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Jing R, Jiang Z, Tang X. Advances in Millimeter-Wave Treatment and Its Biological Effects Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8638. [PMID: 39201326 PMCID: PMC11354414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review critically examines the current state of research on the biological effects of millimeter-wave (MMW) therapy and its potential implications for disease treatment. By investigating both the thermal and non-thermal impacts of MMWs, we elucidate cellular-level alterations, including changes in ion channels and signaling pathways. Our analysis encompasses MMW's therapeutic prospects in oncology, such as inducing apoptosis, managing pain, and modulating immunity through cytokine regulation and immune cell activation. By employing a rigorous methodology involving an extensive database search and stringent inclusion criteria, we emphasize the need for standardized protocols to enhance the reliability of future research. Although MMWs exhibit promising therapeutic potential, our findings highlight the urgent need for further elucidation of non-thermal mechanisms and rigorous safety assessments, considering the intricate nature of MMW interactions and inconsistent study outcomes. This review underscores the importance of focused research on the biological mechanisms of MMWs and the identification of optimal frequencies to fully harness their therapeutic capabilities. However, we acknowledge the challenges of variable study quality and the necessity for advanced quality control measures to ensure the reproducibility and comparability of future investigations. In conclusion, while MMW therapy holds promise as a novel therapeutic modality, further research is imperative to unravel its complex biological effects, establish safety profiles, and optimize treatment protocols before widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jing
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zhenqi Jiang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiaoying Tang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Jagetia GC. Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113321. [PMID: 35508219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.
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Darvishi M, Mashati P, Kandala S, Paridar M, Takhviji V, Ebrahimi H, Zibara K, Khosravi A. Electromagnetic radiation: a new charming actor in hematopoiesis? Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:47-58. [PMID: 32951483 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1826301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic waves play indispensable roles in life. Many studies addressed the outcomes of Electromagnetic field (EMF) on various biological functions such as cell proliferation, gene expression, epigenetic alterations, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects, and its therapeutic applications in medicine. The impact of EMF on bone marrow (BM) is of high importance; however, EMF effects on BM hematopoiesis are not well understood. AREAS COVERED Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar with no restriction on publication date. A literature review has been conducted on the consequences of EMF exposure on BM non-hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the application of these waves in regenerative medicine. Human blood cells such as lymphocytes, red blood cells and their precursors are altered qualitatively and quantitatively following electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, studying the impact of EMF on related signaling pathways in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation could give a better insight into its efficacy on hematopoiesis and its potential therapeutic usage. EXPERT OPINION In this review, authors evaluated the possible biologic consequences of EMF on the hematopoiesis process in addition to its probable application in the treatment of hematologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Darvishi
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Mashati
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahithi Kandala
- University of Colorado, Boulder Department: Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering , Colarada, USA
| | - Mostafa Paridar
- Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Takhviji
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- School of Nursing, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE & Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran, Iran
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Leszczynski D. Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:493-515. [PMID: 32829319 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The currently ongoing deployment if the fifth generation of the wireless communication technology, the 5G technology, has reignited the health debate around the new kind of radiation that will be used/emitted by the 5G devices and networks - the millimeter-waves. The new aspect of the 5G technology, that is of concern to some of the future users, is that both, antennas and devices will be continuously in a very close proximity of the users' bodies. Skin is the only organ of the human body, besides the eyes, that will be directly exposed to the mm-waves of the 5G technology. However, the whole scientific evidence on the possible effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells, currently consists of only some 99 studies. This clearly indicates that the scientific evidence concerning the possible effects of millimeter-waves on humans is insufficient to devise science-based exposure limits and to develop science-based human health policies. The sufficient research has not been done and, therefore, precautionary measures should be considered for the deployment of the 5G, before the sufficient number of quality research studies will be executed and health risk, or lack of it, scientifically established.
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3406. [PMID: 31540320 PMCID: PMC6765906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtill Simkó
- SciProof International AB, Vaktpoststigen 4, 83132 Östersund, Sweden.
