1
|
Kim YJ, Lee JW, Cho YH, Choi YJ, Lee Y, Chung HW. Chromosome Damage in Relation to Recent Radiation Exposure and Radiation Quality in Nuclear Power Plant Workers. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020094. [PMID: 35202280 PMCID: PMC8878316 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a well-known carcinogen that causes genomic instability. However, the biological and carcinogenetic effects of occupational radiation exposure at low doses have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to assess chromosomal instability in power plant workers exposed to occupational radiation at low doses in South Korea. Chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of 201 nuclear power plant workers and 59 sex-matched controls were measured. Chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of 201 nuclear power plant workers (mean age: 41.4 ± 10.0 years) and 59 sex-matched controls (mean age: 47.2 ± 6.0 years) were measured. A total of 500 metaphases for each subject were scored randomly. The means of recent 1.5-year, recent 5.5-year, and cumulative exposed radiation doses among workers were 8.22 ± 7.0 mSv, 30.7 ± 22.0 mSv, and 158.8 ± 86.1 mSv, respectively. The frequency of chromosome-type and chromatid-type aberrations was significantly higher in workers than that in the control group (p < 0.001), and the frequency of chromosome-type aberrations among workers increased in a radiation dose-dependent manner (τ = 0.16, p = 0.005). Poisson regression analyses revealed that chromosome-type aberrations were significantly associated with recent 1.5-year dose after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, smoking, and alcohol intake, even when only the exposed worker was considered. Frequency of multi-aberrant cells (two or more chromosome aberrations within a cell) increased according to cumulative neutron exposure. Our study demonstrates that chromosome damage can be induced in nuclear power plant workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation at low doses below the occupational permissible dose limit. Furthermore, an increase in multi-aberrant cells may provide evidence for chronic neutron exposure in nuclear power plant workers. This study was performed to obtain baseline data for a surveillance program of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jee Kim
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5950
| | - Joong Won Lee
- Department of Research and Planning, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungju 28159, Korea;
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
| | - Young Joo Choi
- School of Public Health Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (Y.L.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Younghyun Lee
- School of Public Health Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (Y.L.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Hai Won Chung
- School of Public Health Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.C.); (Y.L.); (H.W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goh VST, Takebayashi K, Nakayama R, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA, Kasai K, Ariyoshi K, Miura T. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay performed in 0 and 2 Gy irradiated whole blood and isolated PBMCs in a six-well transwell co-culture system. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1631-1640. [PMID: 34554021 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1981555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in cytogenetic biodosimetry uses micronucleus (MN) frequency scored in binucleated cells (BNC) for dose estimation. Cell-cycle progression parameters of nuclear division index (NDI) and percentage of BNC (% BNC) are also evaluated. Whole blood (WB) or peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from WB can be used for lymphocyte culture. Previously, 2 Gy PBMCs showed higher NDI and lower MN frequency than WB in 15 ml polypropylene tube single cultures. In this follow-up study, we wanted to assess if soluble factors present in WB but absent in PBMCs could increase MN frequency or decrease NDI in PBMCs co-cultured with WB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood from four healthy donors (two males: 25, 51; two females: 23, 26 years old) was irradiated with X-ray at 1 Gy/min. CBMN assay was performed with different combinations of 0 and 2 Gy WB and PBMC (WB, WB-IR, PBMC, PBMC-IR) mono- and co-cultures in a polystyrene six-well plate. Co-cultures were separated by 0.4 µm transwell inserts. Log2 fold changes and values of NDI, % BNC and MN frequency analyzed by three scorers were obtained. RESULTS As upper and lower wells of the same culture condition showed some significant differences, wells of the same level were compared. NDI of PBMCs increased when PBMC or PBMC-IR was co-cultured with WB or WB-IR, respectively, as compared to mono-cultures. There was no increase in PBMC-IR's MN frequency when co-cultured with WB or WB-IR. MN frequency was consistently higher in WB-IR than PBMC-IR in both mono- and co-cultures. NDI, % BNC and MN frequency were similar when WB or PBMC were co-cultured with PBMC-IR or WB-IR, respectively. Significantly lower NDI and % BNC, and higher MN frequency were also seen in some conditions of 15 ml cultures than six-well mono-cultures. CONCLUSIONS Instead of the hypothesized decrease in NDI and increase in MN frequency, our co-culture set-up showed that in the absence of direct cell-cell interaction, soluble factors in WB increased NDI but not MN frequency in PBMCs. Moreover, radiation-induced bystander effects could not be observed. As the type of cell culture (WB, PBMC) and culture vessels could influence NDI and MN frequency, CBMN culture protocols should be kept consistent for dose-response calibration curve construction and dose estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Swee Ting Goh
