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Zhao D, Mo Y, Neganova ME, Aleksandrova Y, Tse E, Chubarev VN, Fan R, Sukocheva OA, Liu J. Dual effects of radiotherapy on tumor microenvironment and its contribution towards the development of resistance to immunotherapy in gastrointestinal and thoracic cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1266537. [PMID: 37849740 PMCID: PMC10577389 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1266537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful clinical methods for tumor elimination include a combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is one of the crucial components of the cancer treatment regimens which allow to extend patient life expectancy. Current cutting-edge radiotherapy research is focused on the identification of methods that should increase cancer cell sensitivity to radiation and activate anti-cancer immunity mechanisms. Radiation treatment activates various cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and impacts tumor growth, angiogenesis, and anti-cancer immunity. Radiotherapy was shown to regulate signaling and anti-cancer functions of various TME immune and vasculature cell components, including tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), natural killers, and other T cell subsets. Dual effects of radiation, including metastasis-promoting effects and activation of oxidative stress, have been detected, suggesting that radiotherapy triggers heterogeneous targets. In this review, we critically discuss the activation of TME and angiogenesis during radiotherapy which is used to strengthen the effects of novel immunotherapy. Intracellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms of signaling and clinical manipulations of immune responses and oxidative stress by radiotherapy are accented. Current findings indicate that radiotherapy should be considered as a supporting instrument for immunotherapy to limit the cancer-promoting effects of TME. To increase cancer-free survival rates, it is recommended to combine personalized radiation therapy methods with TME-targeting drugs, including immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Mo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Margarita E. Neganova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Kadhim M, Tuncay Cagatay S, Elbakrawy EM. Non-targeted effects of radiation: a personal perspective on the role of exosomes in an evolving paradigm. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:410-420. [PMID: 34662248 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1980630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced non-targeted effects (NTE) have implications in a variety of areas relevant to radiation biology. Here we evaluate the various cargo associated with exosomal signalling and how they work synergistically to initiate and propagate the non-targeted effects including Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects. CONCLUSIONS Extra cellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, have been shown to carry bystander signals. Exosome cargo may contain nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, as well as proteins, lipids and metabolites. These cargo molecules have all been considered as potential mediators of NTE. A review of current literature shows mounting evidence of a role for ionizing radiation in modulating both the numbers of exosomes released from affected cells as well as the content of their cargo, and that these exosomes can instigate functional changes in recipient cells. However, there are significant gaps in our understanding, particularly regarding modified exosome cargo after radiation exposure and the functional changes induced in recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seda Tuncay Cagatay
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eman Mohammed Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
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Nikitaki Z, Choulilitsa E, Kalospyros SA, Kaisaridi S, Terzoudi GI, Kokkoris M, Georgakilas AG. Construction and evaluation of an α-particle-irradiation exposure apparatus. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1404-1416. [PMID: 34330206 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1962568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of an exposure apparatus for in situ α-irradiation studies of cells. The construction of the apparatus is simple and the apparatus is maintenance free, easy to use and of low cost. This small device can be placed in an incubator, where the exposure environment is controlled. Moreover the vapor saturated incubator protects the cells from drying out, allowing long irradiation intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system includes a 234U alpha (α)-source of total activity 0.77 ± 0.03 MBq in the form of a thin disk deposited on an aluminum substrate. The α-particles emitted in the air have a mean energy of 4.9 MeV at the disk surface. Source homogeneity has been studied via Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. Using SRIM 2013 and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations via the MCNP6.1 code, LET and energy deposition values have been calculated for various filling gasses. Furthermore, based on these simulations, the assembly's dimensions and equivalent irradiation rate have been determined. With respect to the aforementioned dimensions, the experimental setup is constructed in a way to provide uniform irradiation of the sample. Using Sacalc3v1.4 irradiation radial homogeneity has been studied. In order to evaluate biologically our apparatus, a well-established chromosomal aberration assay has been utilized, applied in exponentially growing hamster (CHO) cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence gamma-H2AX/53BP1 foci assay has been performed as a 'biological detector', in order to validate α-particles surface density. RESULTS Source surface homogeneity: emission deviations do not exceed 10-15%. The optimal distance between the source and the cells for irradiation is determined to be 14.8 mm. Irradiation radial homogeneity: a deviation of 5% occurs at the first 8 mm from the center of the irradiation area, and a 10% deviation occurs after 12 mm. Chromosomal aberrations were found in good agreement with the corresponding in bibliography. CONCLUSIONS The current technical report describes analytically the development and evaluation stages of this experimental housing; from MC simulations to the irradiation of mammalian cells and data analysis. Moreover, guidance is provided as well as a report of the variables on which critical parameters are depended, so as to make this work useful to anyone who wants to construct a similar in-house α-irradiation apparatus for radiobiological studies using mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Choulilitsa
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon A Kalospyros
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kaisaridi
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Mike Kokkoris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
