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Paunesku T, Stevanović A, Popović J, Woloschak GE. Effects of low dose and low dose rate low linear energy transfer radiation on animals - review of recent studies relevant for carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:757-768. [PMID: 33289582 PMCID: PMC9216178 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Carcinogenic effects of radiation are often assumed to be universally understood, more often than, for example, carcinogenic effects of many different chemicals. This in turn leads to an assumption that any dose of radiation, delivered at any dose rate, poses a serious health challenge. This remains an issue of dispute and low dose radiation research is focused on understanding whether these exposures contribute to cancer incidence. This review is focused on the low linear energy transfer (low LET) radiation exposures for which the data is the most abundant in recent years. Materials and methods: Review of the literature between 2008 and today, highlighting some of the most diverse studies in low dose research. Results: Low dose and low dose rate, low LET ionizing radiation animal studies suggest that the effects of exposure very much depend on animal genotype and health status.Conclusions: Only the integration of all of the data from different models and studies will lead to a fuller understanding of low dose radiation effects. Therefore, we hope to see an increase in international archival efforts and exchange of raw data information opening the possibilities for new types of meta analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stevanović
- Multidisciplinary Studies of History and Philosophy of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Blyth BJ, Kakinuma S, Sunaoshi M, Amasaki Y, Hirano-Sakairi S, Ogawa K, Shirakami A, Shang Y, Tsuruoka C, Nishimura M, Shimada Y. Genetic Analysis of T Cell Lymphomas in Carbon Ion-Irradiated Mice Reveals Frequent Interstitial Chromosome Deletions: Implications for Second Cancer Induction in Normal Tissues during Carbon Ion Radiotherapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130666. [PMID: 26125582 PMCID: PMC4488329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring mice exposed to carbon ion radiotherapy provides an indirect method to evaluate the potential for second cancer induction in normal tissues outside the radiotherapy target volume, since such estimates are not yet possible from historical patient data. Here, male and female B6C3F1 mice were given single or fractionated whole-body exposure(s) to a monoenergetic carbon ion radiotherapy beam at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan, matching the radiation quality delivered to the normal tissue ahead of the tumour volume (average linear energy transfer = 13 keV.μm-1) during patient radiotherapy protocols. The mice were monitored for the remainder of their lifespan, and a large number of T cell lymphomas that arose in these mice were analysed alongside those arising following an equivalent dose of 137Cs gamma ray-irradiation. Using genome-wide DNA copy number analysis to identify genomic loci involved in radiation-induced lymphomagenesis and subsequent detailed analysis of Notch1, Ikzf1, Pten, Trp53 and Bcl11b genes, we compared the genetic profile of the carbon ion- and gamma ray-induced tumours. The canonical set of genes previously associated with radiation-induced T cell lymphoma was identified in both radiation groups. While the pattern of disruption of the various pathways was somewhat different between the radiation types, most notably Pten mutation frequency and loss of heterozygosity flanking Bcl11b, the most striking finding was the observation of large interstitial deletions at various sites across the genome in carbon ion-induced tumours, which were only seen infrequently in the gamma ray-induced tumours analysed. If such large interstitial chromosomal deletions are a characteristic lesion of carbon ion irradiation, even when using the low linear energy transfer radiation to which normal tissues are exposed in radiotherapy patients, understanding the dose-response and tissue specificity of such DNA damage could prove key to assessing second cancer risk in carbon ion radiotherapy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Blyth
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sunaoshi
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Hirano-Sakairi
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kanae Ogawa
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayana Shirakami
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Radiobiology for Children’s Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Akatsuka S, Yamashita Y, Ohara H, Liu YT, Izumiya M, Abe K, Ochiai M, Jiang L, Nagai H, Okazaki Y, Murakami H, Sekido Y, Arai E, Kanai Y, Hino O, Takahashi T, Nakagama H, Toyokuni S. Fenton reaction induced cancer in wild type rats recapitulates genomic alterations observed in human cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43403. [PMID: 22952676 PMCID: PMC3430702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload has been associated with carcinogenesis in humans. Intraperitoneal administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate initiates a Fenton reaction in renal proximal tubules of rodents that ultimately leads to a high incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after repeated treatments. We performed high-resolution microarray comparative genomic