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Liu C, Wei W, Huang Y, Fu P, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Metabolic reprogramming in septic acute kidney injury: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Metabolism 2024; 158:155974. [PMID: 38996912 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and severe complication of sepsis and is characterized by significant mortality and morbidity. However, the pathogenesis of septic acute kidney injury (S-AKI) remains elusive. Metabolic reprogramming, which was originally referred to as the Warburg effect in cancer, is strongly related to S-AKI. At the onset of sepsis, both inflammatory cells and renal parenchymal cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils and renal tubular epithelial cells, undergo metabolic shifts toward aerobic glycolysis to amplify proinflammatory responses and fortify cellular resilience to septic stimuli. As the disease progresses, these cells revert to oxidative phosphorylation, thus promoting anti-inflammatory reactions and enhancing functional restoration. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming are central to the energetic changes that occur during S-AKI. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic reprogramming in S-AKI, with a focus on each cell type involved. By identifying relevant key regulatory factors, we also explored potential metabolic reprogramming-related therapeutic targets for the management of S-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxiu Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Wang T, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Advances in metabolic reprogramming of renal tubular epithelial cells in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1329644. [PMID: 38312312 PMCID: PMC10834781 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1329644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury presents as a critical condition characterized by prolonged hospital stays, elevated mortality rates, and an increased likelihood of transition to chronic kidney disease. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury suppresses fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of renal tubular epithelial cells, thus favoring a metabolic shift towards glycolysis for energy production. This shift acts as a protective mechanism for the kidneys. However, an extended reliance on glycolysis may contribute to tubular atrophy, fibrosis, and subsequent chronic kidney disease progression. Metabolic reprogramming interventions have emerged as prospective strategies to counteract sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by restoring normal metabolic function, offering potential therapeutic and preventive modalities. This review delves into the metabolic alterations of tubular epithelial cells associated with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, stressing the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the immune response and the urgency of metabolic normalization. We present various intervention targets that could facilitate the recovery of oxidative phosphorylation-centric metabolism. These novel insights and strategies aim to transform the clinical prevention and treatment landscape of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, with a focus on metabolic mechanisms. This investigation could provide valuable insights for clinicians aiming to enhance patient outcomes in the context of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangcheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:401-417. [PMID: 36823168 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is common in critically ill patients and is strongly associated with adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events and death. The pathophysiology of SA-AKI remains elusive, although microcirculatory dysfunction, cellular metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated inflammatory responses have been implicated in preclinical studies. SA-AKI is best defined as the occurrence of AKI within 7 days of sepsis onset (diagnosed according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria and Sepsis 3 criteria, respectively). Improving outcomes in SA-AKI is challenging, as patients can present with either clinical or subclinical AKI. Early identification of patients at risk of AKI, or at risk of progressing to severe and/or persistent AKI, is crucial to the timely initiation of adequate supportive measures, including limiting further insults to the kidney. Accordingly, the discovery of biomarkers associated with AKI that can aid in early diagnosis is an area of intensive investigation. Additionally, high-quality evidence on best-practice care of patients with AKI, sepsis and SA-AKI has continued to accrue. Although specific therapeutic options are limited, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of care bundles and extracorporeal techniques as potential therapeutic approaches. Here we provide graded recommendations for managing SA-AKI and highlight priorities for future research.
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4
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Immunometabolic rewiring of tubular epithelial cells in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:588-603. [PMID: 35798902 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kidney tubular epithelial cells (TECs) have a crucial role in the damage and repair response to acute and chronic injury. To adequately respond to constant changes in the environment, TECs have considerable bioenergetic needs, which are supported by metabolic pathways. Although little is known about TEC metabolism, a number of ground-breaking studies have shown that defective glucose metabolism or fatty acid oxidation in the kidney has a key role in the response to kidney injury. Imbalanced use of these metabolic pathways can predispose TECs to apoptosis and dedifferentiation, and contribute to lipotoxicity and kidney injury. The accumulation of lipids and aberrant metabolic adaptations of TECs during kidney disease can also be driven by receptors of the innate immune system. Similar to their actions in innate immune cells, pattern recognition receptors regulate the metabolic rewiring of TECs, causing cellular dysfunction and lipid accumulation. TECs should therefore be considered a specialized cell type - like cells of the innate immune system - that is subject to regulation by immunometabolism. Targeting energy metabolism in TECs could represent a strategy for metabolically reprogramming the kidney and promoting kidney repair.
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5
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M, Zhou J. Protein Methylation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:736006. [PMID: 35647002 PMCID: PMC9133329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.736006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine aberrations, structural abnormalities, or impaired excretory renal function. Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Their common pathological manifestation is renal fibrosis. Approximately half of all patients with type 2 diabetes and one-third with type 1 diabetes will develop CKD. However, renal fibrosis mechanisms are still poorly understood, especially post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. And an unmet need remains for innovative treatment strategies for preventing, arresting, treating, and reversing diabetic kidney disease (DKD). People believe that protein methylation, including histone and non-histone, is an essential type of post-translational modification (PTM). However, prevalent reviews mainly focus on the causes such as DNA methylation. This review will take insights into the protein part. Furthermore, by emphasizing the close relationship between protein methylation and DKD, we will summarize the clinical research status and foresee the application prospect of protein methyltransferase (PMT) inhibitors in DKD treatment. In a nutshell, our review will contribute to a more profound understanding of DKD’s molecular mechanism and inspire people to dig into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlin Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Gaoming People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhou,
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Wen Y, Rashid F, Fazal Z, Singh R, Spinella MJ, Irudayaraj J. Nephrotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-effect on transcription and epigenetic factors. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac010. [PMID: 35633893 PMCID: PMC9134076 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread persistent environmental pollutant implicated in nephrotoxicity with altered metabolism, carcinogenesis, and fibrosis potential. We studied the underlying epigenetic mechanism involving transcription factors of PFOS-induced kidney injury. A 14-day orally dosed mouse model was chosen to study acute influences in vivo. Messenger RNA expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to elucidate the relationship between epigenetic regulators, transcription factors, kidney disease, and metabolism homeostasis. PFOS was found to accumulate in mouse kidney in a dose-dependent manner. Kidney injury markers Acta2 and Bcl2l1 increased in expression significantly. Transcription factors, including Nef2l2, Hes1, Ppara, and Ppard, were upregulated, while Smarca2 and Pparg were downregulated. Furthermore, global DNA methylation levels decreased and the gene expression of histone demethylases Kdm1a and Kdm4c were upregulated. Our work implicates PFOS-induced gene expression alterations in epigenetics, transcription factors, and kidney biomarkers with potential implications for kidney fibrosis and kidney carcinogenesis. Future experiments can focus on epigenetic mechanisms to establish a panel of PFOS-induced biomarkers for nephrotoxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faizan Rashid
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Tanemoto F, Mimura I. Therapies Targeting Epigenetic Alterations in Acute Kidney Injury-to-Chronic Kidney Disease Transition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020123. [PMID: 35215236 PMCID: PMC8877070 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) was previously thought to be a merely transient event; however, recent epidemiological evidence supports the existence of a causal relationship between AKI episodes and subsequent progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the pathophysiology of this AKI-to-CKD transition is not fully understood, it is mediated by the interplay among multiple components of the kidney including tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, inflammatory cells, and myofibroblasts. Epigenetic alterations including histone modification, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and chromatin conformational changes, are also expected to be largely involved in the pathophysiology as a “memory” of the initial injury that can persist and predispose to chronic progression of fibrosis. Each epigenetic modification has a great potential as a therapeutic target of AKI-to-CKD transition; timely and target-specific epigenetic interventions to the various temporal stages of AKI-to-CKD transition will be the key to future therapeutic applications in clinical practice. This review elaborates on the latest knowledge of each mechanism and the currently available therapeutic agents that target epigenetic modification in the context of AKI-to-CKD transition. Further studies will elucidate more detailed mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets of AKI-to-CKD transition.