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Elbakrawy EM, Mayah A, Hill MA, Kadhim M. Induction of Genomic Instability in a Primary Human Fibroblast Cell Line Following Low-Dose Alpha-Particle Exposure and the Potential Role of Exosomes. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010011. [PMID: 33379152 PMCID: PMC7824692 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the induction of genomic instability (GI) in the progeny of cell populations irradiated with low doses of alpha-particles and the potential role of exosome-encapsulated bystander signalling. METHODS The induction of GI in HF19 normal fibroblast cells was assessed by determining the formation of micronuclei (MN) in binucleate cells along with using the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA damage. RESULTS Low dose alpha-particle exposure (0.0001-1 Gy) was observed to produce a significant induction of micronuclei and DNA damage shortly after irradiation (assays performed at 5 and 1 h post exposure, respectively). This damage was not only still evident and statistically significant in all irradiated groups after 10 population doublings, but similar trends were observed after 20 population doublings. Exosomes from irradiated cells were also observed to enhance the level of DNA damage in non-irradiated bystander cells at early times. CONCLUSION very low doses of alpha-particles are capable of inducing GI in the progeny of irradiated cells even at doses where <1% of the cells are traversed, where the level of response was similar to that observed at doses where 100% of the cells were traversed. This may have important implications with respect to the evaluation of cancer risk associated with very low-dose alpha-particle exposure and deviation from a linear dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohammed Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- Gray Laboratories, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-1865-483954
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Elbakrawy E, Kaur Bains S, Bright S, AL-Abedi R, Mayah A, Goodwin E, Kadhim M. Radiation-Induced Senescence Bystander Effect: The Role of Exosomes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080191. [PMID: 32726907 PMCID: PMC7465498 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing Radiation (IR), especially at high doses, induces cellular senescence in exposed cultures. IR also induces “bystander effects” through signals released from irradiated cells, and these effects include many of the same outcomes observed following direct exposure. Here, we investigate if radiation can cause senescence through a bystander mechanism. Control cultures were exposed directly to 0, 0.1, 2, and 10 Gy. Unirradiated cells were treated with medium from irradiated cultures or with exosomes extracted from irradiated medium. The level of senescence was determined post-treatment (24 h, 15 days, 30 days, and 45 days) by β-galactosidase staining. Media from cultures exposed to all four doses, and exosomes from these cultures, induced significant senescence in recipient cultures. Senescence levels were initially low at the earliest timepoint, and peaked at 15 days, and then decreased with further passaging. These results demonstrate that senescence is inducible through a bystander mechanism. As with other bystander effects, bystander senescence was induced by a low radiation dose. However, unlike other bystander effects, cultures recovered from bystander senescence after repeated passaging. Bystander senescence may be a potentially significant effect of exposure to IR, and may have both beneficial and harmful effects in the context of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
| | - Savneet Kaur Bains
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Scott Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Raheem AL-Abedi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Edwin Goodwin
- Angelina Biomedical Laboratories, 2110 Deer Valley Lane, Laporte, CO 80535-9750, USA;
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Hu S, Shao C. Research progress of radiation induced bystander and abscopal effects in normal tissue. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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Schröder S, Juerß D, Kriesen S, Manda K, Hildebrandt G. Immunomodulatory properties of low-dose ionizing radiation on human endothelial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:23-32. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1486515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schröder
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dajana Juerß
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriesen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Manda
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Testa A, Ballarini F, Giesen U, Gil OM, Carante MP, Tello J, Langner F, Rabus H, Palma V, Pinto M, Patrono C. Analysis of Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations on a Cell-by-Cell Basis after Alpha-Particle Microbeam Irradiation: Experimental Data and Simulations. Radiat Res 2018; 189:597-604. [PMID: 29624483 DOI: 10.1667/rr15005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a continued need for further clarification of various aspects of radiation-induced chromosomal aberration, including its correlation with radiation track structure. As part of the EMRP joint research project, Biologically Weighted Quantities in Radiotherapy (BioQuaRT), we performed experimental and theoretical analyses on chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) exposed to α particles with final energies of 5.5 and 17.8 MeV (absorbed doses: ∼2.3 Gy and ∼1.9 Gy, respectively), which were generated by the microbeam at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig, Germany. In line with the differences in linear energy transfer (approximately 85 keV/μm for 5.5 MeV and 36 keV/μm for 17.8 MeV α particles), the 5.5 MeV α particles were more effective than the 17.8 MeV α particles, both in terms of the percentage of aberrant cells (57% vs. 33%) and aberration frequency. The yield of total aberrations increased by a factor of ∼2, although the increase in dicentrics plus centric rings was less pronounced than in acentric fragments. The experimental data were compared with Monte Carlo simulations based on the BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosomal Aberrations model (BIANCA). This comparison allowed interpretation of the results in terms of critical DNA damage [cluster lesions (CLs)]. More specifically, the higher aberration yields observed for the 5.5 MeV α particles were explained by taking into account that, although the nucleus was traversed by fewer particles (nominally, 11 vs. 25), each particle was much more effective (by a factor of ∼3) at inducing CLs. This led to an increased yield of CLs per cell (by a factor of ∼1.4), consistent with the increased yield of total aberrations observed in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Testa
- a Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ballarini
- b University of Pavia (Physics Department), via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.,c INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), Section of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ulrich Giesen
- d Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Octávia Monteiro Gil
- e Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela-LRS, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mario P Carante
- b University of Pavia (Physics Department), via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.,c INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), Section of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - John Tello
- b University of Pavia (Physics Department), via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.,c INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), Section of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.,f Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Langner
- d Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Rabus
- d Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Valentina Palma
- a Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pinto
- g National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Clarice Patrono
- a Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
