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Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Kikuyama S, Tanaami Y, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Delayed Postnatal Growth and Anterior Pituitary Development in Growth-Retarded ( grt) Female Mice. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:238-246. [PMID: 34057348 DOI: 10.2108/zs200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth-retarded (grt) mice display primary congenital hypothyroidism due to the hyporesponsiveness of their thyroid glands to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). We examined somatic growth, anterior pituitary development, and hormonal profiles in female grt mice and normal ones. Although growth in grt females was suppressed 2 weeks after birth, the measured growth parameters and organ weights gradually increased and finally reached close to the normal levels. Grt mice exhibited delayed eye and vaginal openings and remained in a state of persistent diestrus thereafter, plasma estrogen levels being lower than those in normal mice. Grt mice that received normal-donor thyroids showed accelerated growth and their body weights increased up to the sham-normal levels, indicating the importance of early thyroid hormone supplementation. In the anterior pituitary, there were fewer growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) cells in grt mice than in normal mice as examined at 12 weeks after birth, but the numbers of these cells did not differ from those in normal mice after 24 weeks. Grt mice had more TSH cells than normal mice until 48 weeks. Plasma GH levels in grt mice were lower than those in normal mice at 2 weeks, but did not differ substantially after 5 weeks. Compared with normal mice, grt mice had significantly lower plasma PRL and thyroxine levels, but notably higher TSH levels until 48 weeks. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency in grt mice causes delayed development and growth, and inappropriate development of GH, PRL and TSH cells, followed by the abnormal secretion of hormones by these pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, .,National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tanaami
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takeo Machida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Uchida K, Taguchi Y, Sato C, Miyazaki H, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi T, Itoi K. Amelioration of improper differentiation of somatostatin-positive interneurons by triiodothyronine in a growth-retarded hypothyroid mouse strain. Neurosci Lett 2013; 559:111-6. [PMID: 24333174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in brain development, and TH deficiency during pregnancy or early postnatal periods leads to neurological disorders such as cretinism. Hypothyroidism reduces the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the neocortex and hippocampus. Here we used a mouse strain (growth-retarded; grt) that shows growth retardation and hypothyroidism to examine whether somatostatin (Sst)-positive interneurons that are generated from the same pool of neural progenitor cells as PV-positive cells are also altered by TH deficiency. The number of PV-positive interneurons was significantly decreased in the neocortex and hippocampus of grt mice as compared with normal control mice. In contrast to the decrease in the number of PV neurons, the number of Sst-positive interneurons in grt mice was increased in the stratum oriens of the hippocampus and the hilus of the dentate gyrus, although their number was unchanged in the neocortex. These changes were reversed by triiodothyronine administration from postnatal day (PD) 0 to 20. TH supplementation that was initiated after PD21 did not, however, affect the number of PV- or Sst-positive cells. These results suggest that during the first three postnatal weeks, TH may be critical for the generation of subpopulations of interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Uchida
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Taguchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chika Sato
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Miyazaki
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kobayashi
- Health Effects Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Itoi
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Hosoda Y, Sasaki N, Kameda Y, Torigoe D, Agui T. Identifying quantitative trait loci affecting resistance to congenital hypothyroidism in 129/SvJcl strain mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31035. [PMID: 22299049 PMCID: PMC3267771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (TPST2) is one of the enzymes responsible for tyrosine O-sulfation and catalyzes the sulfation of the specific tyrosine residue of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). Since this modification is indispensable for the activation of TSH signaling, a non-functional TPST2 mutation (Tpst2(grt)) in DW/J-grt mice leads to congenital hypothyroidism (CH) characterized by severe thyroid hypoplasia and dwarfism related to TSH hyporesponsiveness. Previous studies indicated that the genetic background of the 129(+Ter)/SvJcl (129) mouse strain ameliorates Tpst2(grt)-induced CH. To identify loci responsible for CH resistance in 129 mice, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using backcross progenies from susceptible DW/J and resistant 129 mice. We used the first principal component calculated from body weights at 5, 8 and 10 weeks as an indicator of CH, and QTL analysis mapped a major QTL showing a highly significant linkage to the distal portion of chromosome (Chr) 2; between D2Mit62 and D2Mit304, particularly close to D2Mit255. In addition, two male-specific QTLs showing statistically suggestive linkage were also detected on Chrs 4 and 18, respectively. All QTL alleles derived from the 129 strain increased resistance to growth retardation. There was also a positive correlation between recovery from thyroid hypoplasia and the presence of the 129 allele at D2Mit255 in male progenies. These results suggested that the major QTL on Chr 2 is involved in thyroid development. Moreover, since DW/J congenic strain mice carrying both a Tpst2(grt) mutation and 129 alleles in the major QTL show resistance to dwarfism and thyroid hypoplasia, we confirmed the presence of the resistant gene in this region, and that it is involved in thyroid development. Further genetical analysis should lead to identification of genes for CH tolerance and, from a better understanding of thyroid organogenesis and function, the subsequent development of new treatments for thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Hosoda