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Radiobiology, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative (SNRSI), Singapore
| | - Kai Takebayashi
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine (IREM), Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine (IREM), Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine (IREM), Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine (IREM), Hirosaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Azzam EI. What does radiation biology tell us about potential health effects at low dose and low dose rates? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:S28-S39. [PMID: 31216522 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab2b09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The health risks to humans exposed to low dose and low dose rate ionising radiation remain ambiguous and are the subject of debate. The need to establish risk assessment standards based on the mechanisms underlying low dose/low fluence radiation exposures has been recognised by scholarly and regulatory bodies as critical for reducing the uncertainty in predicting adverse health risks of human exposure to low doses of radiation. Here, a brief review of laboratory-based evidence of molecular and biochemical changes induced by low doses and low dose rates of radiation is presented. In particular, two phenomena, namely bystander effects and adaptive responses that may impact low-level radiation health risks, are discussed together with the need for further studies. The expansion of this knowledge by considering the important variables that affect the radiation response (e.g. genetic susceptibility, time after exposure), and using the latest advances in experimental models and bioinformatics tools, may guide epidemiological studies towards reducing the uncertainty in predicting the potential health hazards of exposure to low-dose radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard I Azzam
- Departments of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meenakshi C, Venkatraman B. Correlation between cytogenetic biomarkers obtained from DC and CBMN assays caused by low dose radon exposure in smokers. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1268-1275. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1625494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Meenakshi
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India
| | - B. Venkatraman
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee JH, Kim CS, Choi SI, Kim RK, Kim JY, Nam SY, Jin YW, Kim IG. Tissue distribution, excretion and effects on genotoxicity of tritium following oral administration to rats. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Lourenço J, Mendo S, Pereira R. Radioactively contaminated areas: Bioindicator species and biomarkers of effect in an early warning scheme for a preliminary risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:503-542. [PMID: 27343869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the impacts on public health and on the natural environment have been raised regarding the full range of operational activities related to uranium mining and the rest of the nuclear fuel cycle (including nuclear accidents), nuclear tests and depleted uranium from military ammunitions. However, the environmental impacts of such activities, as well as their ecotoxicological/toxicological profile, are still poorly studied. Herein, it is discussed if organisms can be used as bioindicators of human health effects, posed by lifetime exposure to radioactively contaminated areas. To do so, information was gathered from several studies performed on vertebrates, invertebrate species and humans, living in these contaminated areas. The retrieved information was compared, to determine which are the most used bioindicators and biomarkers and also the similarities between human and non-human biota responses. The data evaluated are used to support the proposal for an early warning scheme, based on bioindicator species and on the most sensitive and commonly shared biomarkers, to perform a screening evaluation of radioactively contaminated sites. This scheme could be used to support decision-making for a deeper evaluation of risks to human health, making it possible to screen a large number of areas, without disturbing and alarming local populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto & CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research & GreenUP/CITAB-UP, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sayed AEDH, Watanabe-Asaka T, Oda S, Mitani H. Apoptosis and morphological alterations after UVA irradiation in red blood cells of p53 deficient Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2016; 161:1-8. [PMID: 