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Jelonek K, Widlak P, Pietrowska M. The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Exosome Composition, Secretion and Intercellular Communication. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 23:656-63. [PMID: 27117741 PMCID: PMC5029112 DOI: 10.2174/0929866523666160427105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of vesicles is actively secreted into the extracellular space by most type of cells. The smallest nanoparticles (30-120 nm), called exosomes, are known to transport their cargo (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) between diverse locations in the body. Specific content of exosomes and their influence on recipient cells depends primarily on the type of the secretory (donor) cell, yet several studies highlight the importance of environmental stress on which the donor cells are exposed. Ionizing radiation, which induces damage to DNA and other structures of a target cell, is one of well-recognized stress conditions influencing behavior of affected cells. A few recent studies have evidenced radiation-induced changes in composition of exosomes released from irradiated cells and their involvement in radiation-related communication between cells. Inducible pathways of exosome secretion activated in irradiated cells are regulated by TSAP6 protein (the transmembrane protein tumor suppressor-activated pathway 6), which is transcriptionally regulated by p53, hence cellular status of this major DNA damage response factor affects composition and secretion rate of exosomes released from target cells. Moreover, exosomes released from irradiated cells have been shown to mediate the radiation-induced bystander effect. Understanding radiation-related mechanisms involved in exosome formation and “makeup” of their cargo would shed light on the role of exosomes in systemic response of cells, tissues and organisms to ionizing radiation which may open new perspectives in translational medicine and anticancer-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Song M, Wang Y, Shang ZF, Liu XD, Xie DF, Wang Q, Guan H, Zhou PK. Bystander autophagy mediated by radiation-induced exosomal miR-7-5p in non-targeted human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30165. [PMID: 27417393 PMCID: PMC4945935 DOI: 10.1038/srep30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) describes a set of biological effects in non-targeted cells that receive bystander signals from the irradiated cells. RIBE brings potential hazards to adjacent normal tissues in radiotherapy, and imparts a higher risk than previously thought. Excessive release of some substances from irradiated cells into extracellular microenvironment has a deleterious effect. For example, cytokines and reactive oxygen species have been confirmed to be involved in RIBE process via extracellular medium or gap junctions. However, RIBE-mediating signals and intercellular communication pathways are incompletely characterized. Here, we first identified a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in the exosomes collected from 2 Gy irradiated human bronchial epithelial BEP2D cells, from which miR-7-5p was found to induce autophagy in recipient cells. This exosome-mediated autophagy was significantly attenuated by miR-7-5p inhibitor. Moreover, our data demonstrated that autophagy induced by exosomal miR-7-5p was associated with EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Together, our results support the involvement of secretive exosomes in propagation of RIBE signals to bystander cells. The exosomes-containing miR-7-5p is a crucial mediator of bystander autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Song
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Da-Fei Xie
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P R China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
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Turchan WT, Shapiro RH, Sevigny GV, Chin-Sinex H, Pruden B, Mendonca MS. Irradiated human endothelial progenitor cells induce bystander killing in human non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:427-33. [PMID: 27258472 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1186299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether irradiated human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPC) could induce bystander killing in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and help explain the improved radiation-induced tumor cures observed in A549 tumor xenografts co-injected with hEPC. Materials and methods We investigated whether co-injection of CBM3 hEPC with A549 NSCLC cells would alter tumor xenograft growth rate or tumor cure after a single dose of 0 or 5 Gy of X-rays. We then utilized dual chamber Transwell dishes, to test whether medium from irradiated CBM3 and CBM4 hEPC would induce bystander cell killing in A549 cells, and as an additional control, in human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cells. The CBM3 and CBM4 hEPC were plated into the upper Transwell chamber and the A549 or MIA PaCa-2 cells were plated in the lower Transwell chamber. The top inserts with the CBM3 or CBM4 hEPC cells were subsequently removed, irradiated, and then placed back into the Transwell dish for 3 h to allow for diffusion of any potential bystander factors from the irradiated hEPC in the upper chamber through the permeable membrane to the unirradiated cancer cells in the lower chamber. After the 3 h incubation, the cancer cells were re-plated for clonogenic survival. Results We found that co-injection of CBM3 hEPC with A549 NSCLC cells significantly increased the tumor growth rate compared to A549 cells alone, but paradoxically also increased A549 tumor cure after a single dose of 5 Gy of X-rays (p < 0.05). We hypothesized that irradiated hEPC may be inducing bystander killing in the A549 NSCLC cells in tumor xenografts, thus improving tumor cure. Bystander studies clearly showed that exposure to the medium from irradiated CBM3 and CBM4 hEPC induced significant bystander killing and decreased the surviving fraction of A549 and MIA PaCa-2 cells to 0.46 (46%) ± 0.22 and 0.74 ± 0.07 (74%) respectively (p < 0.005, p < 0.0001). In addition, antibody depletion studies demonstrated that the bystander killing induced in both A549 and MIA PaCa-2 cells was mediated by the cytokines TNF-α and TGF-β (p < 0.05). Conclusions These data provide evidence that irradiated hEPC can induce strong bystander killing in A549 and MIA PaCa-2 human cancer cells and that this bystander killing is mediated by the cytokines TNF-α and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Turchan
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
| | - Ronald H Shapiro
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
| | - Garrett V Sevigny
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
| | - Helen Chin-Sinex
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
| | - Benjamin Pruden
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
| | - Marc S Mendonca
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA ;,b Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN 46202 , USA
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Al-Mayah A, Bright S, Chapman K, Irons S, Luo P, Carter D, Goodwin E, Kadhim M. The non-targeted effects of radiation are perpetuated by exosomes. Mutat Res 2014; 772:38-45. [PMID: 25772109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes contain cargo material from endosomes, cytosol, plasma membrane and microRNA molecules, they are released by a number of non-cancer and cancer cells into both the extracellular microenvironment and body fluids such as blood plasma. Recently we demonstrated radiation-induced non-targeted effects [NTE: genomic instability (GI) and bystander effects (BE)] are partially mediated by exosomes, particularly the RNA content. However the mechanistic role of exosomes in NTE is yet to be fully understood. The present study used MCF7 cells to characterise the longevity of exosome-induced activity in the progeny of irradiated and unirradiated bystander cells. Exosomes extracted from conditioned media of irradiated and bystander progeny were added to unirradiated cells. Analysis was carried out at 1 and 20/24 population doublings following medium/exosome transfer for DNA/chromosomal damage. Results confirmed exosomes play a significant role in mediating NTE of ionising radiation (IR). This effect was remarkably persistent, observed >20 doublings post-irradiation in the progeny of bystander cells. Additionally, cell progeny undergoing a BE were themselves capable of inducing BE in other cells via exosomes they released. Furthermore we investigated the role of exosome cargo. Culture media from cells exposed to 2 Gy X-rays was subjected to ultracentrifugation and four inoculants prepared, (a) supernatants with exosomes removed, and pellets with (b) exosome proteins denatured, (c) RNA degraded, and (d) a combination of protein-RNA inactivation. These were added to separate populations of unirradiated cells. The BE was partially inhibited when either exosome protein or exosome RNA were inactivated separately, whilst combined RNA-protein inhibition significantly reduced or eliminated the BE. These results demonstrate that exosomes are associated with long-lived signalling of the NTE of IR. Both RNA and protein molecules of exosomes work in a synergistic manner to initiate NTE, spread these effects to naïve cells, and perpetuate GI in the affected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Mayah
