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Grémy O, Devilliers K, Miccoli L. Chelation therapy with 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) after pulmonary exposure to plutonium in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 378:110488. [PMID: 37054935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Internal exposure to plutonium can occur through inhalation for the nuclear worker, but also for the public if the radionuclide was released into the atmosphere in the context of a nuclear accident or terrorist attack. DieThylenetriaminePentaAcetic acid (DTPA) is currently still the only authorized chelator that can be used to decorporate internalized plutonium. The Linear HydrOxyPyridinOne-based ligand named 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) remains the most promising drug candidate to replace it in the hopes of improving chelating treatment. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) in removing plutonium from rats exposed to the lungs, depending on the timing and route of treatment, and almost always compared to DTPA at a ten-fold higher dose used as a reference chelator. First, early intravenous injection or inhalation of 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) demonstrated superior efficacy over DTPA in preventing plutonium accumulation in liver and bone in rats exposed by injection or lung intubation. However, this superiority of 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) was much less pronounced with delayed treatment. In rats given plutonium in the lungs, the experiments also showed that 3,4,3-Li-HOPO reduced pulmonary retention of plutonium more effectively than DTPA only when the chelators were injected early but not at delayed times, while it was always the better of the two chelators when they were inhaled. Under our experimental conditions, the rapid oral administration of 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) was successful in preventing systemic accumulation of plutonium, but not in decreasing lung retention. Thus, after exposure to plutonium by inhalation, the best emergency treatment would be the rapid inhalation of a 3,4,3-Li(1,2-HOPO) aerosol to limit pulmonary retention of plutonium and prevent extrapulmonary deposition of plutonium in target systemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Grémy
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, France.
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - Laurent Miccoli
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
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Determination of drug efficacy to dissolve cobalt oxide particles in cellular models: Towards a therapeutic approach to decrease pulmonary retention. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105448. [PMID: 35878720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following accidental inhalation of radioactive cobalt particles, the poorly soluble and highly radioactive Co3O4 particles are retained for long periods in lungs. To decrease their retention time is of crucial importance to minimize radiation-induced damage. As dissolved cobalt is quickly transferred to blood and eliminated by urinary excretion, enhancing the dissolution of particles would favor 60Co elimination. We evaluated the ability of ascorbic acid alone or associated with the chelating agents DTPA1, DFOB2 or EDTA3 to enhance dissolution of cobalt particles after macrophage engulfment, and the drug effects on the translocation of the soluble species CoCl2 through an epithelial barrier. We exposed differentiated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and Calu-3 lung epithelial cells cultured in a bicameral system to cobalt and selected molecules up to 7 days. DTPA, the recommended treatment in man, used alone showed no effect, whereas ascorbic acid significantly increased dissolution of Co3O4 particles. An additional efficacy in intracellular particles dissolution was observed for combinations of ascorbic acid with DTPA and EDTA. Except for DFOB, treatments did not significantly modify translocation of dissolved cobalt across the epithelial lung barrier. Our study provides new insights for decorporating strategies following radioactive cobalt particle intake.
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Wang X, Shi C, Guan J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Diwu J, Wang S. The development of molecular and nano actinide decorporation agents. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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In vitro evidence of the influence of complexation of Pu and Am on uptake by human lung epithelial cells Calu-3. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105279. [PMID: 34843884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in retention and clearance of actinides from the lungs after accidental intake is essential for the evaluation of the associated radiological risks. Although the absorption of radioelements has been shown in vivo to depend on their nature and physico-chemical properties, their mechanisms of translocation remain unknown. In this study, we have evaluated in vitro the binding and uptake by bronchial epithelial cells Calu-3 of 2 transuranic actinides, plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am), as the first steps of translocation across the pulmonary barrier. For this purpose, Calu-3 cells grown to confluence in 24-well plates were exposed to the radioelements for 24 h under various culture conditions. Two compartments were identified for the association of actinides to cells, corresponding to the membrane bound and internalized fractions. Binding of Pu was slightly higher than of Am, and depended on its initial chemical form (nitrate, citrate, colloids). Uptake of Pu and Am nitrate was higher in serum-free conditions than in supplemented medium, with an active mechanism involved in Pu internalization. Overall, our results suggest that complexation of actinides to bioligands may have an influence on their uptake by pulmonary epithelial cells, and therefore possibly on their subsequent absorption into blood.