27203565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphological alterations in red blood cells were described as hematological bioindicators of UVA exposure to investigate the sensitivity to UVA in wild type Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and a p53 deficient mutant. The fewer abnormal red blood cells were observed in the p53 mutant fish under the control conditions. After exposure to different doses of UVA radiation (15min, 30min and 60min/day for 3days), cellular and nuclear alterations in red blood cells were analyzed in the UVA exposed fish compared with non-exposed controls and those alterations included acanthocytes, cell membrane lysis, swollen cells, teardrop-like cell, hemolyzed cells and sickle cells. Those alterations were increased after the UVA exposure both in wild type and the p53 deficient fish. Moreover, apoptosis analyzed by acridine orange assay showed increased number of apoptosis in red blood cells at the higher UVA exposure dose. No micronuclei but nuclear abnormalities as eccentric nucleus, nuclear budding, deformed nucleus, and bilobed nucleus were observed in each group. These results suggested that UVA exposure induced both p53 dependent and independent apoptosis and morphological alterations in red blood cells but less sensitive to UVA than Wild type in medaka fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla El-Din Hamid Sayed
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang SB, Yang S, Vidyasagar S, Zhang M, Casey-Sawicki K, Liu C, Yin L, Zhang L, Cao Y, Tian Y, Swarts S, Fenton BM, Keng P, Zhang L, Okunieff P. PicoGreen assay of circular DNA for radiation biodosimetry. Radiat Res 2015; 183:188-95. [PMID: 25574588 DOI: 10.1667/rr13556.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple, rapid and quantitative assay using the fluorescent probe PicoGreen to measure the concentration of ionizing radiation-induced double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in mouse plasma, and we correlated this concentration with the radiation dose. With 70 μl of blood obtained by fingerstick, this 30 min assay reduces protein interference without extending sample processing time. Plasma from nonirradiated mice (BALB/c and NIH Swiss) was pooled, diluted and spiked with dsDNA to establish sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay to quantify plasma dsDNA. The assay was then used to directly quantify dsDNA in plasma at 0-48 h after mice received 0-10 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI). There are three optimal conditions for this assay: 1:10 dilution of plasma in water; 1:200 dilution of PicoGreen reagent in water; and calibration of radiation-induced dsDNA concentration through a standard addition method using serial spiking of samples with genomic dsDNA. Using the internal standard calibration curve of the spiked samples method, the signal developed within 5 min, exhibiting a linear signal (r(2) = 0.997). The radiation-induced elevation of plasma DNA in mice started at 1-3 h, peaked at 9 h and gradually returned to baseline at 24 h after TBI (6 Gy). DNA levels in plasma collected from mice 9 h after 0-10 Gy TBI correlated strongly with dose (r(2) = 0.991 and 0.947 for BALB/c and NIH Swiss, respectively). Using the PicoGreen assay, we observed a radiation dose-dependent response in extracellular plasma DNA 9 h after irradiation with an assay time ≤ 30 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Zhang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sayed AEDH, Oda S, Mitani H. Nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in erythrocytes of p53-deficient medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) after exposure to gamma-radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 771:64-70. [PMID: 24780117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the effects of gamma-radiation on Japanese fish, in particular medaka (Oryzias latipes). In the present work, alterations in erythrocytes were recorded as haematological bio-indicators of exposure to gamma-radiation. After exposure of medaka fish to two different doses of radiation (2 Gy and 10 Gy), many malformations in red blood cells were observed in the irradiated fish compared with control fish. These malformations included acanthocytes, crenated cells, amoeboid cells, and sickle cells. More malformations were seen at the higher radiation dose. No micronuclei were seen in any group, but nuclear abnormalities were observed. We conclude that gamma-radiation causes morphological malformations of erythrocytes and is harmful to medaka fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sakly A, Ayed Y, Chaari N, Akrout M, Bacha H, Cheikh HB. Assessment of Chromosomal Aberrations and Micronuclei in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Tunisian Hospital Workers Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013. [DOI: org/10.1089/gtmb.2012.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Sakly
- Laboratory of Genetics (02/UR/08-03), University Medicinal School of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Ayed
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Neila Chaari
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, EPS Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Akrout
