1
|
Mittler F, Obeïd P, Haguet V, Allier C, Gerbaud S, Rulina AV, Gidrol X, Balakirev MY. Mechanical stress shapes the cancer cell response to neddylation inhibition. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:115. [PMID: 35354476 PMCID: PMC8966269 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibition of neddylation by the preclinical drug MLN4924 represents a new strategy to combat cancer. However, despite being effective against hematologic malignancies, its success in solid tumors, where cell–cell and cell-ECM interactions play essential roles, remains elusive. Methods Here, we studied the effects of MLN4924 on cell growth, migration and invasion in cultured prostate cancer cells and in disease-relevant prostate tumoroids. Using focused protein profiling, drug and RNAi screening, we analyzed cellular pathways activated by neddylation inhibition. Results We show that mechanical stress induced by MLN4924 in prostate cancer cells significantly affects the therapeutic outcome. The latter depends on the cell type and involves distinct Rho isoforms. In LNCaP and VCaP cells, the stimulation of RhoA and RhoB by MLN4924 markedly upregulates the level of tight junction proteins at cell–cell contacts, which augments the mechanical strain induced by Rho signaling. This “tight junction stress response” (TJSR) causes the collapse of cell monolayers and a characteristic rupture of cancer spheroids. Notably, TJSR is a major cause of drug-induced apoptosis in these cells. On the other hand, in PC3 cells that underwent partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the stimulation of RhoC induces an adverse effect by promoting amoeboid cell scattering and invasion. We identified complementary targets and drugs that allow for the induction of TJSR without stimulating RhoC. Conclusions Our finding that MLN4924 acts as a mechanotherapeutic opens new ways to improve the efficacy of neddylation inhibition as an anticancer approach. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02328-y.
Collapse
|
2
|
The PH Domain and C-Terminal polyD Motif of Phafin2 Exhibit a Unique Concurrence in Animals. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070696. [PMID: 35877899 PMCID: PMC9324892 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phafin2, a member of the Phafin family of proteins, contributes to a plethora of cellular activities including autophagy, endosomal cargo transportation, and macropinocytosis. The PH and FYVE domains of Phafin2 play key roles in membrane binding, whereas the C-terminal poly aspartic acid (polyD) motif specifically autoinhibits the PH domain binding to the membrane phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Since the Phafin2 FYVE domain also binds PtdIns3P, the role of the polyD motif remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics tools and resources were employed to determine the concurrence of the PH-FYVE module with the polyD motif among Phafin2 and PH-, FYVE-, or polyD-containing proteins from bacteria to humans. FYVE was found to be an ancient domain of Phafin2 and is related to proteins that are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Interestingly, the polyD motif only evolved in Phafin2 and PH- or both PH-FYVE-containing proteins in animals. PolyD motifs are absent in PH domain-free FYVE-containing proteins, which usually display cellular trafficking or autophagic functions. Moreover, the prediction of the Phafin2-interacting network indicates that Phafin2 primarily cross-talks with proteins involved in autophagy, protein trafficking, and neuronal function. Taken together, the concurrence of the polyD motif with the PH domain may be associated with complex cellular functions that evolved specifically in animals.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kamińska A, Marek S, Pardyak L, Brzoskwinia M, Bilinska B, Hejmej A. Crosstalk between Androgen-ZIP9 Signaling and Notch Pathway in Rodent Sertoli Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218275. [PMID: 33167316 PMCID: PMC7663815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated altered expression of Notch ligands, receptors, and effector genes in testes of pubertal rats following reduced androgen production or signaling. Herein we aimed to explore the role of nuclear androgen receptor (AR) and membrane androgen receptor (Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9; ZIP9) in the regulation of Notch pathway activation in rodent Sertoli cells. Experiments were performed using TM4 and 15P-1 Sertoli cell lines and rat primary Sertoli cells (PSC). We found that testosterone (10-8 M-10-6 M) increased the expression of Notch1 receptor, its active form Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001), and the effector genes Hey1 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) and Hes1 (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) in Sertoli cells. Knockdown of AR or ZIP9 as well as antiandrogen exposure experiments revealed that (i) action of androgens via both AR and ZIP9 controls Notch1/N1ICD expression and transcriptional activity of recombination signal binding protein (RBP-J), (ii) AR-dependent signaling regulates Hey1 expression, (iii) ZIP9-dependent pathway regulates Hes1 expression. Our findings indicate a crosstalk between androgen and Notch signaling in Sertoli cells and point to cooperation of classical and non-classical androgen signaling pathways in controlling Sertoli cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kamińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Sylwia Marek
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Laura Pardyak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-248 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brzoskwinia
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Cicco P, Ercolano G, Ianaro A. The New Era of Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Overcome Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1680. [PMID: 32849585 PMCID: PMC7406792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of antitumor immune responses is one of the main mechanisms by which tumor cells escape from destruction by the immune system. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent the main immunosuppressive cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that sustain cancer progression. MDSCs are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells with a potent activity against T-cell. Studies in mice have demonstrated that MDSCs accumulate in several types of cancer where they promote invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis formation and inhibit antitumor immunity. In addition, different clinical studies have shown that MDSCs levels in the peripheral blood of cancer patients correlates with tumor burden, stage and with poor prognosis in multiple malignancies. Thus, MDSCs are the major obstacle to many cancer immunotherapies and their targeting may be a beneficial strategy for improvement the efficiency of immunotherapeutic interventions. However, the great heterogeneity of these cells makes their identification in human cancer very challenging. Since both the phenotype and mechanisms of action of MDSCs appear to be tumor-dependent, it is important to accurately characterized the precise MDSC subsets that have clinical relevance in each tumor environment to more efficiently target them. In this review we summarize the phenotype and the suppressive mechanisms of MDSCs populations expanded within different tumor contexts. Further, we discuss about their clinical relevance for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bioinformatics analysis of the genes involved in the extension of prostate cancer to adjacent lymph nodes by supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods: The role of SPAG1 and PLEKHF2. Genomics 2020; 112:3871-3882. [PMID: 32619574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the genes associated with the involvement of adjunct lymph nodes of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and to provide valuable information for the identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers and pathological genes in PCa metastasis. The most important candidate genes were identified through several machine learning approaches including K-means clustering, neural network, Naïve Bayesian classifications and PCA with or without downsampling. In total, 21 genes associated with lymph nodes involvement were identified. Among them, nine genes have been identified in metastatic prostate cancer, six have been found in the other metastatic cancers and four in other local cancers. The amplification of the candidate genes was evaluated in the other PCa datasets. Besides, we identified a validated set of genes involved in the PCa metastasis. The amplification of SPAG1 and PLEKHF2 genes were associated with decreased survival in patients with PCa.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nash C, Boufaied N, Mills IG, Franco OE, Hayward SW, Thomson AA. Genome-wide analysis of AR binding and comparison with transcript expression in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and cancer associated fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:1-14. [PMID: 28483704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor, and key regulator of prostate development and cancer, which has discrete functions in stromal versus epithelial cells. AR expressed in mesenchyme is necessary and sufficient for prostate development while loss of stromal AR is predictive of prostate cancer progression. Many studies have characterized genome-wide binding of AR in prostate tumour cells but none have used primary mesenchyme or stroma. We applied ChIPseq to identify genomic AR binding sites in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and patient derived cancer associated fibroblasts, as well as the WPMY1 cell line overexpressing AR. We identified AR binding sites that were specific to fetal prostate fibroblasts (7534), cancer fibroblasts (629), WPMY1-AR (2561) as well as those common among all (783). Primary fibroblasts had a distinct AR binding profile versus prostate cancer cell lines and tissue, and showed a localisation to gene promoter binding sites 1 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site, as well as non-classical AR binding sequence motifs. We used RNAseq to define transcribed genes associated with AR binding sites and derived cistromes for embryonic and cancer fibroblasts as well as a cistrome common to both. These were compared to several in vivo ChIPseq and transcript expression datasets; which identified subsets of AR targets that were expressed in vivo and regulated by androgens. This analysis enabled us to deconvolute stromal AR targets active in stroma within tumour samples. Taken together, our data suggest that the AR shows significantly different genomic binding site locations in primary prostate fibroblasts compared to that observed in tumour cells. Validation of our AR binding site data with transcript expression in vitro and in vivo suggests that the AR target genes we have identified in primary fibroblasts may contribute to clinically significant and biologically important AR-regulated changes in prostate tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nash
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ian G Mills
- Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Copeland BT, Pal SK, Bolton EC, Jones JO. The androgen receptor malignancy shift in prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:521-531. [PMID: 29473182 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are necessary for the development, function, and homeostatic growth regulation of the prostate gland. However, once prostate cells are transformed, the AR is necessary for the proliferation and survival of the malignant cells. This change in AR function appears to occur in nearly every prostate cancer. We have termed this the AR malignancy shift. METHODS In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the AR malignancy shift, including the DNA-binding patterns that define the shift, the transcriptome changes associated with the shift, the putative drivers of the shift, and its clinical implications. RESULTS In benign prostate epithelial cells, the AR primarily binds consensus AR binding sites. In carcinoma cells, the AR cistrome is dramatically altered, as the AR associates with FOXA1 and HOXB13 motifs, among others. This shift leads to the transcription of genes associated with a malignant phenotype. In model systems, some mutations commonly found in localized prostate cancer can alter the AR cistrome, consistent with the AR malignancy shift. Current evidence suggests that the AR malignancy shift is necessary but not sufficient for transformation of prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Reinterpretation of prostate cancer genomic classification systems in light of the AR malignancy shift may improve our ability to predict clinical outcomes and treat patients appropriately. Identifying and targeting the molecular factors that contribute to the AR malignancy shift is not trivial but by doing so, we may be able to develop new strategies for the treatment or prevention of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Copeland