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Koyama S, Narita E, Shimizu Y, Suzuki Y, Shiina T, Taki M, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to 60 GHz Millimeter-Wavelength Radiation on the Genotoxicity and Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) Expression of Cells Derived from Human Eye. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080802. [PMID: 27509516 PMCID: PMC4997488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) and human lens epithelial (SRA01/04) cells derived from the human eye were exposed to 60 gigahertz (GHz) millimeter-wavelength radiation for 24 h. There was no statistically significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells exposed to 60 GHz millimeter-wavelength radiation at 1 mW/cm² compared with sham-exposed controls and incubator controls. The MN frequency of cells treated with bleomycin for 1 h provided positive controls. The comet assay, used to detect DNA strand breaks, and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression also showed no statistically significant effects of exposure. These results indicate that exposure to millimeter-wavelength radiation has no effect on genotoxicity in human eye cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koyama
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Eijiro Narita
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Takeo Shiina
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Junji Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Wu T, Rappaport TS, Collins CM. Safe for Generations to Come. IEEE MICROWAVE MAGAZINE 2015; 16:65-84. [PMID: 26539066 PMCID: PMC4629874 DOI: 10.1109/mmm.2014.2377587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- New York University (NYU) WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States. ( )
| | - Theodore S Rappaport
- NYU WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States, and the NYU Department of Radiology, New York, United States. ( )
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Mohamed WA, Ismail SA, El-Hakim YMA. Spirulina platensis ameliorative effect against GSM 900-MHz cellular phone radiation-induced genotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-2003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Beneduci A, Cosentino K, Chidichimo G. Millimeter Wave Radiations Affect Membrane Hydration in Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles. MATERIALS 2013; 6:2701-2712. [PMID: 28811403 PMCID: PMC5521226 DOI: 10.3390/ma6072701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A clear understanding of the response of biological systems to millimeter waves exposure is of increasing interest for the scientific community due to the recent convincing use of these radiations in the ultrafast wireless communications. Here we report a deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2H-NMR) investigation on the effects of millimeter waves in the 53–78 GHz range on phosphocholine bio-mimetic membranes. Millimeter waves significantly affect the polar interface of the membrane causing a decrease of the heavy water quadrupole splitting. This effect is as important as inducing the transition from the fluid to the gel phase when the membrane exposure occurs in the neighborhood of the transition point. On the molecular level, the above effect can be well explained by membrane dehydration induced by the radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amerigo Beneduci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci-Cubo 17/D, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87040, Italy.
| | - Katia Cosentino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci-Cubo 17/D, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87040, Italy.
- Adhesion and Inflammation, CNRS UMR 7333, INSERM U1067, Aix Marseille University, Luminy, Marseille 13009, France.
| | - Giuseppe Chidichimo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci-Cubo 17/D, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87040, Italy.
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Hindié E, Brenner DJ, Orton CG. Point/counterpoint: backscatter x-ray machines at airports are safe. Med Phys 2012; 39:4649-52. [PMID: 22894388 DOI: 10.1118/1.3694116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Hindié
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hopital Haut-Léveque, CHU de Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France.