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Griffiths NM, Van der Meeren A, Grémy O. Comparison of Local and Systemic DTPA Treatment Efficacy According to Actinide Physicochemical Properties Following Lung or Wound Contamination in the Rat. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:635792. [PMID: 33841153 PMCID: PMC8032982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.635792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In cases of occupational accidents in nuclear facilities or subsequent to terrorist activities, the most likely routes of internal contamination with alpha-particle emitting actinides, such as plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am), are by inhalation or following wounding. Following contamination, actinide transfer to the circulation and subsequent deposition in skeleton and liver depends primarily on the physicochemical nature of the compound. The treatment remit following internal contamination is to decrease actinide retention and in consequence potential health risks, both at the contamination site and in systemic retention organs as well as to promote elimination. The only approved drug for decorporation of Pu and Am is the metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). However, a limited efficacy of DTPA has been reported following contamination with insoluble actinides, irrespective of the contamination route. The objectives of this work are to evaluate the efficacy of prompt local and/or systemic DTPA treatment regimens following lung or wound contamination by actinides with differing solubility. The conclusions are drawn from retrospective analysis of experimental studies carried out over 10 years. Materials and Methods: Rat lungs or wounds were contaminated either with poorly soluble Mixed OXide (U, Pu O2) or more soluble forms of Pu (nitrate or citrate). DTPA treatment was administered promptly after contamination, locally to lungs by insufflation of a powder or inhalation of aerosolized solution or by injection directly into the wound site. Intravenous injections of DTPA were given either once or repeated in combination with the local treatment. Doses ranged from 1 to 30 µmol/kg. Animals were euthanized from day 7-21 and alpha activity levels were measured in urine, lungs, wound, bone and liver for determination of decorporation efficacy. Results: Different experiments confirmed that whatever the route of contamination, most of the activity is retained at the entry site after insoluble MOX contamination as compared with contamination with more soluble forms which results in very low activities reaching the systemic compartment and subsequent retention in bone and liver. Several DTPA treatment regimens were evaluated that had no significant effect on either lung or wound levels compared with untreated animals. In contrast, in all cases systemic retention (skeleton and liver) was reduced and urinary excretion were enhanced irrespective of the contamination route or DTPA treatment regimen. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that despite limitation of retention in systemic organs, different DTPA protocols were ineffective in removing insoluble actinides deposited in lungs or wound site. For moderately soluble actinides, local or intravenous DTPA treatment reduced activity levels both at contamination and at systemic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Griffiths
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
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Almalki M, Lai EP, Ko R, Li C. Facile preparation of liposome-encapsulated Zn–DTPA from soy lecithin for decorporation of radioactive actinides. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an attractive decorporation agent that can enhance the excretion of radioactive actinides such as plutonium, americium, and curium after a radiological incident. However, DTPA is excreted in a short period of time after administration. Several formulations have been developed to improve DTPA pharmacokinetics properties. In this project, liposomes were prepared facilely from soy lecithin as a nanocarrier for pulmonary delivery of Zn–DTPA. Lipid hydration, reverse phase evaporation, and mechanical sonication were three methods evaluated for the preparation of liposome-encapsulated Zn-DTPA (lipo-Zn-DTPA). Mechanical sonication was the method of choice due to simple apparatus and facile preparation. Lipo-Zn–DTPA exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of 178 ± 2 nm and a spherical shape. The loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of Zn–DTPA were 41 ± 5 mg/g and 10% ± 1%, respectively. Lyophilization of lipo-Zn–DTPA for extended storage did not affect the amount of encapsulated drug or damage the structure of liposomes. An in vivo cytotoxicity test confirmed no serious adverse effect of Zn–DTPA encapsulated lecithin liposomes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Almalki
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Edward P.C. Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Raymond Ko
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada
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Ivanov IM, Nikiforov AS, Yudin MA, Chepur SV, Proshina YA, Sventitskaya AM. Prospects for Inhalation Delivery of Medical Protectors against Radiation Damage. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902012002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Van der Meeren A, Drouet G, Devilliers K, Laurent D, Moureau A, Feray A, Lamart S. Evidence for a differential translocation of actinides across human lung epithelial cell monolayer in vitro according to their physicochemical properties and the presence of a chelating agent. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105035. [PMID: 33132172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell plays a key role in the transfer of radionuclides from lungs to blood following pulmonary exposure. The present study was designed to evaluate the transfer across human lung epithelial cells of various actinides (plutonium, americium and uranium), the influence of the physicochemical properties of plutonium compounds and of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). To address this question, Calu-3 cells grown in a bicameral culture system were used. The integrity of the epithelial barrier was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the passage of a fluorescent marker, lucifer yellow. Activity measurement in basal compartment following periodic collection of culture medium was made from 2 h to seven days. To facilitate data handling and analysis, the statistical tool STATBIODIS was used. The results indicate differences in transfer for the different elements, and according to Pu physicochemical properties. Though to various extents, the chelating agent DTPA always increased the transfer of Pu and Am across the epithelial cells, without altering the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This in vitro cell culture model, by mimicking translocation of actinides from lungs to blood, can represent a valuable tool to further understand the underlying mechanisms and properties controlling this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France.