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Metabolic Reprogramming and Host Tolerance: A Novel Concept to Understand Sepsis-Associated AKI. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184184. [PMID: 34575294 PMCID: PMC8471000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of sepsis that increases mortality and the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. However, the mechanisms leading to sepsis-associated AKI are still poorly understood. The recognition that sepsis induces organ dysfunction in the absence of overt necrosis or apoptosis has led to the consideration that tubular epithelial cells (TEC) may deploy defense mechanisms to survive the insult. This concept dovetails well with the notion that the defense against infection does not only depend on the capacity of the immune system to limit the microbial load (known as resistance), but also on the capacity of cells and tissues to limit tissue injury (known as tolerance). In this review, we discuss the importance of TEC metabolic reprogramming as a defense strategy during sepsis, and how this cellular response is likely to operate through a tolerance mechanism. We discuss the fundamental role of specific regulatory nodes and of mitochondria in orchestrating this response, and how this opens avenues for the exploration of targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat sepsis-associated AKI.
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9
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Li Z, Li N. Epigenetic Modification Drives Acute Kidney Injury-to-Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:737-747. [PMID: 34419948 DOI: 10.1159/000517073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical critical disease. Due to its high morbidity, increasing risk of complications, high mortality rate, and high medical costs, it has become a global concern for human health problems. Initially, researchers believed that kidneys have a strong ability to regenerate and repair, but studies over the past 20 years have found that kidneys damaged by AKI are often incomplete or even unable to repair. Even when serum creatinine returns to baseline levels, renal structural damage persists for a long time, leading to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanism of AKI-to-CKD transition has not been fully elucidated. As an important regulator of gene expression, epigenetic modifications, such as histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs, may play an important role in this process. Alterations in epigenetic modification are induced by hypoxia, thus promoting the expression of inflammatory factor-related genes and collagen secretion. This review elaborated the role of epigenetic modifications in AKI-to-CKD progression, the diagnostic value of epigenetic modifications biomarkers in AKI chronic outcome, and the potential role of targeting epigenetic modifications in the prevention and treatment of AKI to CKD, in order to provide ideas for the subsequent establishment of targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent the progression of renal tubular-interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Department of Pathology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Targeting chromatin dysregulation in organ fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:64-72. [PMID: 32900600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis leads to destruction of organ architecture accompanied by chronic inflammation and loss of function. Fibrosis affects nearly every organ in the body and accounts for ∼45% of total deaths worldwide. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the basic mechanisms leading to organ fibrosis. However, we are limited with therapeutic options and there is a significant need to develop highly effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have advanced the burgeoning field of epigenetics towards molecular understanding at a higher resolution. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in chromatin regulatory processes, specifically DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones, and chromatin remodeling complexes in kidney, liver and lung fibrosis. Although this research field is young, we discuss new strategies for potential therapeutic interventions for treating organ fibrosis.
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Wang J, Chen Y, Tang Z, Hu D, Yao C, Yang L. LncRNA NEAT1 regulated inflammation and apoptosis in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via MiR-27a-3p/TAB3 axis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2215-2227. [PMID: 32698679 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1792760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the mechanism of NEAT1 in sepsis-induced AKI rats. Cecal ligation punctures (CLP)-induced AKI rats were injected with siRNA-NEAT1 lentivirus. Kidney histopathology and apoptosis were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin and TUNEL staining, respectively. ELISA determined the levels of Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), TNF-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Colorimetry measured malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. qPCR analyzed NEAT1, miR-27a-3p, TAB3, Bcl-2, and Bax expressions. siNEAT1 reversed the promotive effect of CLP on kidney histopathological injury, and BUN, SCr, NGAL, KIM-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA, and Bax levels and apoptosis, but raised CLP-downregulated SOD and Bcl-2 levels. NEAT1 sponged miR-27a-3p which targeted TAB3. siNEAT1 upregulated miR-27a-3p and downregulated TAB3 expression. TAB3 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of siNEAT1 on the LPS-induced apoptosis of HK-2 cells. siNEAT1 alleviated sepsis-induced AKI in rats and LPS-induced sepsis of cells via miR-27a-3p/TAB3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, The People's Hospital of Dazu District , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Critical Medicine, The People's Hospital of Dazu District , Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Dabi Hu
- Department of Critical Medicine, The People's Hospital of Dazu District , Chongqing, China
| | - Caoyuan Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Dazu District , Chongqing, China
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12
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Hansson E, Glaser J, Jakobsson K, Weiss I, Wesseling C, Lucas RAI, Wei JLK, Ekström U, Wijkström J, Bodin T, Johnson RJ, Wegman DH. Pathophysiological Mechanisms by which Heat Stress Potentially Induces Kidney Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease in Sugarcane Workers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1639. [PMID: 32498242 PMCID: PMC7352879 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin (CKDnt) is common among Mesoamerican sugarcane workers. Recurrent heat stress and dehydration is a leading hypothesis. Evidence indicate a key role of inflammation. METHODS Starting in sports and heat pathophysiology literature, we develop a theoretical framework of how strenuous work in heat could induce kidney inflammation. We describe the release of pro-inflammatory substances from a leaky gut and/or injured muscle, alone or in combination with tubular fructose and uric acid, aggravation by reduced renal blood flow and increased tubular metabolic demands. Then, we analyze longitudinal data from >800 sugarcane cutters followed across harvest and review the CKDnt literature to assess empirical support of the theoretical framework. RESULTS Inflammation (CRP elevation and fever) and hyperuricemia was tightly linked to kidney injury. Rehydrating with sugary liquids and NSAID intake increased the risk of kidney injury, whereas electrolyte solution consumption was protective. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were associated with kidney injury. DISCUSSION Heat stress, muscle injury, reduced renal blood flow and fructose metabolism may induce kidney inflammation, the successful resolution of which may be impaired by daily repeating pro-inflammatory triggers. We outline further descriptive, experimental and intervention studies addressing the factors identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hansson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Jason Glaser
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilana Weiss
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Catarina Wesseling
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Rebekah A. I. Lucas
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, 142 Edgbaston Park Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jason Lee Kai Wei
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 10 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119076, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Dr, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Ulf Ekström
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Wijkström
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Theo Bodin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - David H. Wegman
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01845, USA
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13
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Martinez-Moreno JM, Fontecha-Barriuso M, Martín-Sánchez D, Sánchez-Niño MD, Ruiz-Ortega M, Sanz AB, Ortiz A. The Contribution of Histone Crotonylation to Tissue Health and Disease: Focus on Kidney Health. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:393. [PMID: 32308622 PMCID: PMC7145939 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are the most severe consequences of kidney injury. They are interconnected syndromes as CKD predisposes to AKI and AKI may accelerate CKD progression. Despite their growing impact on the global burden of disease, there is no satisfactory treatment for AKI and current therapeutic approaches to CKD remain suboptimal. Recent research has focused on the therapeutic target potential of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, including non-coding RNAs and the covalent modifications of histones and DNA. Indeed, several drugs targeting histone modifications are in clinical use or undergoing clinical trials. Acyl-lysine histone modifications (e.g. methylation, acetylation, and crotonylation) have modulated experimental kidney injury. Most recently, increased histone lysine crotonylation (Kcr) was observed during experimental AKI and could be reproduced in cultured tubular cells exposed to inflammatory stress triggered by the cytokine TWEAK. The degree of kidney histone crotonylation was modulated by crotonate availability and crotonate supplementation protected from nephrotoxic AKI. We now review the functional relevance of histone crotonylation in kidney disease and other pathophysiological contexts, as well as the implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. These studies provide insights into the overall role of histone crotonylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Martinez-Moreno
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Martín-Sánchez
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria D Sánchez-Niño
