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Arakelyan M, Spangenberg V, Petrosyan V, Ryskov A, Kolomiets O, Galoyan E. Evolution of parthenogenetic reproduction in Caucasian rock lizards: A review. Curr Zool 2022; 69:128-135. [PMID: 37091994 PMCID: PMC10120964 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite numerous works devoted to hybrid origin of parthenogenesis in reptiles, the causes of hybridization between different species, resulting in the origin of parthenogenetic forms, remain uncertain. Recent studies demonstrate that sexual species considered parental to parthenogenetic rock lizards (Darevskia spp) avoid interspecific mating in the secondary overlap areas. A specific combination of environmental factors during last glaciation period was critical for ectotherms, which led to a change in their distribution and sex ratio. Biased population structure (e.g., male bias) and limited available distributional range favoured the deviation of reproductive behaviour when species switched to interspecific mates. To date, at least seven diploid parthenogenetic species of rock lizards (Darevskia, Lacertidae) originated through interspecific hybridization in the past. The cytogenetic specifics of meiosis, in particular the weak checkpoints of prophase I, may have allowed the formation of hybrid karyotypes in rock lizards. Hybridization and polyploidization are two important evolutionary forces in the genus Darevskia. At present, throughout backcrossing between parthenogenetic and parental species, the triploid and tetraploid hybrid individuals appear annually, but no triploid species found among Darevskia spp on current stage of evolution. The speciation by hybridization with the long-term stage of diploid parthenogenetic species, non-distorted meiosis, together with the high ecological plasticity of Caucasian rock lizards provide us with a new model for considering the pathways and persistence of the evolution of parthenogenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | | | - Varos Petrosyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Eduard Galoyan
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Russia
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Mohanty NP, Wagener C, Herrel A, Thaker M. The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:505-526. [PMID: 34708504 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya P Mohanty
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Barateli N, Tarkhnishvili D, Iankoshvili G, Kokiashvili L, Dvali N, Janiashvili Z. Fine-scale analysis of habitat occupancy by Kura lizard (Darevskia portschinskii) and its daughter parthenogenetic form (Darevskia dahli). HERPETOZOA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e63072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of rock lizards, the parthenogenetic D. dahli and the sexually reproducing D. portschinskii, coexist in a rocky outcrop in an area of ca. 1 ha, in the vicinity of Tbilisi, Georgia; the location has been well-known since the middle 1960s. The population density of the parthenogenetic lizard is five times higher than that of the sexual breeder. We studied the distribution of active lizards in space and time over three consecutive years, during the spring and autumn activity periods, to explore spatial and temporal differences between the species on a fine spatial scale. We studied the influence of temperature, humidity, and quantitative characteristics of the surface and the distance from permanent water source on the spatial distribution of D. dahli and D. portschinskii. Darevskia portschinskii was less dependent on the distance from the water source and more evenly distributed in space and time than D. dahli. Despite potential competitive interactions, the species did not avoid each other on the microhabitat scale, suggesting that the observed ecological differences are not caused by a niche shift. More individuals of the sexual breeder than individuals of the parthenogen were found in suboptimal habitats. This feature may increase the evolutionary success of D. portschinskii in a long-term perspective.