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Bright
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Chapman
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Irons
- Insect Virus Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Luo
- Izon Science Ltd., The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - David Carter
- Chromatin and non-coding RNA, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Goodwin
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Genomic Instability Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
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Tang FR, Loke WK. Molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:13-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.937510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Manda K, Kavanagh JN, Buttler D, Prise KM, Hildebrandt G. Low dose effects of ionizing radiation on normal tissue stem cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 761:6-14. [PMID: 24566131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing evidence for the involvement of stem cells in cancer initiation. As a result of their long life span, stem cells may have an increased propensity to accumulate genetic damage relative to differentiated cells. Therefore, stem cells of normal tissues may be important targets for radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Knowledge of the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on normal stem cells and on the processes involved in carcinogenesis is very limited. The influence of high doses of IR (>5Gy) on proliferation, cell cycle and induction of senescence has been demonstrated in stem cells. There have been limited studies of the effects of moderate (0.5-5Gy) and low doses (<0.5Gy) of IR on stem cells however, the effect of low dose IR (LD-IR) on normal stem cells as possible targets for radiation-induced carcinogenesis has not been studied in any depth. There may also be important parallels between stem cell responses and those of cancer stem cells, which may highlight potential key common mechanisms of their response and radiosensitivity. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge of radiation-induced effects on normal stem cells, with particular focus on low and moderate doses of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Manda
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Joy N Kavanagh
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Dajana Buttler
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Nieri D, Berardinelli F, Sgura A, Cherubini R, De Nadal V, Gerardi S, Tanzarella C, Antoccia A. Cyogenetics effects in AG01522 human primary fibroblasts exposed to low doses of radiations with different quality. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:698-707. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.797126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, Hildebrandt G, Belyakov OV, Prise KM, Little MP. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res 2013; 752:84-98. [PMID: 23262375 PMCID: PMC4091999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-DNA targeted effects of ionising radiation, which include genomic instability, and a variety of bystander effects including abscopal effects and bystander mediated adaptive response, have raised concerns about the magnitude of low-dose radiation risk. Genomic instability, bystander effects and adaptive responses are powered by fundamental, but not clearly understood systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Despite excellent research in this field by various groups, there are still gaps in our understanding of the likely mechanisms associated with non-DNA targeted effects, particularly with respect to systemic (human health) consequences at low and intermediate doses of ionising radiation. Other outstanding questions include links between the different non-targeted responses and the variations in response observed between individuals and cell lines, possibly a function of genetic background. Furthermore, it is still not known what the initial target and early interactions in cells are that give rise to non-targeted responses in neighbouring or descendant cells. This paper provides a commentary on the current state of the field as a result of the non-targeted effects of ionising radiation (NOTE) Integrated Project funded by the European Union. Here we critically examine the evidence for non-targeted effects, discuss apparently contradictory results and consider implications for low-dose radiation health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Wright
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Südring 75, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg V Belyakov
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Frankenberg-Schwager M, Gregus A. Chromosomal instability induced by mammography X-rays in primary human fibroblasts from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:846-57. [PMID: 22788243 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammography X-rays are known to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) whose error-free recombinational repair requires the function of the tumour repressor genes BRCA1 (breast-cancer-associated gene 1) and BRCA2 (breast-cancer-associated gene 2). Since un- or misrepaired DSB lead to chromosomal anomalies which may promote the development of breast cancer, we have studied the potential of mammography X-rays for immediate and delayed induction of chromosomal anomalies in human primary fibroblasts from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary human fibroblasts from three BRCA1, three BRCA2 mutation carriers, one BRCA2-deficient fanconi anemia (FA) patient and three normal individuals were exposed to various doses of mammography X-rays. Chromosomal anomalies at first mitosis and at several population doublings post-irradiation were assayed (Giemsa staining and Fish [fluorescence in situ hybridization]). RESULTS No effect of the BRCA mutation status was observed on survival curves after exposure to mammography X-rays and on the dose-dependent increase of chromosomal anomalies at first mitosis post-irradiation. In contrast, several population doublings after exposure to a low dose of only 0.5 Gy chromosomal instability, manifested as gross chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy, had developed in BRCA2-deficient FA fibroblasts and in some - but not all - BRCA heterozygous fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Low doses of mammography X-rays have the potential to induce chromosomal instability in fibroblasts from BRCA mutation carriers: Cells exhibit gross chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy similar to those observed in breast cancer cells. These results suggest that for women carrying a BRCA mutation early and frequent screening with mammography X-rays may not be the method of choice to detect breast cancer.