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Fontecha-Barriuso M, Martin-Sanchez D, Ruiz-Andres O, Poveda J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Valiño-Rivas L, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A, Sanz AB. Targeting epigenetic DNA and histone modifications to treat kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019. [PMID: 29534238 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression patterns not caused by an altered nucleotide sequence, and includes non-coding RNAs and covalent modifications of DNA and histones. This review focuses on functional evidence for the involvement of DNA and histone epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of kidney disease and the potential therapeutic implications. There is evidence of activation of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the AKI-to-CKD transition of diverse aetiologies, including ischaemia-reperfusion injury, nephrotoxicity, ureteral obstruction, diabetes, glomerulonephritis and polycystic kidney disease. A beneficial in vivo effect over preclinical kidney injury has been reported for drugs that decrease DNA methylation by either inhibiting DNA methylation (e.g. 5-azacytidine and decitabine) or activating DNA demethylation (e.g. hydralazine), decrease histone methylation by inhibiting histone methyltransferases, increase histone acetylation by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs, e.g. valproic acid, vorinostat, entinostat), increase histone crotonylation (crotonate) or interfere with histone modification readers [e.g. inhibits of bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins (BET)]. Most preclinical studies addressed CKD or the AKI-to-CKD transition. Crotonate administration protected from nephrotoxic AKI, but evidence is conflicting on DNA methylation inhibitors for preclinical AKI. Several drugs targeting epigenetic regulators are in clinical development or use, most of them for malignancy. The BET inhibitor apabetalone is in Phase 3 trials for atherosclerosis, kidney function being a secondary endpoint, but nephrotoxicity was reported for DNA and HDAC inhibitors. While research into epigenetic modulators may provide novel therapies for kidney disease, caution should be exercised based on the clinical nephrotoxicity of some drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Martin-Sanchez
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Ruiz-Andres
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonay Poveda
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Valiño-Rivas
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Research Institute IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ferrè S, Deng Y, Huen SC, Lu CY, Scherer PE, Igarashi P, Moe OW. Renal tubular cell spliced X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s) has a unique role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and inflammation. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1359-1373. [PMID: 31601454 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory state in response to infection, and concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI) increases mortality significantly. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is activated in many cell types upon microbial infection and modulates inflammation. The role of endoplasmic reticulum signaling in the kidney during septic AKI is unknown. Here we tested the role of the spliced X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s), a key component of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated pathways, in the renal response to sepsis in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model. Xbp1s was increased in the kidneys of mice treated with LPS but not in other models of AKI, or several chronic kidney disease models. The functional significance of Xbp1s induction was examined by genetic manipulation in renal tubules. Renal tubule-specific overexpression of Xbp1s caused severe tubule dilation and vacuolation with expression of the injury markers Kim1 and Ngal, the pro-inflammatory molecules interleukin-6 (Il6) and Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), decreased kidney function and 50% mortality in five days. Renal tubule-specific genetic ablation of Xbp1 had no phenotype at baseline. However, after LPS, Xbp1 knockdown mice displayed lower renal NGAL, pro-apoptotic factor CHOP, serum creatinine levels, and a tendency towards lower Tlr4 compared to LPS-treated mice with intact Xbp1s. LPS treatment in Xbp1s-overexpressing mice caused a mild increase in NGAL and CHOP compared to LPS-treated mice without genetic Xbp1s overexpression. Thus, increased Xbp1s signaling in renal tubules is unique to sepsis-induced AKI and contributes to renal inflammation and injury. Inhibition of this pathway may be a potential portal to alleviate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrè
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher Y Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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16
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Guo C, Dong G, Liang X, Dong Z. Epigenetic regulation in AKI and kidney repair: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:220-239. [PMID: 30651611 PMCID: PMC7866490 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major public health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of AKI remains incompletely understood and effective therapies are lacking. An increasing body of evidence suggests a role for epigenetic regulation in the process of AKI and kidney repair, involving remarkable changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation and the expression of various non-coding RNAs. For instance, increases in levels of histone acetylation seem to protect kidneys from AKI and promote kidney repair. AKI is also associated with changes in genome-wide and gene-specific DNA methylation; however, the role and regulation of DNA methylation in kidney injury and repair remains largely elusive. MicroRNAs have been studied quite extensively in AKI, and a plethora of specific microRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. Emerging research suggests potential for microRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers of AKI. Further investigation into these epigenetic mechanisms will not only generate novel insights into the mechanisms of AKI and kidney repair but also might lead to new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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17
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Sharifian R, Okamura DM, Denisenko O, Zager RA, Johnson A, Gharib SA, Bomsztyk K. Distinct patterns of transcriptional and epigenetic alterations characterize acute and chronic kidney injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17870. [PMID: 30552397 PMCID: PMC6294783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are considered early and late phases of a pathologic continuum of interconnected disease states. Although changes in gene expression patterns have recently been elucidated for the transition of AKI to CKD, the epigenetic regulation of key kidney injury related genes remains poorly understood. We used multiplex RT-qPCR, ChIP-qPCR and integrative analysis to compare transcriptional and epigenetic changes at renal disease-associated genes across mouse AKI and CKD models. These studies showed that: (i) there are subsets of genes with distinct transcriptional and epigenetically profiles shared by AKI and CKD but also subsets that are specific to either the early or late stages of renal injury; (ii) differences in expression of a small number of genes is sufficient to distinguish AKI from CKD; (iii) transcription plays a key role in the upregulation of both AKI and CKD genes while post-transcriptional regulation appears to play a more significant role in decreased expression of both AKI and CKD genes; and (iv) subsets of transcriptionally upregulated genes share epigenetic similarities while downregulated genes do not. Collectively, our study suggests that identified common transcriptional and epigenetic profiles of kidney injury loci could be exploited for therapeutic targeting in AKI and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sharifian
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daryl M Okamura
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Oleg Denisenko
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Richard A Zager
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ali Johnson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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18
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Chakraborty A, Viswanathan P. Methylation-Demethylation Dynamics: Implications of Changes in Acute Kidney Injury. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8764384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the epigenetic landscape has grown increasingly complex. Until recently, methylation of DNA and histones was considered one of the most important epigenetic modifications. However, with the discovery of enzymes involved in the demethylation process, several exciting prospects have emerged that focus on the dynamic regulation of methylation and its crucial role in development and disease. An interplay of the methylation-demethylation machinery controls the process of gene expression. Since acute kidney injury (AKI), a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease and death, is characterised by aberrant expression of genes, understanding the dynamics of methylation and demethylation will provide new insights into the intricacies of the disease. Research on epigenetics in AKI has only made its mark in the recent years but has provided compelling evidence that implicates the involvement of methylation and demethylation changes in its pathophysiology. In this review, we explore the role of methylation and demethylation machinery in cellular epigenetic control and further discuss the contribution of methylomic changes and histone modifications to the pathophysiology of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Chakraborty
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio-Medical Research, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Pragasam Viswanathan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio-Medical Research, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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19
