW, Bauer W, Trivillin VA, Schwint AE. Biodistribution of sodium borocaptate (BSH) for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in an oral cancer model. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:351-361. [PMID: 23591915 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on selective accumulation of ¹⁰B carriers in tumor followed by neutron irradiation. We previously proved the therapeutic success of BNCT mediated by the boron compounds boronophenylalanine and sodium decahydrodecaborate (GB-10) in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model. Based on the clinical relevance of the boron carrier sodium borocaptate (BSH) and the knowledge that the most effective way to optimize BNCT is to improve tumor boron targeting, the specific aim of this study was to perform biodistribution studies of BSH in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model and evaluate the feasibility of BNCT mediated by BSH at nuclear reactor RA-3. The general aim of these studies is to contribute to the knowledge of BNCT radiobiology and optimize BNCT for head and neck cancer. Sodium borocaptate (50 mg ¹⁰B/kg) was administered to tumor-bearing hamsters. Groups of 3-5 animals were killed humanely at nine time-points, 3-12 h post-administration. Samples of blood, tumor, precancerous pouch tissue, normal pouch tissue and other clinically relevant normal tissues were processed for boron measurement by optic emission spectroscopy. Tumor boron concentration peaked to therapeutically useful boron concentration values of 24-35 ppm. The boron concentration ratio tumor/normal pouch tissue ranged from 1.1 to 1.8. Pharmacokinetic curves showed that the optimum interval between BSH administration and neutron irradiation was 7-11 h. It is concluded that BNCT mediated by BSH at nuclear reactor RA-3 would be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Garabalino
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission-CNEA, Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Faião-Flores F, Coelho PRP, Arruda-Neto JDT, Camillo MAP, Maria-Engler SS, Rici REG, Sarkis JES, Maria DA. Boron uptake in normal melanocytes and melanoma cells and boron biodistribution study in mice bearing B16F10 melanoma for boron neutron capture therapy. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2012; 51:319-329. [PMID: 22491822 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Information on (10)B distribution in normal tissues is crucial to any further development of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo boron biodistribution in B16F10 murine melanoma and normal tissues as a model for human melanoma treatment by a simple and rapid colorimetric method, which was validated by HR-ICP-MS. The B16F10 melanoma cell line showed higher melanin content than human melanocytes, demonstrating a greater potential for boronophenylalanine uptake. The melanocytes showed a moderate viability decrease in the first few minutes after BNCT application, stabilizing after 75 min, whereas the B16F10 melanoma showed the greatest intracellular boron concentration at 150 min after application, indicating a different boron uptake of melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes. Moreover, at this time, the increase in boron uptake in melanoma cells was approximately 1.6 times higher than that in normal melanocytes. The (10)B concentration in the blood of mice bearing B16F10 melanoma increased until 90 min after BNCT application and then decreased after 120 min, and remained low until the 240th minute. On the other hand, the (10)B concentration in tumors was increased from 90 min and maximal at 150 min after application, thus confirming the in vitro results. Therefore, the present in vitro and in vivo study of (10)B uptake in normal and tumor cells revealed important data that could enable BNCT to be possibly used as a treatment for melanoma, a chemoresistant cancer associated with high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brasil Avenue, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil.
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Kimura S, Masunaga SI, Harada T, Kawamura Y, Ueda S, Okuda K, Nagasawa H. Synthesis and evaluation of cyclic RGD-boron cluster conjugates to develop tumor-selective boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1721-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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