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maciaczyk D, Picard D, Zhao L, Koch K, Herrera-Rios D, Li G, Marquardt V, Pauck D, Hoerbelt T, Zhang W, Ouwens DM, Remke M, Jiang T, Steiger HJ, Maciaczyk J, Kahlert UD. CBF1 is clinically prognostic and serves as a target to block cellular invasion and chemoresistance of EMT-like glioblastoma cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:102-112. [PMID: 28571041 PMCID: PMC5520214 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common and most lethal primary brain cancer. CBF1 (also known as Recombination signal Binding Protein for immunoglobulin kappa J, RBPJ) is the cardinal transcriptional regulator of the Notch signalling network and has been shown to promote cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in glioblastoma. Recent studies suggest that some of the malignant properties of CSCs are mediated through the activation of pro-invasive programme of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Little is known whether CBF1 is involved in the EMT-like phenotype of glioma cells. METHODS In a collection of GBM neurosphere lines, we genetically inhibited CBF1 and investigated the consequences on EMT-related properties, including in vitro invasiveness by Boyden chambers assay, chemoresistance using a clinical drug library screen and glycolytic metabolism assessing live-cell extracellular acidification rate. We also compared CBF1 expression in cells exposed to low and high oxygen tension. In silico analysis in large-scale Western and Eastern patient cohorts investigated the clinical prognostic value of CBF1 expression in low- and high-grade glioma as well as medulloblastoma. RESULTS Mean CBF1 expression is significantly increased in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H mutant glioblastoma and serves as prognostic marker for prolonged overall survival in brain tumours, particularly after therapy with temozolomide. Hypoxic regions of glioblastoma have higher CBF1 activation and exposure to low oxygen can induce its expression in glioma cells in vitro. CBF1 inhibition blocks EMT activators such as zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and significantly reduces cellular invasion and resistance to clinically approved anticancer drugs. Moreover, we indicate that CBF1 inhibition can impede cellular glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS Mean CBF1 activation in bulk tumour samples serves as a clinical predictive biomarker in brain cancers but its intratumoral and intertumoral expression is highly heterogeneous. Microenvironmental changes such as hypoxia can stimulate the activation of CBF1 in glioblastoma. CBF1 blockade can suppress glioblastoma invasion in vitro in particular in cells undergone EMT such as those found in the hypoxic niche. Targeting CBF1 can be an effective anti-EMT therapy to impede invasive properties and chemosensitivity in those cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - D Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - D Herrera-Rios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - G Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Beijing 100050, China
| | - V Marquardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - D Pauck
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Hoerbelt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Beijing 100050, China
| | - D M Ouwens
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Beijing 100050, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - H J Steiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - J Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - U D Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ceder JA, Aalders TW, Schalken JA. Label retention and stem cell marker expression in the developing and adult prostate identifies basal and luminal epithelial stem cell subpopulations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28446230 PMCID: PMC5406885 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer among males worldwide, and most patients with metastatic disease eventually develop therapy-resistant disease. Recent research has suggested the existence of cancer stem-like cells, and that such cells are behind the therapy resistance and progression. METHODS Here, we have taken advantage of the relatively quiescent nature of stem cells to identify the slow-cycling label-retaining stem cell (LRC) populations of the prostate gland. Mice were pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during prostate organogenesis, and the LRC populations were then identified and characterized in 5-day-old and in 6-month-old adult animals using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Quantification of LRCs in the adult mouse prostate showed that epithelial LRCs were significantly more numerous in prostatic ducts (3.7 ± 0.47% SD) when compared to the proximal (1.4 ± 0.83%) and distal epithelium (0.48 ± 0.08%) of the secretory lobes. LRCs were identified in both the basal and epithelial cell layers of the prostate, and LRCs co-expressed several candidate stem cell markers in a developmental and duct/acini-specific manner, including Sca-1, TROP-2, CD133, CD44, c-kit, and the novel prostate progenitor marker cytokeratin-7. Importantly, a significant proportion of LRCs were localized in the luminal cell layer, the majority in ducts and the proximal prostate, that co-expressed high levels of androgen receptor in the adult prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are separate basal and luminal stem cell populations in the prostate, and they open up the possibility that androgen receptor-expressing luminal stem-like cells could function as cancer-initiating and relapse-responsible cells in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Adam Ceder
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, CRC 91:10, SE20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Tilly Wilhelmina Aalders
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Antonius Schalken
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sabnis NG, Miller A, Titus MA, Huss WJ. The Efflux Transporter ABCG2 Maintains Prostate Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:128-140. [PMID: 27856956 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0270-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate stem cells (PSC) are characterized by their intrinsic resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), possibly due to the lack of androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSCs resistance to ADT and PSC expansion in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has sparked great interest in using differentiation therapy as an adjuvant to ADT. Understanding the mechanisms, by which PSCs maintain their undifferentiated phenotype, thus has important implications in differentiation therapy. In the prostate, the ATP binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) transporters, which enrich for AR-positive, ADT-resistant PSCs, play an important role in regulating the intracellular androgen levels by effluxing androgens. We hypothesized that the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux is responsible for maintaining PSCs in an undifferentiated state. Using the HPr-1-AR (nontumorigenic) and CWR-R1 (tumorigenic) prostate cell lines, it was demonstrated that inhibiting the ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux, with Ko143 (ABCG2 inhibitor), increased the nuclear AR expression due to elevated intracellular androgen levels. Increased nuclear translocation of AR is followed by increased expression of AR regulated genes, a delayed cell growth response, and increased luminal differentiation. Furthermore, Ko143 reduced tumor growth rates in mice implanted with ABCG2-expressing CWR-R1 cells. In addition, Ko143-treated mice had more differentiated tumors as evidenced by an increased percentage of CK8+/AR+ luminal cells and decreased percentage of ABCG2-expressing cells. Thus, inhibiting ABCG2-mediated androgen efflux forces the PSCs to undergo an AR-modulated differentiation to an ADT-sensitive luminal phenotype. IMPLICATIONS This study identifies the mechanism by which the prostate stem cell marker, ABCG2, plays a role in prostate stem cell maintenance and provides a rationale for targeting ABCG2 for differentiation therapy in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 128-40. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diketopiperazines/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Testosterone/blood