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Johnson ACM, Zager RA. Mechanisms Underlying Increased TIMP2 and IGFBP7 Urinary Excretion in Experimental AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2157-2167. [PMID: 29980651 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical data support the utility/superiority of a new AKI biomarker ("NephroCheck"), the arithmetic product of urinary TIMP × IGFBP7 concentrations. However, the pathophysiologic basis for its utility remains ill defined. METHODS To clarify this issue, CD-1 mice were subjected to either nephrotoxic (glycerol, maleate) or ischemic AKI. Urinary TIMP2/IGFBP7 concentrations were determined at 4 and 18 hours postinjury and compared with urinary albumin levels. Gene transcription was assessed by measuring renal cortical and/or medullary TIMP2/IGFBP7 mRNAs (4 and 18 hours after AKI induction). For comparison, the mRNAs of three renal "stress" biomarkers (NGAL, heme oxygenase 1, and p21) were assessed. Renal cortical TIMP2/IGFBP7 protein was gauged by ELISA. Proximal tubule-specific TIMP2/IGFBP7 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Each AKI model induced prompt (4 hours) and marked urinary TIMP2/IGFBP7 increases without an increase in renal cortical concentrations. Furthermore, TIMP2/IGFBP7 mRNAs remained at normal levels. Endotoxemia also failed to increase TIMP2/IGFBP7 mRNAs. In contrast, each AKI model provoked massive NGAL, HO-1, and p21 mRNA increases, confirming that a renal "stress response" had occurred. Urinary albumin rose up to 100-fold and strongly correlated (r=0.87-0.91) with urinary TIMP2/IGFBP7 concentrations. Immunohistochemistry showed progressive TIMP2/IGFBP7 losses from injured proximal tubule cells. Competitive inhibition of endocytic protein reabsorption in normal mice tripled urinary TIMP2/IGFBP7 levels, confirming this pathway's role in determining urinary excretion. CONCLUSIONS AKI-induced urinary TIMP2/IGFBP7 elevations are not due to stress-induced gene transcription. Rather, increased filtration, decreased tubule reabsorption, and proximal tubule cell TIMP2/IGFBP7 urinary leakage seem to be the most likely mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali C M Johnson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Richard A Zager
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; and .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Teng J, Liu M, Su Y, Li K, Sui N, Wang S, Li L, Sun Y, Wang Y. Down-regulation of GRP78 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:2099-2107. [PMID: 29915879 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is accompanied with life-threatening sepsis. It is necessary to develop effective therapy agent or strategy for treating AKI. LPS is a primary pathogenic factor that induces sepsis. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is closely related to cell injuries. The objective of this study was to examine the role of GRP78 in LPS-induced AKI. METHODS Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry (FCM) were respectively performed to assess the cell viability and apoptosis. Available commercial kits were used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and the activity of oxidative indicators. The expressions of the relevant factors were determined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of GRP78 was apparently increased by LPS treatment, and that the down-regulation of GRP78 by small RNA interference improved the proliferation ability of renal cells in comparison to LPS group. The LPS-induced immune response and oxidative stress was alleviated by the depletion of GRP78. Moreover, the LPS-induced apoptosis was reduced in the GRP78 group by regulating the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (CHOP, caspase-12)-associated proteins. In addition, the protective role of GRP78 reduction was partly related to the balance of NF-κB/IκB. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of GRP78 attenuated LPS-induced AKI through inhibiting immune response/oxidative stress-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Teng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Sui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liandi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunbo Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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21
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Chen Y, Qiu J, Chen B, Lin Y, Chen Y, Xie G, Qiu J, Tong H, Jiang D. RETRACTED: Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 plays an important role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by targeting miR-204 and modulating the NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:252-260. [PMID: 29669307 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of authors with the approval of the Editor-in-Chief.
Panel ‘LPS+sh-NEAT1’ from Figure 2C appears similar to panel ‘si-PVT1’ from Figure 2A of the article published by Wei Huang, Xiuwen Lan, Xueting Li, Dawei Wang, Yinghao Sun, Qian Wang, Hong Gao and Kaijiang Yu in the International Immunopharmacology 47 (2017) 134-140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.030 and panel ‘Control’ from Figure 1D of the article published by Xiaodi Liu, Chengying Hong, Shipin Wu, Shiling Song, Zhi Yang, Lin Cao, Tongwei Song and Ying Yang in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 120 (2019) 11331-11341 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28409.
Given the comments of Dr Elisabeth Bik https://scienceintegritydigest.com/2020/02/21/the-tadpole-paper-mill/ regarding this article, the journal requested the corresponding author to provide the raw data. However, the author was not able to fulfil this request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China
| | - Jialing Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China
| | - Youping Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China
| | - Guojin Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China
| | - Junming Qiu
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huasheng Tong
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongxin Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan 523900, China.
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22
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Chakraborty A, Viswanathan P. Methylation-Demethylation Dynamics: Implications of Changes in Acute Kidney Injury. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8764384. [PMID: 30073137 PMCID: PMC6057397 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8764384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the epigenetic landscape has grown increasingly complex. Until recently, methylation of DNA and histones was considered one of the most important epigenetic modifications. However, with the discovery of enzymes involved in the demethylation process, several exciting prospects have emerged that focus on the dynamic regulation of methylation and its crucial role in development and disease. An interplay of the methylation-demethylation machinery controls the process of gene expression. Since acute kidney injury (AKI), a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease and death, is characterised by aberrant expression of genes, understanding the dynamics of methylation and demethylation will provide new insights into the intricacies of the disease. Research on epigenetics in AKI has only made its mark in the recent years but has provided compelling evidence that implicates the involvement of methylation and demethylation changes in its pathophysiology. In this review, we explore the role of methylation and demethylation machinery in cellular epigenetic control and further discuss the contribution of methylomic changes and histone modifications to the pathophysiology of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Chakraborty
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio-Medical Research, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Pragasam Viswanathan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio-Medical Research, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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23
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Wei J, Dong S, Bowser RK, Khoo A, Zhang L, Jacko AM, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Regulation of the ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation of CREB-binding protein modulates histone acetylation and lung inflammation. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/483/eaak9660. [PMID: 28611184 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aak9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) is a histone acetyltransferase that plays a pivotal role in the control of histone modification and the expression of cytokine-encoding genes in inflammatory diseases, including sepsis and lung injury. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit FBXL19 targeted CBP for site-specific ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The ubiquitylation-dependent degradation of CBP reduced the extent of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent histone acetylation and cytokine release in mouse lung epithelial cells and in a mouse model of sepsis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the deubiquitylating enzyme USP14 (ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14) stabilized CBP by reducing its ubiquitylation. LPS increased the stability of CBP by reducing the association between CBP and FBXL19 and by activating USP14. Inhibition of USP14 reduced CBP protein abundance and attenuated LPS-stimulated histone acetylation and cytokine release. Together, our findings delineate the molecular mechanisms through which CBP stability is regulated by FBXL19 and USP14, which results in the modulation of chromatin remodeling and the expression of cytokine-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wei
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Su Dong
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel K Bowser
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Anastasia M Jacko
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Dreval K, de Conti A, Furuya S, Beland FA, Rusyn I, Pogribny IP. miR-1247 blocks SOX9–mediated regeneration in alcohol- and fibrosis-associated acute kidney injury in mice. Toxicology 2017; 384:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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The exciting “bench to bedside” journey of cell therapies for acute kidney injury and renal transplantation. J Nephrol 2017; 30:319-336. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The host defence against infection is an adaptive response in which several mechanisms are deployed to decrease the pathogen load, limit tissue injury and restore homeostasis. In the past few years new evidence has suggested that the ability of the immune system to limit the microbial burden - termed resistance - might not be the only defence mechanism. In fact, the capacity of the host to decrease its own susceptibility to inflammation- induced tissue damage - termed tolerance - might be as important as resistance in determining the outcome of the infection. Metabolic adaptations are central to the function of the cellular immune response. Coordinated reprogramming of metabolic signalling enables cells to execute resistance and tolerance pathways, withstand injury, steer tissue repair and promote organ recovery. During sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, early reprogramming of metabolism can determine the extent of organ dysfunction, progression to fibrosis, and the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we discuss the mechanisms of tolerance that act in the kidney during sepsis, with particular attention to the role of metabolic responses in coordinating these adaptive strategies. We suggest a novel conceptual model of the cellular and organic response to sepsis that might lead to new avenues for targeted, organ-protective therapies.