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Al-Mayah AHJ, Irons SL, Pink RC, Carter DRF, Kadhim MA. Possible role of exosomes containing RNA in mediating nontargeted effect of ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2012; 177:539-45. [PMID: 22612287 DOI: 10.1667/rr2868.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Communication between irradiated and un-irradiated (bystander) cells can cause damage in cells that are not directly targeted by ionizing radiation, a process known as the bystander effect. Bystander effects can also lead to chromosomal/genomic instability within the progeny of bystander cells, similar to the progeny of directly irradiated cells. The factors that mediate this cellular communication can be transferred between cells via gap junctions or released into the extracellular media following irradiation, but their nature has not been fully characterized. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the bystander effect mediator contains an RNA molecule that may be carried by exosomes. MCF7 cells were irradiated with 2 Gy of X rays and the extracellular media was harvested. RNase treatment abrogated the ability of the media to induce early and late chromosomal damage in bystander cells. Furthermore, treatment of bystander cells with exosomes isolated from this media increased the levels of genomic damage. These results suggest that the bystander effect, and genomic instability, are at least in part mediated by exosomes and implicate a role for RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar H J Al-Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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20
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Chapman KL, Al-Mayah AHJ, Bowler DA, Irons SL, Kadhim MA. No influence of serotonin levels in foetal bovine sera on radiation-induced bystander effects and genomic instability. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:781-5. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.710926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Blyth BJ, Sykes PJ. Radiation-induced bystander effects: what are they, and how relevant are they to human radiation exposures? Radiat Res 2011; 176:139-57. [PMID: 21631286 DOI: 10.1667/rr2548.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The term radiation-induced bystander effect is used to describe radiation-induced biological changes that manifest in unirradiated cells remaining within an irradiated cell population. Despite their failure to fit into the framework of classical radiobiology, radiation-induced bystander effects have entered the mainstream and have become established in the radiobiology vocabulary as a bona fide radiation response. However, there is still no consensus on a precise definition of radiation-induced bystander effects, which currently encompasses a number of distinct signal-mediated effects. These effects are classified here into three classes: bystander effects, abscopal effects and cohort effects. In this review, the data have been evaluated to define, where possible, various features specific to radiation-induced bystander effects, including their timing, range, potency and dependence on dose, dose rate, radiation quality and cell type. The weight of evidence supporting these defining features is discussed in the context of bystander experimental systems that closely replicate realistic human exposure scenarios. Whether the manifestation of bystander effects in vivo is intrinsically limited to particular radiation exposure scenarios is considered. The conditions under which radiation-induced bystander effects are induced in vivo will ultimately determine their impact on radiation-induced carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Yokota Y, Funayama T, Hase Y, Hamada N, Kobayashi Y, Tanaka A, Narumi I. Enhanced micronucleus formation in the descendants of gamma-ray-irradiated tobacco cells: evidence for radiation-induced genomic instability in plant cells. Mutat Res 2010; 691:41-6. [PMID: 20633566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced genomic instability has been documented in various end points such as chromosomal aberrations and mutations, which arises in the descendants of irradiated mammalian or yeast cells many generations after the initial insult. This study aimed at addressing radiation-induced genomic instability in higher plant tobacco cells. We thus investigated micronucleus (MN) formation and cell proliferation in tobacco cells irradiated with gamma-rays and their descendants. In gamma-irradiated cells, cell cycle was arrested at G2/M phase at around 24 h post-irradiation but released afterward. In contrast, MN frequency peaked at 48 h post-irradiation. Almost half of 40 Gy-irradiated cells had MN at 48 h post-irradiation, but proliferated as actively as sham-irradiated cells up to 120 h post-irradiation. Moreover, the descendants that have undergone at least 22 generations after irradiation still showed a two-fold MN frequency compared to sham-irradiated cells. This is the direct evidence for radiation-induced genomic instability in tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yokota
- Life Science and Biotechnology Division, Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan.
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Rithidech KN, Reungpatthanaphong P, Honikel L, Rusek A, Simon SR. Dose-rate effects of protons on in vivo activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and cytokines in mouse bone marrow cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2010; 49:405-419. [PMID: 20508943 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and cytokine expression in bone marrow (BM) cells of exposed mice as a function of the dose rate of protons. The cytokines included in this study are pro-inflammatory [i.e., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6] and anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-4 and IL-10). We gave male BALB/cJ mice a whole-body exposure to 0 (sham-controls) or 1.0 Gy of 100 MeV protons, delivered at 5 or 10 mGy min(-1), the dose and dose rates found during solar particle events in space. As a reference radiation, groups of mice were exposed to 0 (sham-controls) or 1 Gy of (137)Cs gamma rays (10 mGy min(-1)). After irradiation, BM cells were collected at 1.5, 3, 24 h, and 1 month for analyses (five mice per treatment group per harvest time). The results indicated that the in vivo time course of effects induced by a single dose of 1 Gy of 100 MeV protons or (137)Cs gamma rays, delivered at 10 mGy min(-1), was similar. Although statistically significant levels of NF-kappaB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in BM cells of exposed mice when compared to those in the corresponding sham controls (Student's t-test, p < 0.05 or <0.01) were induced by either dose rate, these levels varied over time for each protein. Further, only a dose rate of 5 mGy min(-1) induced significant levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The results indicate dose-rate effects of protons.