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, EPS Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Genetics (02/UR/08-03), University Medicinal School of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meenakshi C, Mohankumar MN. Synergistic effect of radon in blood cells of smokers – An in vitro study. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 757:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Sakly A, Ayed Y, Chaari N, Akrout M, Bacha H, Cheikh HB. Assessment of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes from tunisian hospital workers exposed to ionizing radiation. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 17:650-5. [PMID: 23216272 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that cytogenetic biomarkers, such as micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes may predict cancer risk because they indicate genomic instability. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequencies of MN and chromosome aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of hospital workers exposed to ionizing radiation and healthy subjects. The study was conducted using peripheral blood lymphocytes from 30 workers from the radiology department and 30 from the cardiology department. This study included 27 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals as the control group. The assessment of chromosomal damage was carried out by the use of CA and micronucleus assays in peripheral lymphocytes. Our results show that CA and micronucleus frequencies were significantly higher among the exposed groups when compared to controls. Our finding of significant increase of CA and MN frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes in exposed workers indicates a potential cytogenetic hazard due to this exposure. The enhanced chromosomal damage of subjects exposed to genotoxic agents emphasizes the need to develop safety programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Sakly
- Laboratory of Genetics (02/UR/08-03), University Medicinal School of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaspler P, Chen R, Hyrien O, Jelveh S, Bristow RG, Hill RP. Biodosimetry using radiation-induced micronuclei in skin fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 87:824-38. [PMID: 21801108 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.582927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed micronuclei in dermal fibroblasts as a local biodosimeter for estimating accidental in vivo radiation exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female C3H/HeJ and C57Bl6 mice of four age groups (∼11, 36, 60 and 99 weeks) received a single whole body dose of gamma radiation (0-10 Gy) and radiation-induced micronuclei per 1,000 binucleated cells were assessed in skin fibroblasts in their first division after isolation from biopsies taken on days 1 and 7 post irradiation. The method of generalized estimating equations was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Total micronuclei were increased on day 1 in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 1-10 Gy, with no significant attenuation of response between day 1 and day 7 and no significant effect of gender. Between-strain differences were observed with C3H/HeJ mice showing lower background micronuclei and a slightly steeper dose response. Age affected only the background micronuclei (moderate increase with age). The model demonstrated that the assay yields 'unbiased' prediction of the dose between 0 and 7 Gy. Within this dose range, the predicted dose was found to be accurate within ±1.5-2 Gy. When the specificity is set to 95%, the assay can distinguish between unexposed and 2 Gy exposed mice with a sensitivity of around 60%. The sensitivity approached 100% when discriminating between unexposed mice and mice receiving doses equal to or greater than 4 Gy. The percentage of binucleated cells with micronuclei was shown to be useful as a simpler and slightly faster substitute for the total micronuclei count. CONCLUSION Micronuclei in dermal fibroblasts isolated up to 1 week after irradiation can be a useful biodosimeter for local dose after accidental radiation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kaspler
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sakly A, Gaspar JF, Kerkeni E, Silva S, Teixeira JP, Chaari N, Ben Cheikh H. Genotoxic damage in hospital workers exposed to ionizing radiation and metabolic gene polymorphisms. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:934-946. [PMID: 22788378 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.690710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Of all workers exposed globally to synthetic sources of radiation, medical personnel represent the largest group, but receive relatively low doses. Accidental or therapeutic acute radiation exposure of humans was observed to induce various forms of cytogenetic damage, including the possibility of increasing the incidence of micronuclei (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA). The aim of this study was to assess occupationally induced chromosomal damage in a large population of hospital workers exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR). The cytokinesis-block MN and comet assays were used to examine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 31 exposed workers to IR and 33 control subjects corresponding in gender, age, and smoking. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) are postulated to be involved in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous genotoxicants. The association between these biomarkers and polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes was thus also assessed. MN frequency was significantly higher in the exposed subjects compared controls. Comet assay results showed a significant increase of tail length in workers exposed to IR. Data obtained suggest that GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphism do not modify significantly the genotoxic potential of IR. Therefore, the exposed medical personnel need to carefully apply radiation protection procedures and minimize, as low as possible, IR exposure to avoid possible genotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Sakly
- Laboratory of Genetics, University School of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Enhanced frequency of micronuclei in lymphocytes from current as opposed to former uranium miners. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-011-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
17
|
Uridine Diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 1A7 Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Chromosomal Damage Among Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposed Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:682-9. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181a069fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Dimova EG, Bryant PE, Chankova SG. Adaptive response: some underlying mechanisms and open questions. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Cassidy CL, Lemon JA, Boreham DR. Impacts of low-dose gamma-radiation on genotoxic risk in aquatic ecosystems. Dose Response 2007; 5:323-32. [PMID: 18648569 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.07-026.cassidy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinook salmon cells were exposed to gamma radiation and chromosome damage was assessed using the micronucleus assay. The salmon cells were resistant to radiation at all doses compared to human and mammalian cells. We used an indirect approach to determine if prior low dose exposures at environmental dose levels might alter the consequences of radiation exposures to high doses of radiation (adaptive response). The cells adapted but only at doses which were above levels that might be expected environmentally. The "adaptive response" endpoint was useful to show biological responses to exposure, however, under these conditions it might not help in risk assessment of aquatic organisms since the cells seem to be very resistant and environmental radiation levels are typically extremely low. Preliminary experiments were conducted on two other fish cell model systems (Rainbow Trout and Medaka) to optimize conditions for the micronucleus assay for future environmental radiation studies. Since fish cells appear to be more radiation resistant than mammalian cells, we postulate that radiation risk in the whole organism may also be lower. Therefore whole body studies designed to test effects with the specific aim of assessing relative risk between species are in process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cassidy
- Medical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Turkmen C, Ozturk S, Unal SN, Zulfikar B, Taser O, Sanli Y, Cefle K, Kilicoglu O, Palanduz S, Ozel S. Monitoring the genotoxic effects of radiosynovectomy with Re-186 in paediatric age group undergoing therapy for haemophilic synovitis. Haemophilia 2007; 13:57-64. [PMID: 17212726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2006.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effect on the peripheral blood lymphocytes potentially induced by Re-186 in paediatric age group undergoing radiosynovectomy for haemophilic synovitis, by using chromosomal aberration analysis (CA) and the micronuclei (MN) assay for detecting chromosomal aberrations, as well as the sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) technique for assessing DNA damage. METHODS Cytogenetic analyses were evaluated in 20 boys (mean age: 13.8 +/- 2.7 years) before, and 2 and 90 days after radiosynovectomy from the peripheral lymphocytes of the patients. Joint retention and extra-articular spread of the radionuclides were evaluated by using quantitative gamma camera imaging. RESULTS Imaging after radiosynovectomy revealed local lymph node visualization in 8 (40%) patients and hepatosplenic visualization in 3 (15%) patients due to extra-articular leakage of radioactive material. The mean frequency of chromosome aberrations (0.2 +/- 0.4/1000 cells) determined prior to the onset of therapy was not significantly increased in comparison with control values obtained 2 days (0.4 +/- 0.5/1000 cells) and 90 days (0.2 +/- 0.4/1000 cells) after therapy (P = 0.754 and P = 1.0). In the analysis of MN and SCE, when we compare the baseline levels, the mean MN and SCE frequencies were slightly higher in the control analyses performed 2 and 90 days after radiosynovectomy but there were no significant differences between baseline and control levels (chi(2) = 2.621, P = 0.270 and F = 0.573, P = 0.569, respectively). CONCLUSION The major finding of this study with relatively small sample is that, radiosynovectomy with Re-186 does not seem to