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Virzì GM, Clementi A, Brocca A, Ronco C. Endotoxin Effects on Cardiac and Renal Functions and Cardiorenal Syndromes. Blood Purif 2017; 44:314-326. [PMID: 29161706 DOI: 10.1159/000480424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critical ill patients. Recent findings in molecular biology and in signaling pathways have enhanced our understanding of its pathogenesis and opened up opportunities of innovative therapeutic approaches. Endotoxin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multi-organ dysfunction in the setting of gram-negative sepsis. Indeed, heart and kidney impairments seem to be induced by the release of circulating pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediators triggered by endotoxin interaction with immune cells. These molecules are responsible for cellular apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, and microRNAs activation. Therefore, the early identification of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and heart dysfunction may improve the patient clinical outcome. In this report, we will consider the role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of sepsis, its effects on both cardiac and renal functions, and the interactions between these 2 systems in the setting of cardiorenal syndromes (CRS), particularly in CRS type 5. Finally, we will discuss the possible role of extracorporeal therapies in reducing endotoxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Agrigento, Italy
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Frostad K. An evaluation of the antioxidant protein α1-microglobulin as a renal tubular cytoprotectant. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F640-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00264.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α1-Microglobulin (A1M) is a low-molecular-weight heme-binding antioxidant protein that is readily filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed by proximal tubules. Given these properties, recombinant A1M (rA1M) has been proposed as a renal antioxidant and therapeutic agent. However, little direct evidence to support this hypothesis exists. Hence, we have sought “proof of concept” in this regard. Cultured proximal tubule (HK-2) cells or isolated mouse proximal tubule segments were challenged with a variety of prooxidant insults: 1) hemin, 2) myoglobin; 3) “catalytic” iron, 4) H2O2/Fenton reagents, 5) a Ca2+ ionophore, 6) antimycin A, or 7) hypoxia (with or without rA1M treatment). HK-2 injury was gauged by the percent lactate dehydrogenase release and 4,5-(dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide uptake. In vivo protection was sought in rA1M-treated mice subjected to 1) graded myohemoglobinura (2, 4, 8, or 9 ml/kg glycerol injection), 2) purified myoglobinemia/uria, or 3) endotoxemia. In vivo injury was assessed by blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and the expression of redox-sensitive genes (heme oxygenase-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNAs). Although rA1M totally blocked in vitro hemin toxicity, equimolar albumin (another heme binder) or 10% serum induced equal protection. rA1M failed to mitigate any nonhemin forms of either in vitro or in vivo injury. A1M appeared to be rapidly degraded within proximal tubules (by Western blot analysis). Surprisingly, rA1M exerted select injury-promoting effects (increased in vitro catalytic iron/antimycin toxicities and increased in vivo monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA expression after glycerol or endotoxin injection). We conclude that rA1M has questionable utility as a renal antioxidant/cytoprotective agent, particularly in the presence of larger amounts of competitive free heme (e.g., albumin) binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; and
- University of Washington, Seattle Washington
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Dellepiane S, Marengo M, Cantaluppi V. Detrimental cross-talk between sepsis and acute kidney injury: new pathogenic mechanisms, early biomarkers and targeted therapies. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:61. [PMID: 26976392 PMCID: PMC4792098 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dellepiane
- Department of Medical Science, Turin University, AOU Città Della Salute e Della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Marita Marengo
- ASLCN1, S.C. Nefrologia e Dialisi, Dipartimento Area Medica, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Novara, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in epigenetics indicate the involvement of several epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our understanding of recent advances in the epigenetic regulation of AKI and provide mechanistic insight into the role of acetylation, methylation, and microRNA expression in the pathological processes of AKI. RECENT FINDINGS Enhancement of protein acetylation by pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases leads to more severe tubular injury and impairment of renal structural and functional recovery. The changes in promoter DNA methylation occur in the kidney with ischemia/reperfusion. microRNA expression is associated with regulation of both renal injury and regeneration after AKI. SUMMARY Recent studies on epigenetic regulation indicate that acetylation, methylation, and microRNA expression are critically implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. Strategies targeting epigenetic processes may hold a therapeutic potential for patients with AKI.
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Panaxadiol Saponin and Dexamethasone Improve Renal Function in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model of Acute Kidney Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134653. [PMID: 26230340 PMCID: PMC4521715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which has a high mortality rate. Previous studies showed that panaxadiol saponin (PDS) and Dexamethasone have similar anti-inflammatory properties and protect cardiopulmonary function in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock rats. In the present study, we investigated whether PDS or Dexamethasone has a similar role in improving kidney function in LPS-induced AKI mice. Methods and Results Mice subjected to LPS (10 mg/kg) treatment exhibited AKI demonstrated by markedly increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels compared with controls (P<0.01). However, PDS and Dexamethasone induce similar reverse effects on renal function, such as reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels compared with the LPS group (P<0.05). PDS decreased the production and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression levels and inhibiting oxidative stress. In most anti-AKI mechanisms, PDS and dexamethasone were similar, but PDS are better at inhibition of TNF production, promote SOD activity and inhibition of IKB phosphorylation. In addition, nuclear glucocorticoid receptor expression was markedly enhanced in PDS and Dexamethasone treatment groups. Further research is required to determine whether PDS can combine with the glucocorticoid receptor to enter the nucleus. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PDS and dexamethasone have similar reverse amelioration for renal functions, and have potential application prospects in the treatment of sepsis-induced AKI.