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Abramjan A, Arakelyan M, Frynta D. Does reproductive mode affect sexually-selected coloration? Evaluating UV-blue spots in parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards of the genus Darevskia. Curr Zool 2020; 67:201-213. [PMID: 33854538 PMCID: PMC8026159 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection often leads to evolution of conspicuous signals, raising the chances of attracting not only potential mates, but also predators. In lacertid lizards, ultraviolet (UV)–blue spots on flanks and shoulders represent such a trait. Some level of correlation between male and female ornamentation is also known to exist. Therefore, the phenotype of females may change in the absence of sexual selection. We tested this hypothesis on a complex of parthenogenetic and bisexual lizards of the genus Darevskia. We evaluated area, counts, and chromatic properties (UV opponency, saturation) of UV–blue spots and compared the values between the clones and their bisexual progenitor species. We found a fair heterogeneity between the parthenogenetic species, but no general tendency toward higher crypsis or conspicuousness. Values of the parthenogens were not significantly different from the values of sexual females. A possible explanation is that the changes in selective forces associated with parthenogenetic reproduction are too small to affect the resulting pattern of selective pressures on the studied traits, or that the phenotypes of the parthenogens result from the unique combination of parental genomes and are conserved by clonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andran Abramjan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
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Arakelyan M, Harutyunyan T, Aghayan SA, Carretero MA. Infection of parthenogenetic lizards by blood parasites does not support the "Red Queen hypothesis" but reveals the costs of sex. ZOOLOGY 2019; 136:125709. [PMID: 31539860 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sexual organisms should be better suited than asexual ones in a context of continuous evolution in response to opposite organisms in changing environments ("Red Queen" hypothesis of sex). However, sex also carries costs associated with the maintenance of males and mating (sex cost hypothesis). Here, both non-mutually excluding hypotheses are tested by analysing the infestation by haemogregarines of mixed communities of Darevskia rock lizards composed of parthenogens generated by hybridisation and their bisexual relatives. Prevalence and intensity were recorded from 339 adult lizards belonging to six species from five syntopic localities and analysed using Generalized Mixed-Models (GLMM). Both infestation parameters depended on host-size (like due to longer exposure with age), sex and, for intensity, species. Once accounting for locality and species, males were more parasitized than conspecific females with bisexual species, but no signal of reproductive mode itself on parasitization was recovered. Essentially, male-male interactions increased haemogregarine intensity while females either sexual or asexual had similar reproductive costs when in the same conditions. These findings deviate from the predictions from "Red Queen" dynamics while asymmetric gender costs are here confirmed. Thus, increased parasitization pressure on males adds to other costs, such as higher social interactions and lower fecundity, to explain why parthenogenetic lizards apparently prevail in the short-term evolutionary scale. How this is translated in the long-term requires further phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arakelyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Tehmine Harutyunyan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia; Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, Sevak str 7, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
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Friend-or-foe? Behavioural evidence suggests interspecific discrimination leading to low probability of hybridization in two coexisting rock lizard species (Lacertidae, Darevskia). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carretero MA, García-Muñoz E, Argaña E, Freitas S, Corti C, Arakelyan M, Sillero N. Parthenogenetic Darevskia lizards mate frequently if they have the chance: a quantitative analysis of copulation marks in a sympatric zone. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1435832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Enrique García-Muñoz
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- CESAM, Centro de Estudos de Ambiente o do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Jaén Campus de Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Argaña
- CICGE Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portuga
| | - Susana Freitas
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claudia Corti
- Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola”, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Neftalí Sillero
- CICGE Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portuga
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Galoyan EA. Unstable social structure indicates low diversity of relationships in the spotted forest skink Sphenomorphus maculatus. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To the date, we hardly understand what and how affects the social structure in animals. Longevity and social stability must be the key factors influencing the relations among individuals. To test this suggestion, I described the spatial and social structures of the spotted forest skinks (Sphenomorphus maculatus) from southern Vietnam in the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009. This species is known to have short lifespan and low social stability among seasons. No difference between male and female space use was revealed. Home ranges were 107.7 ± 23.68 m2 in males and 78.9 ± 27.27 m2 in females, and these contained core areas and activity centres within them. Home ranges and their parts overlapped among individuals of all sexes and were used by several residents, although not at the same time. Intrasexual and intersexual relationships were agonistic, more aggressive among males, and characterized by hierarchy with males as dominants and females as subordinates. Dominance status in males was supported by aggression in males and by submission in females. Females avoided sexual encounters, and no affiliation between sexes or mate guarding behaviour were revealed. A poor social behavioural repertoire was limited by aggressive and submissive behaviour, and it was difficult to distinguish sexual courtship from agonistic interactions. Hence, social and spatial structures were relatively simple in comparison with other saurian species and low stability of social composition is the most probable reason of such a social simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A. Galoyan
- Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya st. 2, Moscow 125009, Russia
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Centre, Nguyen Van Huyen, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Sillero N, Corti C, Carretero MA. Home ranges of parthenogenetic and bisexual species in a community of Darevskia lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae). ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2016.1257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neftalí Sillero
- Observatório Astronómico Prof. Manuel de Barros, Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais (CICGE), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Portugal
| | - Claudia Corti
- Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola”, Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- Campus Agrário de Vairão, CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
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