induce early genotoxic effects on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in paediatric age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Turkmen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dias FL, Antunes LMG, Rezende PA, Carvalho FES, Silva CMD, Matheus JM, Oliveira JV, Lopes GP, Pereira GA, Balarin MAS. Cytogenetic analysis in lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 23:228-233. [PMID: 21783762 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to perform a cytogenetic analysis in peripheral lymphocytes of 36 individuals occupationally exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation, and compare the results with 36 controls, using the chromosomal aberrations test (CA), sensitivity to bleomycin and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (MN). The frequencies of CA/100 cells observed for the exposed workers were not significantly higher than in controls (P>0.05). The mean break/cell (b/c) for the controls and exposed workers was 0.59±0.39 and 0.57±0.29, respectively (P>0.01). The MN frequencies were significantly increased (P<0.01) in exposed workers (6.13±3.18) in comparison with controls (5.11±3.85). The mean MN was also statistically higher in the non-smoker exposed when compared with non-smoker controls, 5.80±3.09 and 5.15±4.08, respectively (P<0.01). The cytogenetic analysis of MN proved to be the most sensitive biological marker to assess the cellular response to low levels of irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca L Dias
- Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Praça Manoel Terra 330, 38015-050 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Djuzenova CS, Mühl B, Fehn M, Oppitz U, Müller B, Flentje M. Radiosensitivity in breast cancer assessed by the Comet and micronucleus assays. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1194-203. [PMID: 16538220 PMCID: PMC2361251 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous and radiation-induced genetic instability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from unselected breast cancer (BC) patients (n=50) was examined using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay and a modified G2 micronucleus (MN) test. Cells from apparently healthy donors (n=16) and from cancer patients (n=9) with an adverse early skin reaction to radiotherapy (RT) served as references. Nonirradiated cells from the three tested groups exhibited similar baseline levels of DNA fragmentation assessed by the Comet assay. Likewise, the Comet analysis of in vitro irradiated (5 Gy) cells did not reveal any significant differences among the three groups with respect to the initial and residual DNA fragmentation, as well as the DNA repair kinetics. The G2 MN test showed that cells from cancer patients with an adverse skin reaction to RT displayed increased frequencies of both spontaneous and radiation-induced MN compared to healthy control or the group of unselected BC patients. Two patients from the latter group developed an increased early skin reaction to RT, which was associated with an increased initial DNA fragmentation in vitro only in one of them. Cells from the other BC patient exhibited a striking slope in the dose–response curve detected by the G2 MN test. We also found that previous RT strongly increased both spontaneous and in vitro radiation-induced MN levels, and to a lesser extent, the radiation-induced DNA damage assessed by the Comet assay. These data suggest that clinical radiation may provoke genetic instability and/or induce persistent DNA damage in normal cells of cancer patients, thus leading to increased levels of MN induction and DNA fragmentation after irradiation in vitro. Therefore, care has to be taken when blood samples collected postradiotherapeutically are used to assess the radiosensitivity of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Djuzenova
- Klinik für Strahlentherapie der Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Würzburg D-97080, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sram RJ, Rössner P, Rubes J, Beskid O, Dusek Z, Chvatalova I, Schmuczerova J, Milcova A, Solansky I, Bavorova H, Ocadlikova D, Kopecna O, Musilova P. Possible genetic damage in the Czech nuclear power plant workers. Mutat Res 2006; 593:50-63. [PMID: 16191433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify occupational risk of irradiation exposure in the Czech nuclear power plant workers. We analyzed levels of chromosomal aberrations, a well-known biomarker of early biological effects and a predictor of cancer risk. We applied the conventional method of cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH, whole chromosome painting for chromosomes 1 and 4, combined with a pancentromeric probe) to three groups: 123 subjects in the Temelin nuclear power plant (2 years in use), 114 subjects in the Dukovany nuclear power plant (20 years in use), and 53 matched controls from Ceske Budejovice. Nuclear power plant workers were divided into two groups: subjects with admittance into the monitored zone, and others. Following factors were also analyzed: GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, XPD, XRCC1, hOGG1, p53, MTHFR, and MS gene polymorphisms, levels of vitamins A, C, E, and folate in plasma, and level of cotinine in urine. Long-term exposure to ionizing radiation in the