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Li F, Liu P, Wang T, Bian P, Wu Y, Wu L, Yu Z. The Induction of Bystander Mutagenic Effects In Vivo by Alpha-Particle Irradiation in Whole Arabidopsis thaliana Plants. Radiat Res 2010; 174:228-37. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2052.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kadhim MA, Lee R, Moore SR, Macdonald DA, Chapman KL, Patel G, Prise KM. Genomic instability after targeted irradiation of human lymphocytes: evidence for inter-individual differences under bystander conditions. Mutat Res 2010; 688:91-4. [PMID: 20347853 PMCID: PMC3004239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental (222)radon exposure is a human health concern, and many studies demonstrate that very low doses of high LET alpha-particle irradiation initiate deleterious genetic consequences in both irradiated and non-irradiated bystander cells. One consequence, radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI), is a hallmark of tumorigenesis and is often assessed by measuring delayed chromosomal aberrations. We utilised a technique that facilitates transient immobilization of primary lymphocytes for targeted microbeam irradiation and have reported that environmentally relevant doses, e.g. a single (3)He(2+) particle traversal to a single cell, are sufficient to induce RIGI. Herein we sought to determine differences in radiation response in lymphocytes isolated from five healthy male donors. Primary lymphocytes were irradiated with a single particle per cell nucleus. We found evidence for inter-individual variation in radiation response (RIGI, measured as delayed chromosome aberrations). Although this was not highly significant, it was possibly masked by high levels of intra-individual variation. While there are many studies showing a link between genetic predisposition and RIGI, there are few studies linking genetic background with bystander effects in normal human lymphocytes. In an attempt to investigate inter-individual variation in the induction of bystander effects, primary lymphocytes were irradiated with a single particle under conditions where fractions of the population were traversed. We showed a marked genotype-dependent bystander response in one donor after exposure to 15% of the population. The findings may also be regarded as a radiation-induced genotype-dependent bystander effect triggering an instability phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira A Kadhim
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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Vinnikov VA, Maznyk NA, Lloyd D. Delayed chromosomal instability in lymphocytes of cancer patients after radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:271-82. [PMID: 20353337 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903564026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess possible delayed chromosomal instability (DCI) expressed as elevated chromatid breakage in cells containing previously formed chromosome type aberrations in cultured blood lymphocytes of cancer patients after radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients treated for uterine cancer with external Co(60) RT, without chemotherapy, were selected. Blood was taken before, 1-2 days after RT and one year later. Lymphocytes were cultured for 50 and 100 h. Metaphases were stained with fluorescence-plus-Giemsa and analysed for chromosome and chromatid aberrations in 1st (M1) and 3rd plus later (M3+) mitoses. RESULTS RT caused a significant increase of radiation-specific chromosome aberrations in patients' lymphocytes together with DCI, which was observed as an excessive yield of cells containing both chromosome and chromatid aberrations (defined as C(acs&act)). This DCI passed successfully through mitoses in vitro, and at the end of RT a mean yield of 'extra' C(acs&act) was 3 x 10(-3) x cell(-1) amongst either M1 or M3+ cells. At the end of RT and one year later DCI in M1 lymphocytes appeared at random amongst patients, but some inter-individual variation was found for DCI presence in M3+ cells at both post-irradiation samplings. As time passed, the mean yield of lymphocytes exhibiting DCI decreased in vivo and one year after RT reached the pre-treatment level of 1 x 10(-3) x cell(-1). CONCLUSIONS DCI was demonstrated in descendants of human lymphocytes after therapeutic irradiation. The effect diminished one year later, suggesting that the progeny of patients' irradiated stem cells did not produce new daughter lymphocytes exhibiting DCI during the studied post-irradiation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr A Vinnikov
- Radiation Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Medical Radiology AMS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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Chapman KL, Kelly JW, Lee R, Goodwin EH, Kadhim MA. Tracking genomic instability within irradiated and bystander populations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:959-68. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of radiation biology has undergone a fundamental shift in paradigms away from deterministic ‘hit-effect’ relationships and towards complex ongoing ‘cellular responses’. These responses include now familiar, but still poorly understood, phenomena associated with radiation exposure such as genomic instability and bystander effects. Although these responses share some common features (e.g. they occur at high frequency following very low doses, are heterogeneous in their induction and are observed at time points far removed from the initial radiation exposure), the precise relationship between genomic instability and bystander effects remains to be elucidated. This review will provide a synthesis of the known, and proposed, interrelationships among irradiated and bystander cellular responses to radiation. It also discusses our current experimental approach for gaining a clearer understanding of the relationship between damage induction and long-term effects in both irradiated and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - James W Kelly
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Ryonfa Lee
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Edwin H Goodwin
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS M-888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Munira A Kadhim
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Rithidech KN, Honikel L, Rieger R, Xie W, Rithidech KN, Honikel L, Rieger R, Xie W, Fischer T, Simon SR. Protein-expression profiles in mouse blood-plasma following acute whole-body exposure to137Cs γ rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:432-47. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902820390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Frankenberg D, Greif KD, Giesen U. Radiation response of primary human skin fibroblasts and their bystander cells after exposure to counted particles at low and high LET. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:59-67. [PMID: 16546904 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600582979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the dependence of bystander effects on linear energy transfer (LET) in the low dose region. MATERIALS AND METHODS The single-ion microbeam of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) was used to irradiate confluent primary human skin fibroblasts. Cells plated on a special irradiation dish were targeted with 10 MeV protons (LET 4.7 keV/microm) and 4.5 MeV a-particles (LET 100 keV/microm). During exposure, the cells were confluent allowing signal transfers through both gap junctions and diffusion. RESULTS For 10 MeV protons the clonogenic capability was significantly higher after exposure to 70 protons (0.31 Gy) compared with unirradiated cells. For higher doses the survival curve was exponential. Exposure of only 10% of all nuclei resulted in a similar radiation response in the low dose region. For higher doses up to 2.2 Gy no cell killing was observed. For 4.5 MeV alpha-particles an exponential survival curve was obtained. Irradiation of only 10% of all cell nuclei resulted in an survival curve as had been expected in the absence of any bystander effect. CONCLUSION The type and extent of bystander effects turned out to be dependent on the particles' LET and are likely to depend also on the cell line used and the techniques applied.