hybridization to identify characteristics in the genomic profiles of this oxidative stress-induced rat RCCs. The results revealed extensive large-scale genomic alterations with a preference for deletions. Deletions and amplifications were numerous and sometimes fragmented, demonstrating that a Fenton reaction is a cause of such genomic alterations in vivo. Frequency plotting indicated that two of the most commonly altered loci corresponded to a Cdkn2a/2b deletion and a Met amplification. Tumor sizes were proportionally associated with Met expression and/or amplification, and clustering analysis confirmed our results. Furthermore, we developed a procedure to compare whole genomic patterns of the copy number alterations among different species based on chromosomal syntenic relationship. Patterns of the rat RCCs showed the strongest similarity to the human RCCs among five types of human cancers, followed by human malignant mesothelioma, an iron overload-associated cancer. Therefore, an iron-dependent Fenton chemical reaction causes large-scale genomic alterations during carcinogenesis, which may result in distinct genomic profiles. Based on the characteristics of extensive genome alterations in human cancer, our results suggest that this chemical reaction may play a major role during human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Akatsuka
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoriko Yamashita
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Izumiya
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Abe
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ochiai
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li Jiang
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nagai
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okazaki
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eri Arai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Molecular Carcinogenesis, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Departments of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Sugihara T, Murano H, Nakamura M, Ichinohe K, Tanaka K. p53-Mediated Gene Activation in Mice at High Doses of Chronic Low-Dose-Rate γ Radiation. Radiat Res 2010; 175:328-35. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2446.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugihara
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - Hayato Murano
- Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation, 330-2 Noduki, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Masako Nakamura
- Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation, 330-2 Noduki, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ichinohe
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - Kimio Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
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Ishida Y, Takabatake T, Kakinuma S, Doi K, Yamauchi K, Kaminishi M, Kito S, Ohta Y, Amasaki Y, Moritake H, Kokubo T, Nishimura M, Nishikawa T, Hino O, Shimada Y. Genomic and gene expression signatures of radiation in medulloblastomas after low-dose irradiation in Ptch1 heterozygous mice. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1694-701. [PMID: 20616149 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate cancer risk assessment of low-dose radiation poses many challenges that are partly due to the inability to distinguish radiation-induced tumors from spontaneous ones. To elucidate characteristic features of radiation-induced tumors, we analyzed 163 medulloblastomas that developed either spontaneously or after X-ray irradiation at doses of 0.05-3 Gy in Ptch1 heterozygous mice. All spontaneous tumors showed loss of heterozygosity in broad regions on chromosome 13, with losses at all consecutive markers distal to Ptch1 locus (S-type). In contrast, all tumors that developed after 3 Gy irradiation exhibited interstitial losses around Ptch1 with distal markers retained (R-type). There was a clear dose-dependent increase in the proportion of R-type tumors within the intermediate dose range, indicating that the R-type change is a reliable radiation signature. Importantly, the incidence of R-type tumors increased significantly (P = 0.007) at a dose as low as 50 mGy. Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression microarray analyses demonstrated that expression levels of many genes around the Ptch1 locus faithfully reflected the signature-associated reduction in genomic copy number. Furthermore, 573 genes on other chromosomes were also expressed differently between S-type and R-type tumors. They include genes whose expression changes during early cerebellar development such as Plagl1 and Tgfb2, suggesting a recapitulation of gene subsets functioning at distinct developmental stages. These findings provide, for the first time, solid experimental evidence for a significant increase in cancer risk by low-dose radiation at diagnostic levels and imply that radiation-induced carcinogenesis accompanies both genomic and gene expression signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ishida