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Recent developments in epigenetics of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2015; 88:250-61. [PMID: 25993323 PMCID: PMC4522401 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes, the aging population as well as prevalence of drug abuse has led to significant increases in the rates of the closely associated acute and chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, evidence shows that parental behavior and diet can affect the phenotype of subsequent generations via epigenetic transmission mechanisms. These data suggest a strong influence of the environment on disease susceptibility and that, apart from genetic susceptibility, epigenetic mechanisms need to be evaluated to gain critical new information about kidney diseases. Epigenetics is the study of processes that control gene expression and phenotype without alterations in the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, including cytosine DNA methylation and covalent post translational modifications of histones in chromatin are part of the epigenome, the interface between the stable genome and the variable environment. This dynamic epigenetic layer responds to external environmental cues to influence the expression of genes associated with disease states. The field of epigenetics has seen remarkable growth in the past few years with significant advances in basic biology, contributions to human disease, as well as epigenomics technologies. Further understanding of how the renal cell epigenome is altered by metabolic and other stimuli can yield novel new insights into the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. In this review, we have discussed the current knowledge on the role of epigenetic mechanisms (primarily DNA me and histone modifications) in acute and chronic kidney diseases, and their translational potential to identify much needed new therapies.
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Bomsztyk K, Mar D, An D, Sharifian R, Mikula M, Gharib SA, Altemeier WA, Liles WC, Denisenko O. Experimental acute lung injury induces multi-organ epigenetic modifications in key angiogenic genes implicated in sepsis-associated endothelial dysfunction. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:225. [PMID: 25959381 PMCID: PMC4449602 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The Tie2/angiopoietin (Tie2/Ang) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-ligand systems (VEGFR/VEGF) are recognized to play important roles in the regulation of microvascular endothelial function. Downregulation of these genes during sepsis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis-related microvascular leak and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Mechanisms responsible for dysregulation of angiogenic genes in sepsis are poorly defined. Methods Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex chromatin immunoprecipitation platform (Matrix ChIP) were used to investigate serum albumin leak, changes in gene expression, and associated epigenetic alterations in a murine model of acute lung injury-induced sepsis (ALI-sepsis). Results Experimental ALI-sepsis induced microvascular leak and downregulation of expression of Angpt1 (Ang1), Tek (Tie2), and Kdr (Vegfr2 or Flk-1) genes in the lung, kidney, and liver. These changes correlate with a decrease in RNA polymerase II density at these genes, and the greatest response was observed in the lung. ALI-sepsis reduced levels of transcription-permissive histone H3 lysine acetylation (H3KAc) at these loci in all examined tissues. Decreases in permissive H3K4m3 and H3Km2 marks were detected only in the lung. In contrast, only minimal alterations in transcription-repressive histone modifications (H3K27m3, H3K9m2, H3K9m3, and H4K20m3) were observed in all tissues. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that decreases in transcription-permissive, but not increases in transcription-repressive, histone modifications at Angpt1, Tek, and Kdr are a systemic, rather than a lung-restricted, response, involving key end-organs in experimental ALI-sepsis. Given that ventilator-associated pneumonia is a major cause of sepsis in critically ill patients, elucidation of mechanisms mediating epigenetic alterations during sepsis provides fundamental new insights into the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced microvascular leak and subsequent end-organ injury/dysfunction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0943-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel Mar
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Dowon An
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Roya Sharifian
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michal Mikula
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sina A Gharib
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - William A Altemeier
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - W Conrad Liles
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Oleg Denisenko
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Mikula M, Majewska A, Ledwon JK, Dzwonek A, Ostrowski J. Obesity increases histone H3 lysine 9 and 18 acetylation at Tnfa and Ccl2 genes in mouse liver. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1647-54. [PMID: 25319795 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by the upregulated expression of two key inflammatory mediators: tumor necrosis factor (Tnfa) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (Mcp1; also known as Ccl2). However, the chromatin make-up at these genes in the liver in obese individuals has not been explored. In this study, to identify obesity-mediated epigenetic changes at Tnfa and Ccl2, we used a murine model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and hyperphagic (ob/ob) mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to determine the abundance of permissive histone marks, namely histone H3 lysine 9 and 18 acetylation (H3K9/K18Ac), H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in conjunction with polymerase 2 RNA (Pol2) and nuclear factor (Nf)-κB recruitment in the liver. Additionally, to correlate the liver tissue-derived ChIP measurements with a robust in vitro transcriptional response at the Tnfa and Ccl2 genes, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to induce an inflammatory response in Hepa1-6 cells, a cell line derived from murine hepatocytes. ChIP revealed increased H3K9/K18Ac at Tnfa and Ccl2 in the obese mice, although the differences were only statistically significant for Tnfa (p<0.05). Unexpectedly, the levels of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 marks, as well as Pol2 and Nf-κB recruitment, did not correspond with the increased expression of these two genes in the obese mice. By contrast, the acute treatment of Hepa1-6 cells with LPS significantly increased the H3K9/K18Ac marks, as well as Pol2 and Nf-κB recruitment at both genes, while the levels of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 marks remained unaltered. These results demonstrate that increased Tnfa and Ccl2 expression in fatty liver at the chromatin level corresponds to changes in the level of histone H3 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Aneta Majewska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Joanna Karolina Ledwon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Artur Dzwonek
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Frostad KB. Acute hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury induces a renal cortical "stress response," renal "cytoresistance," and an endotoxin hyperresponsive state. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F856-68. [PMID: 25080526 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is considered a risk factor for clinical acute kidney injury (AKI). However, HIRI's impact on renal tubular cell homeostasis and subsequent injury responses remain ill-defined. To explore this issue, 30-45 min of partial HIRI was induced in CD-1 mice. Sham-operated or normal mice served as controls. Renal changes and superimposed injury responses (glycerol-induced AKI; endotoxemia) were assessed 2-18 h later. HIRI induced mild azotemia (blood urea nitrogen ∼45 mg/dl) in the absence of renal histologic injury or proteinuria, implying a "prerenal" state. However, marked renal cortical, and isolated proximal tubule, cytoprotective "stress protein" gene induction (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, heme oxygenase-1, hemopexin, hepcidin), and increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression resulted (protein/mRNA levels). Ischemia caused release of hepatic heme-based proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) into the circulation. This corresponded with renal cortical oxidant stress (malondialdehyde increases). That hepatic derived factors can evoke redox-sensitive "stress protein" induction was implied by the following: peritoneal dialysate from HIRI mice, soluble hepatic extract, or exogenous cytochrome c each induced the above stress protein(s) either in vivo or in cultured tubule cells. Functional significance of HIRI-induced renal "preconditioning" was indicated by the following: 1) HIRI conferred virtually complete morphologic protection against glycerol-induced AKI (in the absence of hyperbilirubinemia) and 2) HIRI-induced TLR4 upregulation led to a renal endotoxin hyperresponsive state (excess TNF-α/MCP-1 gene induction). In conclusion, HIRI can evoke "renal preconditioning," likely due, in part, to hepatic release of pro-oxidant factors (e.g., cytochrome c) into the systemic circulation. The resulting renal changes can impact subsequent AKI susceptibility and TLR4 pathway-mediated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ali C M Johnson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kirsten B Frostad
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and death. Despite progress made in understanding the cellular and molecular basis of AKI pathogenesis there has been no improvement in the high mortality rate from this disease in decades. Epigenetics is one of the most intensively studied fields of biology today and represents a new paradigm for understanding the pathophysiology of disease. Although epigenetics of AKI is a nascent field, the available information already is providing compelling evidence that chromatin biology plays a critical role in this disease. In this article we explore what is known about the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to the pathophysiology of AKI and how this knowledge already is guiding the development of new diagnostic tools and epigenetic therapies.