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yayoi Kameda
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yokoyama A, Nomura R, Kurosumi M, Shimomura A, Onouchi T, Iizuka-Kogo A, Smits R, Oda N, Fodde R, Itoh M, Senda T. The C-terminal domain of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) protein is involved in thyroid morphogenesis and function. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44:207-12. [PMID: 22179183 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-010-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a multifunctional protein as well as a tumor suppressor. To determine the functions of the C-terminal domain of Apc, we have investigated Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice, which express a truncated Apc that lacks the C-terminal domain. Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice are tumor free and exhibit growth retardation. In the present study, we analyzed the morphology and functions of the thyroid gland in Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice. There was no significant difference in the basal concentration of serum thyroid hormones between Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) and Apc (+/+) mice. Thyroid follicle size was significantly larger in Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice than in Apc (+/+) mice. The extent of serum T4 elevation following exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) injection was lower in Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice than in Apc (+/+) mice. TSH also induced a greater reduction in thyroid follicle size in Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice than in Apc (+/+) mice. Analyses using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy indicated that follicular epithelial cells in Apc ( 1638T/1638T ) mice had an enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum of irregular shape. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain of Apc is involved in thyroid morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Hosoda Y, Sasaki N, Agui T. Hypothyroid phenotype of the Tpst2 mutant mouse is dependent upon genetic background. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:207-11. [PMID: 20622471 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DW/J-grt is a congenital hypothyroid mouse model that is characterized by growth retardation, significantly lowered T3 and T4 levels, and severe thyroid hypoplasia related to TSH hyporesponsiveness. Previously, we identified the point mutation of the Tpst2 gene in DW/J-grt mice that causes a decrease in the enzymatic activity, and demonstrated that the Tpst2 transgene rescues the mutant phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. The severity of hypothyroidism is highly variable indicating the influence of modifier genes in humans. In this study, to identify the modifier/resistant gene(s) to hypothyroidism, we produced congenic strains carrying this Tpst2(grt) mutation on the C57BL/6J and 129/SvJcl (129) genetic backgrounds and analyzed growth rate and thyroid function. Interestingly, the 129 congenic mice exhibited normal growth and thyroid function. The result suggests that 129 strain has the modifier(s) of attenuation of hypothyroidism. Therefore, the identification of the modifier loci of 129 mice will provide important new information about the gene(s) related to congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Hosoda
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Tasaki Y, Taguchi Y, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Relationship between growth retardation and impaired glucose tolerance in hypothyroidal growth-retarded (grt) mice. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2010; 50:186-92. [PMID: 20608948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2010.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth-retarded (grt) mice exhibit congenital hypothyroidism and a characteristic growth pause followed by delayed onset of pubertal growth. This pattern of growth has never been reported in any other animal model exhibiting hypothyroidism; therefore, the growth retardation observed in grt mice is unlikely to be explained completely by the low plasma thyroid hormone levels. As growth is closely related to nutrient metabolism, we investigated the relationship between the appearance of growth retardation and glucose utilization, which is the main component of nutrient metabolism, in the peripubertal stage of grt mice. The relative weights of the organs involved in nutrient digestion and absorption were abnormal in grt mice. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) showed impaired glucose tolerance in grt mice. Moreover, this symptom appeared in parallel with the progression of growth retardation in grt mice. The impaired blood glucose levels on the IGTT in grt mice were considered to be attributable to decreased plasma insulin levels rather than to impaired insulin sensitivity. The pattern of anti-insulin antibody staining on sections of pancreatic islets from grt mice was almost the same as that in the corresponding sections from normal mice. Insulin treatment accelerated the growth of peripubertal grt mice. These findings suggest that the appearance of growth retardation in grt mice might be partially attributable to a reduction in glucose metabolism and impairment of insulin secretion during the early period of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Tasaki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Kikuyama S, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Impaired Development of Somatotropes, Lactotropes and Thyrotropes in Growth-Retarded (grt) Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:187-94. [PMID: 22271993 PMCID: PMC3252040 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenitally primary hypothyroid growth-retarded (grt) mice exhibit a characteristic growth pause followed by delayed onset of pubertal growth. We characterized the developmental pattern of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary, as well as plasma levels of their secretory hormones, in grt mice. Compared with normal mice, the weight of grt pituitary gland was similar at 8 weeks of age but significantly heavier after 12 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, there were significantly fewer somatotropes in the grt pituitary until 8 weeks of age, but the number gradually increased up to 48 weeks. The number of lactotropes in grt mice was consistently lower than that in normal mice from 2 through 48 weeks, whereas the number of thyrotropes in the grt pituitary was consistently higher than in the normal pituitary. Thyrotropes in the grt pituitary exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia with less intensive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) immunoreactivity than normal thyrotropes. In normal mice, the sum of the relative proportions of these cells plateaued at 8 weeks, where it remained up to 48 weeks of age. In grt mice, these proportions almost reached normal levels at 12 weeks of age but gradually declined after 24 weeks. Plasma growth hormone concentrations did not differ between grt and normal mice until 24 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, grt mice exhibited significantly lower plasma prolactin and thyroxine levels but higher TSH levels. These findings indicate that development of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in grt mice is impaired, being followed by altered hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6–21–1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214–8585, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, 1–104 Totsuka-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, 1–104 Totsuka-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - Takeo Machida
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
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Abstract
To assess delayed fertility in male growth-retarded (grt) mice with congenital primary hypothyroidism, their testes were chronologically examined. The testicular weight in grt mice was significantly lower than age-matched normal mice until 8 weeks but was comparable at 13 and 26 weeks. While normal mice had mature sperm cells in both testes and epididymides at 5 weeks, age-matched grt mice did not. The size of the seminiferous tubules in testes of grt mice was smaller than that of normal mice before 13 weeks but was comparable at 26 weeks. These findings suggest that male grt mice might need more than 13 weeks to develop mature testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sasaki N, Hosoda Y, Nagata A, Ding M, Cheng JM, Miyamoto T, Okano S, Asano A, Miyoshi I, Agui T. A mutation in Tpst2 encoding tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase causes dwarfism associated with hypothyroidism. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1713-21. [PMID: 17456791 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth-retarded (grt) mouse has an autosomal recessive, fetal-onset, severe thyroid hypoplasia related to TSH hyporesponsiveness. Through genetic mapping and complementation experiments, we show that grt is a missense mutation of a highly conserved region of the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (Tpst2) gene, encoding one of the two Tpst genes implicated in posttranslational tyrosine O-sulfation. We present evidence that the grt mutation leads to a loss of TPST2 activity, and TPST2 isoform has a high degree of substrate preference for TSH receptor (TSHR). The expression of TPST2 can restore TSH-TSHR-mediated cAMP production in fibroblasts derived from grt mice. Therefore, we propose that the tyrosine sulfation of TSHR by TPST2 is crucial for TSH signaling and resultant thyroid gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Sato M, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor levels and binding affinity in the thyroid gland of growth-retarded mice. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2005; 45:89-92. [PMID: 16131366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2005.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth-retarded (grt/grt) mice are congenitally primary hypothyroid. Our previous study indicated that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) responsiveness was defective in the grt/grt thyroid gland. We now report additional studies of impaired grt/grt thyroid function. Semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed that TSH receptor (TSHR) mRNA expression in the grt/grt thyroid was significantly decreased compared with +/+ thyroids. Scatchard analysis revealed that grt/grt and +/+ mice have only one type of TSH binding site. grt/grt thyroids had fewer TSH binding sites, although this did not apparently affect the affinity of TSH for its receptor. The present data suggest that reduced TSHR levels or defects in TSHR signaling could be one of the possible defective sites in the grt/grt thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- National Institute of Industrial Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan.
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Kobayashi K, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi T, Machida T. Responses of the Thyroid Gland to TSH and Other Thyroid Stimulators in the Growth-Retarded (grt) Mouse. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T Agui
- Institute for Experimental Animal Science, Nagoya City University Medical School, Aichi, Japan
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