- Department of Technical Support and Development, Fundamental Technology Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Baik SH, Jee BK, Choi JS, Yoon HK, Lee KH, Kim YH, Lim Y. DNA profiling by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and tumor tissue cell in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1767-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takabatake T, Kakinuma S, Hirouchi T, Nakamura MM, Fujikawa K, Nishimura M, Oghiso Y, Shimada Y, Tanaka K. Analysis of changes in DNA copy number in radiation-induced thymic lymphomas of susceptible C57BL/6, resistant C3H and hybrid F1 Mice. Radiat Res 2008; 169:426-36. [PMID: 18363431 DOI: 10.1667/rr1180.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced thymic lymphoma in mice is a useful model for studying both the mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis and genetic susceptibility to tumor development. Using array-comparative genomic hybridization, we analyzed genome-wide changes in DNA copy numbers in radiation-induced thymic lymphomas that had developed in susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant C3H mice and their hybrids, C3B6F1 and B6C3F1 mice. Besides aberrations at known relevant genetic loci including Ikaros and Bcl11b and trisomy of chromosome 15, we identified strain-associated genomic imbalances on chromosomes 5, 10 and 16 and strain-unassociated trisomy of chromosome 14 as frequent aberrations. In addition, biallelic rearrangements at Tcrb were detected more frequently in tumors from C57BL/6 mice than in those from C3H mice, suggesting aberrant V(D)J recombination and a possible link with tumor susceptibility. The frequency and spectrum of these copy-number changes in lymphomas from C3B6F1 and B6C3F1 mice were similar to those in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the loss of heterozygosity analyses of tumors in F(1) mice indicated that allelic losses at Ikaros and Bcl11b were caused primarily by multilocus deletions, whereas those at the Cdkn2a/Cdkn2b and Pten loci were due mainly to uniparental disomy. These findings provide important clues to both the mechanisms for accumulation of aberrations during radiation-induced lymphomagenesis and the different susceptibilities of C57BL/6 and C3H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takabatake
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hacchazawa 2-121, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3213, Japan.
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Upregulation of c-myc gene accompanied by PU.1 deficiency in radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:871-85. [PMID: 18375040 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-dose radiation exposure induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in C3H mice, most of which have a frequent hemizygous deletion around the D2Mit15 marker on chromosome 2. This region includes PU.1, a critical candidate gene for initiation of leukemogenesis. To identify novel cooperative genes with PU.1, relevant to radiation-induced leukemogenesis, we analyzed the copy number alterations of tumor-related gene loci by array CGH, and their expressions in primary and transplanted AMLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the induction of AMLs, C3H/He Nrs mice were exposed to 3 Gy of x-rays or gamma-rays. The genomic alterations of 35 primary AMLs and 34 transplanted AMLs obtained from the recipient mice transplanted the primary AMLs were analyzed by array CGH. According to the genomic alterations and mutations of the 235th arginine of PU.1 allele, we classified the radiogenic AMLs into three types such as Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235-) AML, Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235+) AML and Chr2(intact) PU.1(R235+/R235+) AML, to compare the expression levels of 8 tumor-related genes quantitatively by real-time polymerase chain reaction and cell-surface antigen expression. Results. In addition to well-known loss of PU.1 with hemizygous deletion of chromosome 2, novel genomic alterations such as partial gain of chromosome 6 were recurrently detected in AMLs. In this study, we found similarity between cell-surface antigen expressions of bone marrows and those of spleens in AML mice and significantly higher expressions of c-myc and PU.1 expression, especially in the PU.1-deficient (Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235-)) AML and Chr2(del) PU.1(del/R235+) compared to Chr2(intact) PU.1(R235+/R235+) AMLs. CONCLUSION The new finding on upregulation of c-myc and PU.1 in both and hemizygous PU.1-deficient AMLs and different genomic alterations detected by array CGH suggests that the molecular mechanism for development of radiation-induced AML should be different among three types of AML.
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West CML, Elliott RM, Burnet NG. The genomics revolution and radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:470-80. [PMID: 17419040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of our knowledge through the Human Genome Project has been accompanied by the development of new high-throughput techniques, which provide extensive capabilities for the analysis of a large number of genes or the whole genome. These assays can be carried out in various clinical samples at the DNA (genome), RNA (transcriptome) or protein (proteome) level. There is a belief that this genomic revolution, i.e. sequencing of the human genome and developments in high-throughput technology, heralds a future of personalised medicine. For clinical oncology, this progress should increase the possibility of predicting individual patient responses to radiotherapy. This review highlights some of the work involving sparsely ionising radiation and the new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M L West
- Academic Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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