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Kaucsár T, Bodor C, Godó M, Szalay C, Révész C, Németh Z, Mózes M, Szénási G, Rosivall L, Sőti C, Hamar P. LPS-induced delayed preconditioning is mediated by Hsp90 and involves the heat shock response in mouse kidney. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92004. [PMID: 24646925 PMCID: PMC3960147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We and others demonstrated previously that preconditioning with endotoxin (LPS) protected from a subsequent lethal LPS challenge or from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). LPS is effective in evoking the heat shock response, an ancient and essential cellular defense mechanism, which plays a role in resistance to, and recovery from diseases. Here, by using the pharmacological Hsp90 inhibitor novobiocin (NB), we investigated the role of Hsp90 and the heat shock response in LPS-induced delayed renal preconditioning. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with preconditioning (P: 2 mg/kg, ip.) and subsequent lethal (L: 10 mg/kg, ip.) doses of LPS alone or in combination with NB (100 mg/kg, ip.). Controls received saline (C) or NB. Results Preconditioning LPS conferred protection from a subsequent lethal LPS treatment. Importantly, the protective effect of LPS preconditioning was completely abolished by a concomitant treatment with NB. LPS induced a marked heat shock protein increase as demonstrated by Western blots of Hsp70 and Hsp90. NB alone also stimulated Hsp70 and Hsp90 mRNA but not protein expression. However, Hsp70 and Hsp90 protein induction in LPS-treated mice was abolished by a concomitant NB treatment, demonstrating a NB-induced impairment of the heat shock response to LPS preconditioning. Conclusion LPS-induced heat shock protein induction and tolerance to a subsequent lethal LPS treatment was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitor, novobiocin. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of Hsp90 in LPS signaling, and a potential involvement of the heat shock response in LPS-induced preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kaucsár
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Godó
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szalay
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Révész
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zalán Németh
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mózes
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Rosivall
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail: (CS); (PH)
| | - Péter Hamar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail: (CS); (PH)
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Cantaluppi V, Quercia AD, Dellepiane S, Ferrario S, Camussi G, Biancone L. Interaction between systemic inflammation and renal tubular epithelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2004-11. [PMID: 24589723 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is known to target tubular epithelial cells (TECs), leading to acute kidney injury. Tubular cells have been implicated in the response to inflammatory mediators in ischaemic and septic renal damage. Moreover, loss of tubular cells by apoptosis or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition may ingenerate conditions that lead to progression towards chronic kidney disease. On the other hand, TECs may actively contribute to the production of inflammatory mediators that may propagate the injury locally or in distant organs. In the present review, we discuss the tubular cell response and its contribution to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Domenico Quercia
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrario
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Biancone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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Cantaluppi V, Dellepiane S, Quercia AD, Ferrario S. Detrimental role of humoral signalling in cardio-renal cross-talk. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:404. [PMID: 24451176 PMCID: PMC4056806 DOI: 10.1186/cc13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, any acute organ injury is associated with a sudden change of circulating factors that may play a role in distant organ dysfunction through a complex cross-talk. In this issue, Virzì and colleagues discuss the relevance of humoral signalling between heart and kidney, focusing on type 1 and type 3 cardio-renal syndrome. We herein review the mechanisms of heart-kidney cross-talk, discussing the role of circulating detrimental mediators in the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardio-renal syndrome.
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Zager RA. 'Biologic memory' in response to acute kidney injury: cytoresistance, toll-like receptor hyper-responsiveness and the onset of progressive renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1985-93. [PMID: 23761460 PMCID: PMC3765022 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the induction of ischemic or toxin-mediated acute kidney injury (AKI), cellular adaptations occur that 're-program' how the kidney responds to future superimposed insults. This re-programming is not simply a short-lived phenomenon; rather it can persist for many weeks, implying that a state of 'biologic memory' has emerged. These changes can be both adaptive and maladaptive in nature and they can co-exist in time. A beneficial adaptation is the emergence of acquired cytoresistance, whereby a number of physiologic responses develop that serve to protect the kidney against further ischemic or nephrotoxic attack. Conversely, some changes are maladaptive, such as a predisposition to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteremia due to a renal tubular up-regulation of toll-like receptor responses. This latter change culminates in exaggerated cytokine production, and with efflux into the systemic circulation, extra-renal tissue injury can result (so-called 'organ cross talk'). Another maladaptive response is a persistent up-regulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and vasoconstrictive genes, culminating in progressive renal injury and ultimately end-stage renal failure. The mechanisms by which this biologic re-programming, or biologic memory, is imparted remain subjects for considerable debate. However, injury-induced, and stable, epigenetic remodeling at pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic genes seems likely to be involved. The goal of this editorial is to highlight that the so-called 'maintenance phase' of acute renal failure is not a static one, somewhere between injury induction and the onset of repair. Rather, this period is one in which the induction of 'biologic memory' can ultimately impact renal functional recovery, extra-renal injury and the possible transition of AKI into chronic, progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Zager
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bomsztyk K, Flanagin S, Mar D, Mikula M, Johnson A, Zager R, Denisenko O. Synchronous recruitment of epigenetic modifiers to endotoxin synergistically activated Tnf-α gene in acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70322. [PMID: 23936185 PMCID: PMC3728219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a consequence of acute kidney injury (AKI), proximal tubular cells hyperrespond to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) by exaggerated renal Tnf-α Production. This LPS hyperresponsiveness is transcriptionally mediated. The epigenetic pathways that control these responses are unknown. METHODS/FINDINGS We applied multiplex chromatin immunoprecipitation platform (Matrix ChIP) to explore epigenetic pathways that underlie endotoxin hyperresponsiveness in the setting of preceding unilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mouse AKI model. Endotoxin exposure after I/R resulted in enhanced transcription, manifested by hyperresponsive recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at the Tnf-α gene. At this locus, LPS but not I/R increased levels of Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD) phosho-serine2 &5 and induced dephosphorylation of the transcription-repressive histone H4 phospho-serine-1. In contrast, I/R but not LPS increased the transcription-permissive histone phosphorylation (H3 phospho-serine-10, H3.3 phospho-serine-31) at the Tnf-α gene. In agreement with these observations, I/R but not LPS increased activity of cognate kinases (Erk1/2, Msk1/2 and Aurora A) at the Tnf-α locus. Cross-talk of histone phosphorylation and acetylation synergize to active gene expression. I/R and LPS increased histone acetylation. (H3K9/14Ac, H4K5/8/12/16Ac, H2KA5Ac, H2BK4/7Ac). Levels of some histone acetyltransferases at this gene (PCAF and MOF) were increased by I/R but not by LPS, while others were induced by either I/R or LPS and exhibited endotoxin hyperresponsive patterns (GCN5, CBP and p300). The adaptor protein 14-3-3 couples histone phosphorylation with acetylation, and tethers chromatin modifiers/transcription elongation factors to target genes. Both I/R and LPS increased levels of 14-3-3 and several chromatin/transcription modifiers (BRD4, BRG1, HP-1γ and IKKα) at the Tnf-α gene, all exhibiting endotoxin hyperresponsive recruitment patterns similar to Pol II. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that I/R and LPS differentially trigger phosphorylation (Pol II and histone) and acetylation (histone) epigenetic pathways that interact at the Tnf-α gene to generate endotoxin hyperresponse in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bomsztyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Ruiz S, Pergola PE, Zager RA, Vaziri ND. Targeting the transcription factor Nrf2 to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013; 83:1029-41. [PMID: 23325084 PMCID: PMC3633725 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, and they are inseparably linked as each begets and amplifies the other. CKD-associated oxidative stress is due to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished antioxidant capacity. The latter is largely caused by impaired activation of Nrf2, the transcription factor that regulates genes encoding antioxidant and detoxifying molecules. Protective effects of Nrf2 are evidenced by amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammation, and kidney disease in response to natural Nrf2 activators in animal models, while Nrf2 deletion amplifies these pathogenic pathways and leads to autoimmune nephritis. Given the role of impaired Nrf2 activity in CKD-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, interventions aimed at restoring Nrf2 may be effective in retarding CKD progression. Clinical trials of the potent Nrf2 activator bardoxolone methyl showed significant improvement in renal function in CKD patients with type 2 diabetes. However, due to unforeseen complications the BEACON trial, which was designed to investigate the effect of this drug on time to end-stage renal disease or cardiovascular death in patients with advanced CKD, was prematurely terminated. This article provides an overview of the role of impaired Nrf2 activity in the pathogenesis of CKD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation and the potential utility of targeting Nrf2 in the treatment of CKD.