| | - G Drouet
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - K Devilliers
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - D Laurent
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Moureau
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Feray
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - S Lamart
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
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In vitro assessment of cobalt oxide particle dissolution in simulated lung fluids for identification of new decorporating agents. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104863. [PMID: 32304792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of 60Co3O4 particles may occur at the work place in nuclear industry. Their low solubility may result in chronic lung exposure to γ rays. Our strategy for an improved therapeutic approach is to enhance particle dissolution to facilitate cobalt excretion, as the dissolved fraction is rapidly eliminated, mainly in urine. In vitro dissolution of Co3O4 particles was assessed with two complementary assays in lung fluid surrogates to mimic a pulmonary contamination scenario. Twenty-one molecules and eleven combinations were selected through an extensive search in the literature, based on dissolution studies of other metal oxides (Fe, Mn, Cu) and tested for dissolution enhancement of cobalt particles after 1-28 days of incubation. DTPA, the recommended treatment following cobalt contamination did not enhance 60Co3O4 particles dissolution when used alone. However, by combining molecules with different properties, such as redox potential and chelating ability, we greatly improved the efficacy of each drug used alone, leading for the highest efficacy, to a 2.7 fold increased dissolution as compared to controls. These results suggest that destabilization of the particle surface is an important initiating event for a good efficacy of chelating drugs, and open new perspectives for the identification of new therapeutic strategies.
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10
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Miccoli L, Ménétrier F, Laroche P, Grémy O. Chelation Treatment by Early Inhalation of Liquid Aerosol DTPA for Removing Plutonium after Rat Lung Contamination. Radiat Res 2019; 192:630-639. [PMID: 31545678 DOI: 10.1667/rr15451.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Occupational contamination is a potential health risk associated with plutonium inhalation. DTPA remains the chelating drug of choice to decorporate plutonium. In this study, plutonium was found to be more effectively removed from lungs by a single inhalation of nebulized DTPA solution at only 1.1 µmol.kg-1 than by a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of DTPA at 15 µmol.kg-1. When DTPA was inhaled promptly after contamination, it removed the transportable fraction of plutonium prior blood absorption, thereby preventing both liver and bone depositions. Conversely, DTPA injection was better than inhalation at reducing the extrapulmonary burden, probably due to the much greater circulating dose, favoring the mobilization of plutonium already translocated. Thus, prompt inhalation, concomitantly supplemented with i.v. injection, of DTPA induced an important decrease in extrapulmonary deposits. Repeated DTPA inhalations over several weeks were more efficient than a single inhalation in limiting both pulmonary and extrapulmonary plutonium retention, due at least in part to the chelation of the transportable fraction of lung plutonium. Furthermore, repeated DTPA injections remained better at reducing liver and bone plutonium retentions. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple DTPA inhalations may be considered an effective treatment after inhalation of plutonium, particularly given the ease of this needle-free delivery, for the two following conditions: 1. A treatment combining i.v. injection and inhalation should be given in an emergency scenario to efficiently chelate the activity already absorbed; 2. Inhalations should be administered daily to effectively trap the early transferable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Miccoli
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | | | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction of Health, Security, Environment & Radioprotection, ORANO, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Grémy
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
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11
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Léost L, Roques J, Van Der Meeren A, Vincent L, Sbirrazzuoli N, Hennig C, Rossberg A, Aupiais J, Pagnotta S, Den Auwer C, Di Giorgio C. Towards the development of chitosan nanoparticles for plutonium pulmonary decorporation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11605-11618. [PMID: 30090882 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1940s, great amounts of Plutonium (Pu) have been produced for both military and civil purposes. Until now, the standard therapy for decorporation following inhalation has been the intravenous injection of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ligand (Ca-DTPA form). This method offers a strong complexing constant for Pu(iv) but has poor chemical specificity, therefore its efficacy is limited to actinides present in the blood. Consequently, there is no decorporation treatment currently available which efficiently removes the intracellular