monitored zone was 0.47+/-1.50 mSv (miliSievert) in the Temelin nuclear power plant and 5.74+/-9.57 mSv in the Dukovany nuclear power plant. Using the conventional cytogenetic analysis, we observed 1.90+/-0.95 and 1.82+/-1.19% AB.C. (percent of aberrant cells) in the Temelin nuclear power plant, and 2.39+/-1.01 and 2.33+/-1.04% AB.C. in the Dukovany nuclear power plant, for monitored zone workers and others, respectively. In the control group, we found 2.25+/-0.82% AB.C. Genomic frequency of translocations F(G)/100 measured by FISH was 1.89+/-1.40 and 2.01+/-1.68 in the Temelin nuclear power plant, and 2.48+/-1.93 and 2.14+/-1.62 in the Dukovany nuclear power plant for monitored zone workers and others, respectively. In the control group, F(G)/100 was 1.83+/-1.19. Following factors were identified as potential confounders by the conventional cytogenetic analysis: XPD-6, by the FISH: age, GSTP1 and p53Bst genotypes, long-term use of medication, alcohol consumption, and smoking. No association between the dose of irradiation and the level of chromosomal aberrations in any nuclear power plant was detected either by the conventional cytogenetic analysis or by FISH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radim J Sram
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Health Institute of Central Bohemia and Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gandhi NM, Nair CKK. Protection of DNA and membrane from gamma radiation induced damage by gallic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 278:111-7. [PMID: 16180096 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-6940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is a naturally occurring plant phenol. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this phytochemical protected DNA and membranes against ionizing radiation. Rat liver microsomes and plasmid pBR322 DNA were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation in presence and absence of GA. Exposure of the microsomes to gamma radiation resulted in the formation of peroxides of membrane lipids measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and presence of GA during irradiation prevented the formation of lipid peroxidation. Gamma irradiation of plasmid DNA resulted in induction of strand breaks in DNA resulting in disappearance of the supercoiled (ccc) form. Presence of GA during irradiation protected the DNA from undergoing the strand breaks. In in vivo studies it was found that whole body exposure of mice to gamma radiation (4 Gy) increased the formation of lipid peroxides in various tissues and damage to cellular DNA (as measured by alkaline comet assay) in peripheral blood leucocytes. Administration of GA to mice prior to whole body radiation exposure reduced the peroxidation of lipids and the damage to the cellular DNA indicating in vivo radiation protection of membranes and DNA by GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Motilal Gandhi
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Angelini S, Kumar R, Carbone F, Maffei F, Forti GC, Violante FS, Lodi V, Curti S, Hemminki K, Hrelia P. Micronuclei in humans induced by exposure to low level of ionizing radiation: influence of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. Mutat Res 2005; 570:105-17. [PMID: 15680408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the risks deriving from protracted exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation has remarkable societal importance in view of the large number of work settings in which sources of IR are encountered. To address this question, we studied the frequency of micronuclei (MN), which is an indicator of DNA damage, in a population exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation and in matched controls. In both exposed population and controls, the possible influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in XRCC1, XRCC3 and XPD genes on the frequency of micronuclei was also evaluated. We also considered the effects of confounding factors, like smoking status, age and gender. The results indicated that MN frequency was significantly higher in the exposed workers than in the controls [8.62+/-2.80 versus 6.86+/-2.65; P=0.019]. Radiological workers with variant alleles for XRCC1 or XRCC3 polymorphisms or wild-type alleles for XPD exon 23 or 10 polymorphisms showed a significantly higher MN frequency than controls with the same genotypes. Smoking status did not affect micronuclei frequency either in exposed workers or controls, while age was associated with increased MN frequency in the exposed only. In the combined population, gender but not age exerted an influence on the yield of MN, being higher in females than in males. Even though there is a limitation in this study due to the small number of subjects, these results suggest that even exposures to low level of ionizing radiation could have genotoxic effects and that XRCC3, XRCC1 and XPD polymorphisms might contribute to the increased genetic damage in susceptible individuals occupationally exposed to chronic low levels of ionizing radiation. For a clear conclusion on the induction of DNA damage caused by protracted exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and the possible influence of genetic polymorphism in DNA repair genes larger studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|