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha G Sabnis
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark A Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology - Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wendy J Huss
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghosh PM. WOMEN IN CANCER PROFILE: From physics to cancer biology and everywhere in between. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:P15-P21. [PMID: 27605444 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita M Ghosh
- Research ServiceVA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilson S, Qi J, Filipp FV. Refinement of the androgen response element based on ChIP-Seq in androgen-insensitive and androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32611. [PMID: 27623747 PMCID: PMC5021938 DOI: 10.1038/srep32611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence motifs are short, recurring patterns in DNA that can mediate sequence-specific binding for proteins such as transcription factors or DNA modifying enzymes. The androgen response element (ARE) is a palindromic, dihexameric motif present in promoters or enhancers of genes targeted by the androgen receptor (AR). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) we refined AR-binding and AREs at a genome-scale in androgen-insensitive and androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines. Model-based searches identified more than 120,000 ChIP-Seq motifs allowing for expansion and refinement of the ARE. We classified AREs according to their degeneracy and their transcriptional involvement. Additionally, we quantified ARE utilization in response to somatic copy number amplifications, AR splice-variants, and steroid treatment. Although imperfect AREs make up 99.9% of the motifs, the degree of degeneracy correlates negatively with validated transcriptional outcome. Weaker AREs, particularly ARE half sites, benefit from neighboring motifs or cooperating transcription factors in regulating gene expression. Taken together, ARE full sites generate a reliable transcriptional outcome in AR positive cells, despite their low genome-wide abundance. In contrast, the transcriptional influence of ARE half sites can be modulated by cooperating factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wilson
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Savoy RM, Chen L, Siddiqui S, Melgoza FU, Durbin-Johnson B, Drake C, Jathal MK, Bose S, Steele TM, Mooso BA, D'Abronzo LS, Fry WH, Carraway KL, Mudryj M, Ghosh PM. Transcription of Nrdp1 by the androgen receptor is regulated by nuclear filamin A in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:369-86. [PMID: 25759396 PMCID: PMC4433410 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) progression is regulated by the androgen receptor (AR); however, patients undergoing androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for disseminated PCa eventually develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Results of previous studies indicated that AR, a transcription factor, occupies distinct genomic loci in CRPC compared with hormone-naïve PCa; however, the cause of this distinction was unknown. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Nrdp1 is a model AR target modulated by androgens in hormone-naïve PCa but not in CRPC. Using Nrdp1, we investigated how AR switches transcription programs during CRPC progression. The proximal Nrdp1 promoter contains an androgen response element (ARE); we demonstrated AR binding to this ARE in androgen-sensitive PCa. Analysis of hormone-naive human prostatectomy specimens revealed correlation between Nrdp1 and AR expression, supporting AR regulation of NRDP1 levels in androgen-sensitive tissue. However, despite sustained AR levels, AR binding to the Nrdp1 promoter and Nrdp1 expression were suppressed in CRPC. Elucidation of the suppression mechanism demonstrated correlation of NRDP1 levels with nuclear localization of the scaffolding protein filamin A (FLNA) which, as we previously showed, is itself repressed following ADT in many CRPC tumors. Restoration of nuclear FLNA in CRPC stimulated AR binding to Nrdp1 ARE, increased its transcription, and augmented NRDP1 protein expression and responsiveness to ADT, indicating that nuclear FLNA controls AR-mediated androgen-sensitive Nrdp1 transcription. Expression of other AR-regulated genes lost in CRPC was also re-established by nuclear FLNA. Thus, our results indicate that nuclear FLNA promotes androgen-dependent AR-regulated transcription in PCa, while loss of nuclear FLNA in CRPC alters the AR-regulated transcription program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda M Savoy
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Liqun Chen
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Salma Siddiqui
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank U Melgoza
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christiana Drake
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maitreyee K Jathal
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Swagata Bose
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Steele
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Mooso
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - William H Fry
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA VA Northern California Health Care SystemMather, California, USADepartment of UrologySchool of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, California 95817, USADivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USADepartment of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are necessary for prostate development and homeostasis. AR signaling also drives the growth of nearly all prostate cancer cells. The role of androgens and AR signaling has been well characterized in metastatic prostate cancer, where it has been shown that prostate cancer cells are exquisitely adept at maintaining functional AR signaling to drive cancer growth. As androgens and AR signaling are so intimately involved in prostate development and the proliferation of advanced prostate cancer, it stands to reason that androgens and AR are also involved in prostate cancer initiation and the early stages of cancer growth, yet little is known of this process. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the role of androgens and AR signaling in prostate tissue, from development to metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and use that information to suggest potential roles for androgens and AR in prostate cancer initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ceder JA. Targeting the mechanisms of progression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2014; 67:480-1. [PMID: 25465967 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Adam Ceder