Pu(iv) trapped in the pulmonary macrophages. Our research shows that a nanoparticle approach could be of particular interest due to large contact area and ability to target the retention compartments of the lungs. In this study, we have focused on the inhalation process involving forms of Pu(iv) with poor solubility. We explored the design of biocompatible nanoparticles able to target the macrophages in the lung alveoli and to chelate the forms of Pu(iv) with poor solubility. Nanoparticle formation was achieved through an ionic cross-linking concept using a polycationic polymer and an anionic chelate linker. We chose N-trimethyl chitosan, for its biocompatibility, as the polycationic polymer base of the nanoparticle and the phosphonic analogue of DTPA, diethylenetriamine-pentamethylenephosphonic acid (DTPMP) as the anionic chelating linker in forming NPs TMC-DTPMP. The synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of these NPs are presented. Secondly, the complexation mechanisms of TMC-DTPMP NPs with Thorium (Th(iv)) are discussed in terms of efficiency and structure. The Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) of the TMC-DTPMP complex with Th(iv) as well as Pu(iv) are defined and completed with DFT calculations to further delineate the plutonium coordination sphere after complexation. Finally, preliminary cytotoxicity tests onto macrophages were assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurane Léost
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, 06108 Nice, France.
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Lamart S, Miller BW, Van der Meeren A, Tazrart A, Angulo JF, Griffiths NM. Actinide bioimaging in tissues: Comparison of emulsion and solid track autoradiography techniques with the iQID camera. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186370. [PMID: 29023595 PMCID: PMC5638496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a comparison of three autoradiography techniques for imaging biological samples contaminated with actinides: emulsion-based, plastic-based autoradiography and a quantitative digital technique, the iQID camera, based on the numerical analysis of light from a scintillator screen. In radiation toxicology it has been important to develop means of imaging actinide distribution in tissues as these radionuclides may be heterogeneously distributed within and between tissues after internal contamination. Actinide distribution determines which cells are exposed to alpha radiation and is thus potentially critical for assessing absorbed dose. The comparison was carried out by generating autoradiographs of the same biological samples contaminated with actinides with the three autoradiography techniques. These samples were cell preparations or tissue sections collected from animals contaminated with different physico-chemical forms of actinides. The autoradiograph characteristics and the performances of the techniques were evaluated and discussed mainly in terms of acquisition process, activity distribution patterns, spatial resolution and feasibility of activity quantification. The obtained autoradiographs presented similar actinide distribution at low magnification. Out of the three techniques, emulsion autoradiography is the only one to provide a highly-resolved image of the actinide distribution inherently superimposed on the biological sample. Emulsion autoradiography is hence best interpreted at higher magnifications. However, this technique is destructive for the biological sample. Both emulsion- and plastic-based autoradiography record alpha tracks and thus enabled the differentiation between ionized forms of actinides and oxide particles. This feature can help in the evaluation of decorporation therapy efficacy. The most recent technique, the iQID camera, presents several additional features: real-time imaging, separate imaging of alpha particles and gamma rays, and alpha activity quantification. The comparison of these three autoradiography techniques showed that they are complementary and the choice of the technique depends on the purpose of the imaging experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lamart
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian W. Miller
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Anissa Tazrart
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Jaime F. Angulo
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Nina M. Griffiths
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
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Grémy O, Coudert S, Renault D, Miccoli L. Decorporation Approach after Rat Lung Contamination with Plutonium: Evaluation of the Key Parameters Influencing the Efficacy of a Protracted Chelation Treatment. Radiat Res 2017; 188:552-561. [PMID: 28945525 DOI: 10.1667/rr14782.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