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Le Quément C, Nicolas Nicolaz C, Zhadobov M, Desmots F, Sauleau R, Aubry M, Michel D, Le Dréan Y. Whole-genome expression analysis in primary human keratinocyte cell cultures exposed to 60 GHz radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:147-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Brenner DJ. Are X-Ray Backscatter Scanners Safe for Airport Passenger Screening? For Most Individuals, Probably Yes, but a Billion Scans per Year Raises Long-Term Public Health Concerns. Radiology 2011; 259:6-10. [PMID: 21436091 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Verschaeve L, Juutilainen J, Lagroye I, Miyakoshi J, Saunders R, de Seze R, Tenforde T, van Rongen E, Veyret B, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res 2010; 705:252-68. [PMID: 20955816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the possibility of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those emitted by wireless communication devices. Since the introduction of mobile phones many studies have been conducted regarding alleged health effects but there is still some uncertainty and no definitive conclusions have been reached so far. Although thermal effects are well understood they are not of great concern as they are unlikely to result from the typical low-level RFR exposures. Concern rests essentially with the possibility that RFR-exposure may induce non-thermal and/or long-term health effects such as an increased cancer risk. Consequently, possible genetic effects have often been studied but with mixed results. In this paper we review the data on alleged RFR-induced genetic effects from in vitro and in vivo investigations as well as from human cytogenetic biomonitoring surveys. Attention is also paid to combined exposures of RFR with chemical or physical agents. Again, however, no entirely consistent picture emerges. Many of the positive studies may well be due to thermal exposures, but a few studies suggest that biological effects can be seen at low levels of exposure. Overall, however, the evidence for low-level genotoxic effects is very weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschaeve
- O.D. Public Health & Surveillance, Laboratory of Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Coq L, Debure L, Thouroude D, Michel D, Le Dréan Y. Low-power millimeter wave radiations do not alter stress-sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:188-96. [PMID: 17080454 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article reports experimental results on the influence of low-power millimeter wave (MMW) radiation at 60 GHz on a set of stress-sensitive gene expression of molecular chaperones, namely clusterin (CLU) and HSP70, in a human brain cell line. Selection of the exposure frequency is determined by its near-future applications for the new broadband civil wireless communication systems including wireless local area networks (WLAN) for domestic and professional uses. Frequencies around 60 GHz are strongly attenuated in the earth's atmosphere and such radiations represent a new environmental factor. An exposure system operating in V-band (50-75 GHz) was developed for cell exposure. U-251 MG glial cell line was sham-exposed or exposed to MMW radiation for different durations (1-33 h) and two different power densities (5.4 microW/cm(2) or 0.54 mW/cm(2)). As gene expression is a multiple-step process, we analyzed chaperone proteins induction at different levels. First, using luciferase reporter gene, we investigated potential effect of MMWs on the activation of transcription factors (TFs) and gene promoter activity. Next, using RT-PCR and Western blot assays, we verified whether MMW exposure could alter RNA accumulation, translation, or protein stability. Experimental data demonstrated the absence of significant modifications in gene transcription, mRNA, and protein amount for the considered stress-sensitive genes for the exposure durations and power densities investigated. The main results of this study suggest that low-power 60 GHz radiation does not modify stress-sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, bâtiment 11D, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Trosic I, Busljeta I. Erythropoietic dynamic equilibrium in rats maintained after microwave irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57:247-51. [PMID: 16410191 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to define influence of radiofrequency microwave (RF/MW) radiation on erythropoiesis in rats. The kinetics of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and micronucleated (MN) PCEs in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) of rats during the intermittent subchronic experiment was followed. Rats were exposed 2h/day, 7 days/week to RF/MW of 2.45 GHz and whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.25+/-0.36 W/kg. Control animals were included in the study. Each exposed and control group was killed on the final day of irradiation. Acridine-orange stained BM and blood smears were examined by fluorescence microscope. PCEs were obtained by inspection of 2000 BM and 1000 PB erythrocytes/slides. BMMNs and PBMNs frequency was obtained by observation of 1000 PCEs/slides. BMPCEs were increased on day 8 and 15, and PBPCEs were elevated on days 2 and 8 (p<0.05). The BMMN frequency was increased on experimental day 15, and MNPCEs in the PB was increased on day 8 (p<0.05). Findings of BM and PBPCEs or MNPCEs declined nearly to the control values until the end of the experiment. Such findings are considered to be indicators of radiation effects on BM erythropoiesis consequently reflected in the PB. Rehabilitated dynamic haemopoietc equilibrium in rats by the end of experiment indicates possibility of activation adaptation process in rats to the selected experimental conditions of subchronic RF/MW exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivancica Trosic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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