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Research, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Proteomic-coupled-network analysis of T877A-androgen receptor interactomes can predict clinical prostate cancer outcomes between White (non-Hispanic) and African-American groups. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113190. [PMID: 25409505 PMCID: PMC4237393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) remains an important contributor to the neoplastic evolution of prostate cancer (CaP). CaP progression is linked to several somatic AR mutational changes that endow upon the AR dramatic gain-of-function properties. One of the most common somatic mutations identified is Thr877-to-Ala (T877A), located in the ligand-binding domain, that results in a receptor capable of promiscuous binding and activation by a variety of steroid hormones and ligands including estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, and several anti-androgens. In an attempt to further define somatic mutated AR gain-of-function properties, as a consequence of its promiscuous ligand binding, we undertook a proteomic/network analysis approach to characterize the protein interactome of the mutant T877A-AR in LNCaP cells under eight different ligand-specific treatments (dihydrotestosterone, mibolerone, R1881, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, dexamethasone, and cyproterone acetate). In extending the analysis of our multi-ligand complexes of the mutant T877A-AR we observed significant enrichment of specific complexes between normal and primary prostatic tumors, which were furthermore correlated with known clinical outcomes. Further analysis of certain mutant T877A-AR complexes showed specific population preferences distinguishing primary prostatic disease between white (non-Hispanic) vs. African-American males. Moreover, these cancer-related AR-protein complexes demonstrated predictive survival outcomes specific to CaP, and not for breast, lung, lymphoma or medulloblastoma cancers. Our study, by coupling data generated by our proteomics to network analysis of clinical samples, has helped to define real and novel biological pathways in complicated gain-of-function AR complex systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rao MK, Matsumoto Y, Richardson ME, Panneerdoss S, Bhardwaj A, Ward JM, Shanker S, Bettegowda A, Wilkinson MF. Hormone-induced and DNA demethylation-induced relief of a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated block in transcriptional elongation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35087-101. [PMID: 25331959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies have revealed that genes commonly have a high density of RNA polymerase II just downstream of the transcription start site. This has raised the possibility that genes are commonly regulated by transcriptional elongation, but this remains largely untested in vivo, particularly in vertebrates. Here, we show that the proximal promoter from the Rhox5 homeobox gene recruits polymerase II and begins elongating in all tissues and cell lines that we tested, but it only completes elongation in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner. Relief of the elongation block is associated with recruitment of the elongation factor P-TEFb, the co-activator GRIP1, the chromatin remodeling factor BRG1, and specific histone modifications. We provide evidence that two mechanisms relieve the elongation block at the proximal promoter: demethylation and recruitment of androgen receptor. Together, our findings support a model in which promoter proximal pausing helps confer tissue-specific and developmental gene expression through a mechanism regulated by DNA demethylation-dependent nuclear hormone receptor recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet K Rao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, the Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Yuiko Matsumoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Marcy E Richardson
- the Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, the Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Subbarayalu Panneerdoss
- the Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Anjana Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jacqueline M Ward
- the Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, the Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Sreenath Shanker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anilkumar Bettegowda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, the Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, the Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, the Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, the Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu J, Lonergan PE, Nacusi LP, Wang L, Schmidt LJ, Sun Z, Van der Steen T, Boorjian SA, Kosari F, Vasmatzis G, Klee GG, Balk SP, Huang H, Wang C, Tindall DJ. The cistrome and gene signature of androgen receptor splice variants in castration resistant prostate cancer cells. J Urol 2014; 193:690-8. [PMID: 25132238 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spliced variant forms of androgen receptor were recently identified in castration resistant prostate cancer cell lines and clinical samples. We identified the cistrome and gene signature of androgen receptor splice variants in castration resistant prostate cancer cell lines and determined the clinical significance of androgen receptor splice variant regulated genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The castration resistant prostate cancer cell line 22Rv1, which expresses full-length androgen receptor and androgen receptor splice variants endogenously, was used as the research model. We established 22Rv1-ARFL(-)/ARV(+) and 22Rv1-ARFL(-)/ARV(-) through RNA interference. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with next generation sequencing and microarray techniques were used to identify the cistrome and gene expression profiles of androgen receptor splice variants in the absence of androgen. RESULTS Androgen receptor splice variant binding sites were identified in 22Rv1-ARFL(-)/ARV(+). A gene set was regulated uniquely by androgen receptor splice variants but not by full-length androgen receptor in the absence of androgen. Integrated analysis revealed that some genes were directly modulated by androgen receptor splice variants. Unsupervised clustering analysis showed that the androgen receptor splice variant gene signature differentiated benign from malignant prostate tissue as well as localized prostate cancer from metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer specimens. Some genes that were modulated uniquely by androgen receptor splice variants also correlated with histological grade and biochemical failure. CONCLUSIONS Androgen receptor splice variants can bind to DNA independent of full-length androgen receptor in the absence of androgen and modulate a unique set of genes that is not regulated by full-length androgen receptor. The androgen receptor splice variant gene signature correlates with disease progression. It distinguishes primary cancer from castration resistant prostate cancer specimens and benign from malignant prostate specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Lucas P Nacusi