While the efficacy of a protracted zinc (Zn)- or calcium (Ca)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) treatment in reducing transuranic body burden has already been demonstrated, questions about therapeutic variables remain. In response to this, we designed animal experiments primarily to assess both the effect of fractionation of a given dose and the effect of the frequency of dose fraction, with the same total dose. In our study, rats were contaminated intravenously with plutonium (Pu) then treated several days later with Ca-DTPA given at once or in various split-dose regimens cumulating to the same total dose and spread over several days. Similar efficacies were induced by the injection of the total dose or by splitting the dose in several smaller doses, independent of the number of doses and the dose level per injection. In a second study, rats were pulmonary contaminated, and three weeks later they received a Ca-DTPA dose 11-fold higher than the maximal daily recommended dose, administered either as a single bolus or as numerous multiple injections cumulating to the same dose, based on different injection frequency schedules. Independent of frequency schedule, the various split-dose regimens spread over weeks/months were as efficient as single delivery of the total dose in mobilizing lung plutonium, and had a therapeutic advantage for removal of retained hepatic and bone plutonium burdens. We concluded that cumulative dose level was a therapeutic variable of greater importance than the distribution of split doses for the success of a repeated treatment regimen on retained tissue plutonium. In addition, pulmonary administration of clodronate, which aims at killing alveolar macrophages and subsequently releasing their plutonium content, and which is associated with a continuous Ca-DTPA infusion regimen, suggested that the efficacy of injected Ca-DTPA in decorporating lung deposit is limited, due to its restricted penetration into alveolar macrophages and not because plutonium, as a physicochemical form, is unavailable for chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Grémy
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Sylvie Coudert
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Daniel Renault
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Laurent Miccoli
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, Bruyères le Châtel, France
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Grémy O, Laurent D, Coudert S, Griffiths NM, Miccoli L. Decorporation of Pu/Am Actinides by Chelation Therapy: New Arguments in Favor of an Intracellular Component of DTPA Action. Radiat Res 2016; 185:568-79. [PMID: 27195610 DOI: 10.1667/rr14193.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is currently still the only known chelating drug that can be used for decorporation of internalized plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am). It is generally assumed that chelation occurs only in biological fluids, thus preventing Pu/Am deposition in target tissues. We postulate that actinide chelation may also occur inside cells by a mechanism called "intracellular chelation". To test this hypothesis, rats were given DTPA either prior to (termed "prophylactic" treatment) or belatedly after (termed "delayed" treatment) Pu/Am injection. DTPA decorporation efficacy was systematically tested for both plutonium and americium. Both prophylactic and delayed DTPA elicited marked decreases in liver Pu/Am. These results can be explained by chelation within subcellular compartments where DTPA efficacy increased as a function of a favorable intracellular DTPA-to-actinide molar ratio. The efficacy of intracellular chelation of liver actinides decreased with the delay of treatment. This is probably explained by progressive actinide binding to the high-affinity ligand ferritin followed by migration to lysosomes. Intracellular chelation was reduced as the gap between prophylactic treatment and contamination increased. This may be explained by the reduction of the intracellular DTPA pool, which declined exponentially with time. Skeletal Pu/Am was also reduced by prophylactic and delayed DTPA treatments. This decorporation of bone actinides may mainly result from extracellular chelation on bone surfaces. This work provides converging evidence for the involvement of an intracellular component of DTPA action in the decorporation process. These results may help to improve the interpretation of biological data from DTPA-treated contamination cases and could be useful to model DTPA therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Grémy
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - David Laurent
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Coudert
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - Nina M Griffiths
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - Laurent Miccoli
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
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Fattal E, Tsapis N, Phan G. Novel drug delivery systems for actinides (uranium and plutonium) decontamination agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:40-54. [PMID: 26144994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of accidents in the nuclear industry or of nuclear terrorist attacks makes the development of new decontamination strategies crucial. Among radionuclides, actinides such as uranium and plutonium and their different isotopes are considered as the most dangerous contaminants, plutonium displaying mostly a radiological toxicity whereas uranium exhibits mainly a chemical toxicity. Contamination occurs through ingestion, skin or lung exposure with subsequent absorption and distribution of the radionuclides to different tissues where they induce damaging effects. Different chelating agents have been synthesized but their efficacy is limited by their low tissue specificity and high toxicity. For these reasons, several groups have developed smart delivery systems to increase the local concentration of the chelating agent or to improve its biodistribution. The aim of this review is to highlight these strategies.