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Postiglione I, Chiaviello A, Palumbo G. Twilight effects of low doses of ionizing radiation on cellular systems: a bird's eye view on current concepts and research. Med Oncol 2009; 27:495-509. [PMID: 19504191 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The debate about the health risks from low doses of radiation is vigorous and often acrimonious since many years and does not appear to weaken. Being far from completeness, this review presents only a bird's eye view on current concepts and research in the field. It is organized and divided in two parts. The first is dedicated to molecular responses determined by radiation-induced DNA ruptures. It focuses its attention on molecular pathways that are activated by ATM and tries to describe the variegated functions and specific roles of Chk2 and p53 and other proteins in sensing, promoting and executing DNA repair. The second part is more concerned with the risk associated with exposure to low dose radiation and possible effects that the radiation-affected cell may undergo. These effects include induction of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe, bystander effect and genomic instability, senescence and hormetic response. Current hypotheses and research on these issues are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Postiglione
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, L Califano and IEOS/CNR, University FEDERICO II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Schmid E, Roos H. Influence of the bystander phenomenon on the chromosome aberration pattern in human lymphocytes induced by in vitro alpha-particle exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:181-187. [PMID: 19066927 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-008-0204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A recent publication on both chromosome-type and chromatid-type aberrations in lymphocytes of patients during treatment with radium-224 for ankylosing spondilitis has revived the question of whether the chromatid-type aberrations may be the consequence of factors released by irradiated cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of such a bystander phenomenon on the chromosome aberration pattern of lymphocytes. Monolayers of human lymphocytes were irradiated with 1 Gy of alpha-particles from an americium-241 source in the absence or presence of whole blood, autologous plasma or culture medium. In the presence of any liquid covering the monolayer during irradiation, the chromatid-type aberrations were, contrary to expectation, elevated. Whereas the intercellular distribution of dicentrics was significantly overdispersed, the chromatid-type aberrations showed a regular dispersion. It can be concluded that the enhanced frequency of chromatid aberrations is the result of a damage signal or a bystander phenomenon released by irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Schmid
- Radiobiological Institute, University of Munich, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Natarajan M, Gibbons CF, Mohan S, Moore S, Kadhim MA. Oxidative stress signalling: a potential mediator of tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced genomic instability in primary vascular endothelial cells. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S13-22. [PMID: 17704321 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/15316848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the potential role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha in the initiation of genomic instability is necessary to understand whether TNFalpha can serve as a signalling mediator of radiation-induced genomic instability in non-irradiated bystander cells. In this study, we examined whether TNFalpha could initiate processes through oxidative stress signalling that lead to DNA damage and genomic instability in primary vascular endothelium. In these cells, low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation (0.1-2 Gy) induced the secretion of TNFalpha into the culture medium. When added ectopically, TNFalpha at concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng ml(-1) to 10 ng ml(-1) increased (twofold to threefold) intracellular oxidative stress. Next, to examine whether TNFalpha induces genetic damage, cells were treated with TNFalpha for 5 h and analysed immediately using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or after 3 days, 12 days and 20 days using solid stain chromosomal analysis. Cells exposed to 0.1 Gy, 1 Gy or 2 Gy or treated with 100 microM H2O2 were used as positive controls. The results showed that TNFalpha as low as 0.1 ng ml(-1) could initiate increased DNA damage compared with untreated controls. When examined in the progeny cells after several generations, the chromosomal instability appeared to be carried over even after day 12 and day 20. The increased genetic damage is inhibited in cells that are pre-incubated with the antioxidant enzyme catalase, the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or the metal chelator pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. These results clearly indicate that TNFalpha at concentrations at which no cytotoxicity is observed could induce genetic damage through free radical generation, which could, in turn, lead to the delayed events associated with genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natarajan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Mothersill C, Smith RW, Agnihotri N, Seymour CB. Characterization of a radiation-induced stress response communicated in vivo between zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3382-7. [PMID: 17539553 DOI: 10.1021/es062978n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced communication of stress signals between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W) have recently been described by this group and linked to the bystander effect. This paper addresses the question of whether another totally unrelated fish species (Danio rerio L) can demonstrate the effect and also looks at attenuation of both the bystander signal, from irradiated fish, and the bystander effect, in naive fish. The data show that zebrafish produce bystander signals, and that, as with rainbow trout these can affect naïve (i.e., non-irradiated) fish placed in water with X-rayed fish or in water previously occupied by X-rayed fish. Skin explants from directly X-rayed fish still reduce HPV-G reporter cell growth 6 h after X-ray, but the bystander signal to naïve fish is lost. Twelve h after X-ray the signal is lost in X-rayed fish. The bystander effect is also attenuated if induction was by placing naïve fish in water which previously held the X-rayed fish. However, the effect is retained if induction was by placing X-rayed and naïve fish together. This suggests the signal is not retained by water for long periods of time. Individual fish data reveal unique responses by bystander fish which could indicate varying levels of sensitivity to signal strength among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Hamada N, Matsumoto H, Hara T, Kobayashi Y. Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways mediating ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48:87-95. [PMID: 17327686 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly growing body of experimental evidence indicates that ionizing radiation induces biological effects in non-irradiated bystander cells that have received signals from adjacent or distant irradiated cells. This phenomenon, which has been termed the ionizing radiation-induced bystander effect, challenges the long-standing paradigm that radiation traversal through the nucleus of a cell is a prerequisite to elicit genetic damage or a biological response. Bystander effects have been observed in a number of experimental systems, and cells whose nucleus or cytoplasm is irradiated exert bystander responses. Bystander cells manifest a multitude of biological consequences, such as genetic and epigenetic changes, alterations in gene expression, activation of signal transduction pathways, and delayed effects in their progeny. Several mediating mechanisms have been proposed. These involve gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, secreted soluble factors, oxidative metabolism, plasma membrane-bound lipid rafts, and calcium fluxes. This paper reviews briefly the current knowledge of the bystander effect with a focus on proposed mechanisms. The potential benefit of bystander effects to cancer radiotherapy will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Department of Quantum Biology, Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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Bowler DA, Moore SR, Macdonald DA, Smyth SH, Clapham P, Kadhim MA. Bystander-mediated genomic instability after high LET radiation in murine primary haemopoietic stem cells. Mutat Res 2006; 597:50-61. [PMID: 16414086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Communication between irradiated and unirradiated (bystander) cells can result in responses in unirradiated cells that are similar to responses in their irradiated counterparts. The purpose of the current experiment was to test the hypothesis that bystander responses will be similarly induced in primary murine stem cells under different cell culture conditions. The experimental systems used here, co-culture and media transfer, are similar in that they both restrict communication between irradiated and bystander cells to media borne factors, but are distinct in that with the media transfer technique, cells can only communicate after irradiation, and with co-culture, cells can communication before, during and after irradiation. In this set of parallel experiments, cell type, biological endpoint, and radiation quality and dose, were kept constant. In both experimental systems, clonogenic survival was significantly decreased in all groups, whether irradiated or bystander, suggesting a substantial contribution of bystander effects (BE) to cell killing. Genomic instability (GI) was induced under all radiation and bystander conditions in both experiments, including a situation where unirradiated cells were incubated with media that had been conditioned for 24h with irradiated cells. The appearance of delayed aberrations (genomic instability) 10-13 population doublings after irradiation was similar to the level of initial chromosomal damage, suggesting that the bystander factor is able to induce chromosomal alterations soon after irradiation. Whether these early alterations are related to those observed at later timepoints remains unknown. These results suggest that genomic instability may be significantly induced in a bystander cell population whether or not cells communicate during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Bowler
- Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
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Kadhim MA, Hill MA, Moore SR. Genomic instability and the role of radiation quality. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 122:221-7. [PMID: 17164271 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability (GI) is a hallmark of tumorigenic progression and is observed as delayed genetic damage in the progeny of irradiated and unirradiated bystander cells. The expression of GI can be influenced by genotype, cell type and radiation quality. While several studies have demonstrated the induction of GI by high and low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, our work on human and mouse primary cell systems has shown LET-dependent differences in the induction and expression of GI. These differences might be attributed to differences in radiation track structure, dose rate, contribution of bystander cells and radiation dose. This paper reviews the role of radiation quality in the induction of GI and describe the possible mechanisms underlining the observed differences between radiation types on its induction. The experimental results presented suggest that dose might be the most significant factor in determining induction of GI after low-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kadhim
- Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Gridley DS, Dutta-Roy R, Andres ML, Nelson GA, Pecaut MJ. Acute Effects of Iron-Particle Radiation on Immunity. Part II: Leukocyte Activation, Cytokines and Adhesion. Radiat Res 2006; 165:78-87. [PMID: 16392965 DOI: 10.1667/rr3490.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation on immune function have not been clearly established. The major goal of this study was to evaluate leukocyte responses after whole-body exposure to high-LET radiation. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0, 0.5, 2 and 3 Gy (56)Fe(26+) particles (1055 MeV/nucleon, 148.2 keV/microm) and killed humanely 4 days after exposure. Spontaneous synthesis of DNA in blood and spleen cells was increased significantly in groups receiving either 2 or 3 Gy (P < 0.001). In contrast, a significant depression in the response of T lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) was noted (P < 0.005); the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B-cell mitogen, was similar among groups. A cytometric bead array assay revealed that the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) secreted by splenocytes increased significantly with increasing (56)Fe-particle dose (P < 0.05); interferon gamma, interleukin2 (Il2), Il4 and Il5 were unaffected. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 2 and 3 Gy markedly reduced splenic mononuclear cells expressing the activation markers CD25 and CD71, both with and without the T-cell marker CD3 (P < 0.05); proportions also varied significantly. Similar patterns were noted in mononuclear and granular cells with adhesion markers CD11b and, to a lesser extent, CD54 (P < 0.05). The results show that a single, acute exposure to high-LET radiation induced changes that can profoundly alter leukocyte functions. The implications of the data are discussed in relation to low-LET radiation, altered gravity, and space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiobiology Program, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
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