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lucy J Schmidt
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Farhad Kosari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - George G Klee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chunxi Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
| | - Donald J Tindall
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stilbene induced inhibition of androgen receptor dimerization: implications for AR and ARΔLBD-signalling in human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98566. [PMID: 24887556 PMCID: PMC4041728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is often characterized by an increase of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) variants. Due to the absence of a ligand binding domain located in the AR-C-terminus, these receptor variants (also termed ARΔLBD) are unable to respond to all classical forms of endocrine treatments like surgical/chemical castration and/or application of anti-androgens. Methodology In this study we tested the effects of the naturally occurring stilbene resveratrol (RSV) and (E)-4-(2, 6-Difluorostyryl)-N, N-dimethylaniline, a fluorinated dialkylaminostilbene (FIDAS) on AR- and ARΔLBD in prostate cancer cells. The ability of the compounds to modulate transcriptional activity of AR and the ARΔLBD-variant Q640X was shown by reporter gene assays. Expression of endogenous AR and ARΔLBD mRNA and protein levels were determined by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Nuclear translocation of AR-molecules was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. AR and ARΔLBD/Q640X homo-/heterodimer formation was assessed by mammalian two hybrid assays. Biological activity of both compounds in vivo was demonstrated using a chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft assay. Results The stilbenes RSV and FIDAS were able to significantly diminish AR and Q640X-signalling. Successful inhibition of the Q640X suggests that RSV and FIDAS are not interfering with the AR-ligand binding domain like all currently available anti-hormonal drugs. Repression of AR and Q640X-signalling by RSV and FIDAS in prostate cancer cells was caused by an inhibition of the AR and/or Q640X-dimerization. Although systemic bioavailability of both stilbenes is very low, both compounds were also able to downregulate tumor growth and AR-signalling in vivo. Conclusion RSV and FIDAS are able to inhibit the dimerization of AR and ARΔLBD molecules suggesting that stilbenes might serve as lead compounds for a novel generation of AR-inhibitors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Balamurugan K, Sterneck E. The many faces of C/EBPδ and their relevance for inflammation and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:917-33. [PMID: 24155666 PMCID: PMC3805898 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD, C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor that modulates many biological processes including cell differentiation, motility, growth arrest, proliferation, and cell death. The diversity of C/EBPδ's functions depends in part on the cell type and cellular context and can have opposing outcomes. For example, C/EBPδ promotes inflammatory signaling, but it can also inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways, and in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, C/EBPδ reduces tumor incidence but promotes tumor metastasis. This review highlights the multifaceted nature of C/EBPδ's functions, with an emphasis on pathways that are relevant for cancer and inflammation, and illustrates how C/EBPδ emerged from the shadow of its family members as a fascinating “jack of all trades.” Our current knowledge on C/EBPδ indicates that, rather than being essential for a specific cellular process, C/EBPδ helps to interpret a variety of cues in a cell-type and context-dependent manner, to adjust cellular functions to specific situations. Therefore, insights into the roles and mechanisms of C/EBPδ signaling can lead to a better understanding of how the integration of different signaling pathways dictates normal and pathological cell functions and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD-21702-1201, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iglesias-Gato D, Chuan YC, Wikström P, Augsten S, Jiang N, Niu Y, Seipel A, Danneman D, Vermeij M, Fernandez-Perez L, Jenster G, Egevad L, Norstedt G, Flores-Morales A. SOCS2 mediates the cross talk between androgen and growth hormone signaling in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:24-33. [PMID: 24031028 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anabolic signals such as androgens and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis play an essential role in the normal development of the prostate but also in its malignant transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) as mediator of the cross talk between androgens and GH signals in the prostate and its potential role as tumor suppressor in prostate cancer (PCa). We observed that SOCS2 protein levels assayed by immunohistochemistry are elevated in hormone therapy-naive localized prostatic adenocarcinoma in comparison with benign tissue. In contrast, however, castration-resistant bone metastases exhibit reduced levels of SOCS2 in comparison with localized or hormone naive, untreated metastatic tumors. In PCa cells, SOCS2 expression is induced by androgens through a mechanism that requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 protein (STAT5) and androgen receptor-dependent transcription. Consequentially, SOCS2 inhibits GH activation of Janus kinase 2, Src and STAT5 as well as both cell invasion and cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, SOCS2 limits proliferation and production of IGF-1 in the prostate in response to GH. Our results suggest that the use of GH-signaling inhibitors could be of value as a complementary treatment for castration-resistant PCa. SUMMARY Androgen induced SOCS2 ubiquitin ligase expression and inhibited GH signaling as well as cell proliferation and invasion in PCa, whereas reduced SOCS2 was present in castration-resistant cases. GH-signaling inhibitors might be a complementary therapeutic option for advanced PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Disease Biology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen L, Chang WC, Hung YC, Chang YY, Bao BY, Huang HC, Chung WM, Shyr CR, Ma WL. Androgen receptor increases CD133 expression and progenitor-like population that associate with cisplatin resistance in endometrial cancer cell line. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:386-94. [PMID: 23962788 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EMC) is a sex steroid hormone-related female malignancy. Androgen and androgen receptor (androgen/AR) signals have been implicated in EMC progression. Cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) are suspected to link to chemoresistance in patients with EMC. In this study, we examined the androgen/AR roles in cisplatin resistance and CSPC population. We found AR expression increased naive EMC side population, CSPC population, cell migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Meanwhile, it decreased cisplatin cytotoxic effect on EMC cells. Collaterally, endogenous AR expressions in EMC cells were upregulated in the cisplatin-resisting state. Moreover, AR expression could further enhance CD133 expression, CSPC-related markers, and drug-resistance gene messenger RNA expression in EMC cells. Finally, the AR-associated gene expression might go through indirect regulation. This is the first report revealing AR function on EMC cells' CSPC and cisplatin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Chen
- 1Sex Hormone Research Center, Graduate Institution of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
On the origins of the androgen receptor low molecular weight species. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:259-69. [PMID: 23860689 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP), a commonly diagnosed malignancy, is readily treated by androgen ablation. This treatment temporarily halts the disease, but castration-resistant neoplasms that are refractory to current therapies emerge. While these neoplasms are no longer dependent on physiological levels of androgens, they remain reliant on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). There are multiple mechanisms by which CaP cells circumvent androgen ablation therapies. These include AR mutations that broaden ligand specificity, AR overexpression, AR activation by growth factors and cytokines, overexpression of AR co-activators, altered steroid metabolism, and a locus-wide histone transcriptional activation of some AR targets. This review focuses on a more recently described mechanism: the expression of low molecular weight AR species that are missing the ligand-binding domain and function independently of ligand to drive proliferation. The etiology, biological activity, unique features, predictive value, and therapeutic implication of these androgen receptor isoforms are discussed in depth.
Collapse
|
24
|
Coffey K, Rogerson L, Ryan-Munden C, Alkharaif D, Stockley J, Heer R, Sahadevan K, O’Neill D, Jones D, Darby S, Staller P, Mantilla A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. The lysine demethylase, KDM4B, is a key molecule in androgen receptor signalling and turnover. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4433-46. [PMID: 23435229 PMCID: PMC3632104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecule involved in prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Post-translational modification of the AR by co-regulator proteins can modulate its transcriptional activity. To identify which demethylases might be involved in AR regulation, an siRNA screen was performed to reveal that the demethylase, KDM4B, may be an important co-regulator protein. KDM4B enzymatic activity is required to enhance AR transcriptional activity; however, independently of this activity, KDM4B can enhance AR protein stability via inhibition of AR ubiquitination. Importantly, knockdown of KDM4B in multiple cell lines results in almost complete depletion of AR protein levels. For the first time, we have identified KDM4B to be an androgen-regulated demethylase enzyme, which can influence AR transcriptional activity not only via demethylation activity but also via modulation of ubiquitination. Together, these findings demonstrate the close functional relationship between AR and KDM4B, which work together to amplify the androgen response. Furthermore, KDM4B expression in clinical PC specimens positively correlates with increasing cancer grade (P < 0.001). Consequently, KDM4B is a viable therapeutic target in PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lynsey Rogerson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Ryan-Munden
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dhuha Alkharaif
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacqueline Stockley
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kanagasabai Sahadevan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel O’Neill
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominic Jones
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Darby
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Staller
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alejandra Mantilla
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Craig N. Robson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mooso BA, Vinall RL, Tepper CG, Savoy RM, Cheung JP, Singh S, Siddiqui S, Wang Y, Bedolla RG, Martinez A, Mudryj M, Kung HJ, deVere White RW, Ghosh PM. Enhancing the effectiveness of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer by inducing Filamin A nuclear localization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:759-77. [PMID: 22993077 PMCID: PMC3540117 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As prostate cancer (CaP) is regulated by androgen receptor (AR) activity, metastatic CaP is treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Despite initial response, patients on ADT eventually progress to castration-resistant CaP (CRPC), which is currently incurable. We previously showed that cleavage of the 280 kDa structural protein Filamin A (FlnA) to a 90 kDa fragment, and nuclear localization of the cleaved product, sensitized CRPC cells to ADT. Hence, treatment promoting FlnA nuclear localization would enhance androgen responsiveness. Here, we show that FlnA nuclear localization induced apoptosis in CRPC cells during ADT, identifying it as a treatment tool in advanced CaP. Significantly, the natural product genistein combined polysaccharide (GCP) had a similar effect. Investigation of the mechanism of GCP-induced apoptosis showed that GCP induced FlnA cleavage and nuclear localization and that apoptosis resulting from GCP treatment was mediated by FlnA nuclear localization. Two main components of GCP are genistein and daidzein: the ability of GCP to induce G2 arrest was due to genistein whereas sensitivity to ADT stemmed from daidzein; hence, both were needed to mediate GCP's effects. FlnA cleavage is regulated by its phosphorylation; we show that ADT enhanced FlnA phosphorylation, which prevented its cleavage, whereas GCP inhibited FlnA phosphorylation, thereby sensitizing CaP cells to ADT. In a mouse model of CaP recurrence, GCP, but not vehicle, impeded relapse following castration, indicating that GCP, when administered with ADT, interrupted the development of CRPC. These results demonstrate the efficacy of GCP in promoting FlnA nuclear localization and enhancing androgen responsiveness in CaP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Mooso