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Abstract
Estimating radionuclide intakes from bioassays following chelation treatment presents a challenge to the dosimetrist due to the observed excretion enhancement of the particular radionuclide of concern where no standard biokinetic model exists. This document provides a Pu-DTPA biokinetic model that may be used for making such determination for plutonium intakes. The Pu-DTPA biokinetic model is intended to supplement the standard recommended biokinetic models. The model was used to evaluate several chelation strategies that resulted in providing recommendations for effective treatment. These recommendations supported early treatment for soluble particle inhalations and an initial 3-day series of DTPA treatments for wounds. Several late chelation strategies were also compared where reduced treatment frequencies proved to be as effective as multiple treatments. The Pu-DTPA biokinetic model can be used to assist in estimating initial intakes of transuranic radionuclides and for studying the effects of different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Konzen
- *CH2M-WG Idaho, LLC, Radiological Control, 1580 Sawtelle Street, Idaho Falls, ID 83402; †Department of Nuclear Engineering and Health Physics, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Stop 8060, Pocatello, ID 83209-8060
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Van der Meeren A, Moureau A, Griffiths NM. Macrophages as key elements of Mixed-oxide [U-Pu(O2)] distribution and pulmonary damage after inhalation? Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:1095-103. [PMID: 25029673 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.943848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Purpose: To investigate the consequences of alveolar macrophage (AM) depletion on Mixed OXide fuel (MOX: U, Pu oxide) distribution and clearance, as well as lung damage following MOX inhalation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed to MOX by nose only inhalation. AM were depleted with intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate at 6 weeks. Lung changes, macrophage activation, as well as local and systemic actinide distribution were studied up to 3 months post-inhalation. RESULTS Clodronate administration modified excretion/retention patterns of α activity. At 3 months post-inhalation lung retention was higher in clodronate-treated rats compared to Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)-treated rats, and AM-associated α activity was also increased. Retention in liver was higher in clodronate-treated rats and fecal and urinary excretions were lower. Three months after inhalation, rats exhibited lung fibrotic lesions and alveolitis, with no marked differences between the two groups. Foamy macrophages of M2 subtype [inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) negative but galectin-3 positive] were frequently observed, in correlation with the accumulation of MOX particles. AM from all MOX-exposed rats showed increased chemokine levels as compared to sham controls. CONCLUSION Despite the transient reduced AM numbers in clodronate-treated animals no major differences on lung damage were observed as compared to non-treated rats after MOX inhalation. The higher lung activity retention in rats receiving clodronate seems to be part of a general inflammatory response and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DSV/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel , Arpajon , France
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Grémy O, Tsapis N, Bruel S, Renault D, Van der Meeren A. Decorporation approach following rat lung contamination with a moderately soluble compound of plutonium using local and systemic Ca-DTPA combined chelation. Radiat Res 2012; 178:217-23. [PMID: 22799632 DOI: 10.1667/rr2866.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Decorporation efficacy of prompt pulmonary delivery of DTPA dry powder was assessed following lung contamination with plutonium nitrate and compared to an intravenous injection of DTPA solution and a combined administration of both DTPA compounds. In addition, efficacy of a delayed treatment was assessed. In case of either early or late administration, insufflated DTPA was more efficient than intravenously injected DTPA in reducing the plutonium lung burden due to its high local concentration. Prompt treatment with DTPA powder was also more effective in limiting extrapulmonary deposits by removing the early transportable fraction of plutonium from lungs prior its absorption into blood. Translocation of DTPA from lungs to blood may also contribute to the decrease in extrapulmonary retention, as shown by reduced liver deposit after delayed pulmonary administration of DTPA. Efficacy of DTPA dry powder was further increased by the combined intravenous administration of DTPA solution for reducing extrapulmonary deposits of plutonium and promoting its urinary excretion. According to our results, the most effective treatment protocol for plutonium decorporation was the early pulmonary delivery of DTPA powder supplemented by an intravenous injection of DTPA solution. Following inhalation of plutonium as nitrate chemical form, this combined chelation therapy should provide a more effective method of treatment than conventional intravenous injection alone. At later stages following lung contamination, pulmonary administration of DTPA should also be considered as the treatment of choice for decreasing the lung burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Grémy
- CEA/DSV/IRCM/Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, Bruyéres-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajor cedex - France.
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