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ruth L. Vinall
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | - Jean P. Cheung
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sheetal Singh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Yu Wang
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Roble G. Bedolla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Anthony Martinez
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Decker KF, Zheng D, He Y, Bowman T, Edwards JR, Jia L. Persistent androgen receptor-mediated transcription in castration-resistant prostate cancer under androgen-deprived conditions. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10765-79. [PMID: 23019221 PMCID: PMC3510497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that mediates androgen action in target tissues. Upon ligand binding, the AR binds to thousands of genomic loci and activates a cell-type specific gene program. Prostate cancer growth and progression depend on androgen-induced AR signaling. Treatment of advanced prostate cancer through medical or surgical castration leads to initial response and durable remission, but resistance inevitably develops. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), AR activity remains critical for tumor growth despite androgen deprivation. Although previous studies have focused on ligand-dependent AR signaling, in this study we explore AR function under the androgen-deprived conditions characteristic of CRPC. Our data demonstrate that AR persistently occupies a distinct set of genomic loci after androgen deprivation in CRPC. These androgen-independent AR occupied regions have constitutively open chromatin structures that lack the canonical androgen response element and are independent of FoxA1, a transcription factor involved in ligand-dependent AR targeting. Many AR binding events occur at proximal promoters, which can act as enhancers to augment transcriptional activities of other promoters through DNA looping. We further show that androgen-independent AR binding directs a gene expression program in CRPC, which is necessary for the growth of CRPC after androgen withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith F Decker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grunewald TGP, Bach H, Cossarizza A, Matsumoto I. The STEAP protein family: versatile oxidoreductases and targets for cancer immunotherapy with overlapping and distinct cellular functions. Biol Cell 2012; 104:641-57. [PMID: 22804687 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) protein family contains at least five homologous members. The necessity of multiple homologous STEAP proteins is still unclear, but their peculiar and tissue-specific expression suggests that they are assigned to distinct functional tasks. This concept is supported by the fact that especially STEAP1, and to a lesser extent STEAP2 and -4, are highly over-expressed in many different cancer entities, while being only minimally expressed in a few normal tissues. Despite their very similar domain organisation, STEAP3 seems to act as a potent metalloreductase essential for physiological iron uptake and turnover, while in particular STEAP4 appears to be rather involved in responses to nutrients and inflammatory stress, fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, individual STEAP proteins possess overlapping functions important for growth and survival of cancer cells. Due to their membrane-bound localisation and their high expression in many different cancers such as prostate, breast and bladder carcinoma as well as Ewing's sarcoma, STEAP proteins have been recognised and utilised as promising targets for cell- and antibody-based immunotherapy. This review summarises our present knowledge of the individual members of the human STEAP family and highlights the functional differences between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- INSERM Unit 830 'Genetics and Biology of Cancer', Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wolff DW, Xie Y, Deng C, Gatalica Z, Yang M, Wang B, Wang J, Lin MF, Abel PW, Tu Y. Epigenetic repression of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer cell growth. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:1521-31. [PMID: 21500190 PMCID: PMC3155664 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-stimulated androgen-independent activation of androgen receptor (AR) contributes to acquisition of a hormone-refractory phenotype by prostate cancer. We previously reported that regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) 2, an inhibitor of GPCRs, inhibits androgen-independent AR activation (Cao et al., Oncogene 2006;25:3719-34). Here, we show reduced RGS2 protein expression in human prostate cancer specimens compared to adjacent normal or hyperplastic tissue. Methylation-specific PCR analysis and bisulfite sequencing indicated that methylation of the CpG island in the RGS2 gene promoter correlated with RGS2 downregulation in prostate cancer. In vitro methylation of this promoter suppressed reporter gene expression in transient transfection studies, whereas reversal of this promoter methylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) induced RGS2 reexpression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and inhibited their growth under androgen-deficient conditions. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of 5-Aza-dC was significantly reduced by an RGS2-targeted short hairpin RNA, indicating that reexpressed RGS2 contributed to this growth inhibition. Restoration of RGS2 levels by ectopic expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells suppressed growth of xenografts in castrated mice. Thus, RGS2 promoter hypermethylation represses its expression and unmasks a latent pathway for AR transactivation in prostate cancer cells. Targeting this reversible process may provide a new strategy for suppressing prostate cancer progression by reestablishing its androgen sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W. Wolff
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Caishu Deng
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Zoran Gatalica
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Peter W. Abel
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Yaping Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|