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Andress D, Becker K. Progressive endothelin-1 gene activation initiates chronic/end-stage renal disease following experimental ischemic/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2013; 84:703-12. [PMID: 23698233 PMCID: PMC3788861 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) helps mediate postischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact(s) of potent ETA or ETB receptor-specific antagonists (Atrasentan and BQ-788, respectively) on disease progression were assessed 24 h or 2 weeks following 30 min of unilateral ischemia in CD-1 mice. Unilateral ischemia caused progressive renal ET-1 protein/mRNA increases with concomitant ETA, but not ETB, mRNA elevations. Extensive histone remodeling consistent with gene activation and increased RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding occurred at the ET-1 gene. Unilateral ischemia produced progressive renal injury as indicated by severe histologic injury and a 40% loss of renal mass. Pre- and post-ischemia or just postischemic treatment with Atrasentan conferred dramatic protective effects such as decreased tubule/microvascular injury, normalized tissue lactate, and total preservation of renal mass. Nuclear KI-67 staining was not increased by Atrasentan, implying that increased tubule proliferation was not involved. Conversely, ETB blockade had no protective effect. Thus, our findings provide the first evidence that ET-1 operating through ETA can have a critical role in ischemic AKI progression to CKD. Blockade of ETA provided dramatic protection, indicating the functional significance of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- 1] The Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Venkatachalam MA, Weinberg JM. The tubule pathology of septic acute kidney injury: a neglected area of research comes of age. Kidney Int 2013; 81:338-40. [PMID: 22289794 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant stress and compromised microcirculation underlie renal pathophysiology in septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Holthoff et al. report that resveratrol ameliorates these coupled abnormalities. They did not establish the primacy of either defect in septic AKI. However, tubule mitochondrial defects were recently reported to be involved in septic AKI pathogenesis, and resveratrol targets PGC-1α and respiratory enzymes. Together, these findings open new avenues for research into long-unresolved issues in the pathophysiology of septic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeri A Venkatachalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Becker K. Renal cortical hemopexin accumulation in response to acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1460-72. [PMID: 22993068 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00426.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemopexin (Hpx) is a liver-generated acute phase reactant that binds and neutralizes prooxidant free heme. This study tested whether acute kidney injury (AKI) triggers renal Hpx accumulation, potentially impacting heme Fe-mediated tubular injury. Mice were subjected to glycerol, cisplatin, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), or endotoxemic [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] AKI. In each instance, 3- to 30-fold renal cortical and isolated proximal tubule segment (PTS) Hpx increases resulted. Although renal cortex and PTS showed variable Hpx mRNA increases, due, in part, to increased mRNA stability, mRNA levels did not correlate with renal Hpx protein accumulation. Conversely, AKI evoked three- to fourfold increases in hepatic Hpx gene induction, which corresponded with three- to fourfold plasma Hpx increases. Renal immunohistochemistry, and increased urinary Hpx excretion, indicated that circulating Hpx gains tubule luminal/urinary access, followed by proximal tubule endocytic uptake. Paradoxically, in cultured renal cells (HK-2, HEK-293), Fe depletion, and not free heme excess, increased Hpx mRNA. LPS acutely increased HK-2 cell Hpx mRNA. This finding, coupled with observations that LPS evoked ∼30-fold greater renal Hpx mRNA increases than any other AKI model, suggests that inflammation, not heme exposure, activates the renal Hpx gene. Each form of AKI evoked early increases in circulating free heme, which subsequently fell to subnormal levels as plasma Hpx rose. In addition, purified Hpx blunted free Fe-mediated HK-2 cell death. In sum, these data indicated that AKI-associated hepatic stress generates Hpx, which gains renal tubule access. Given its ability to bind free heme and mitigate free Fe toxicity, Hpx loading can potentially confer cytoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Abstract
Regulated gene expression by transcription factor networks is critical for normal kidney function. Disruption of these complex networks leads to biochemical aberrations associated with many renal diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms not involving changes in DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of nucleosomal histones, also play a critical role in gene regulation by modulating chromatin access to the cellular machinery for transcription. These epigenetic modifications can be affected by intrinsic and extrinsic environmental factors and play a central role in dictating biologic phenotypes including pathologic disease. Emerging evidence also suggests, apart from traditional genetic predisposition, that epigenetic processes can persist across generations to play a modulating role in the development of renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. Recent advances in epigenome research has increased our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms involved in renal dysfunction that in turn may lead to identification of novel new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim YI. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Benincasae Semen Herbal-acupuncture at KI10 on nephritis in rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2010. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2010.13.1.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Seo GY, Lee SW, Park SJ, Kim SC, Sohn IC, Hwang SY, Ahn SH. Biological Activities of Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture prepared by Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis. J Pharmacopuncture 2010. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2010.13.2.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM. Progressive histone alterations and proinflammatory gene activation: consequences of heme protein/iron-mediated proximal tubule injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F827-37. [PMID: 20032114 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00683.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (Fe)-induced acute renal failure (ARF) causes renal inflammation, and, with repetitive insults, progressive renal failure can result. To gain insights into these phenomena, we assessed the impact of a single episode of glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis on proinflammatory/profibrotic [TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)] gene expression and the time course of these changes. CD-1 mice were studied 1-7 days after glycerol injection. Normal mice served as controls. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding to the TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and TGF-beta1 genes, "gene-activating" histone modifications [histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation (H3K4m3) and histone 2 variant H2A.Z], and cognate mRNA levels were assessed. Results were contrasted to changes in anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Glycerol produced severe ARF (blood urea nitrogen approximately 150-180 mg/dl) followed by marked improvement by day 7 (blood urea nitrogen approximately 40 mg/dl). Early increases in TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and TGF-beta1 mRNAs, Pol II gene binding, and H3K4m3/H2A.Z levels were observed. These progressed with time, despite resolution of azotemia. Comparable early HO-1 changes were observed. However, HO-1 mRNA normalized by day 7, and progressive Pol II binding/histone alterations did not occur. Fe-mediated injury to cultured proximal tubule (HK-2) cells recapitulated these in vivo results. Hence, this in vitro model was used for mechanistic assessments. On the basis of these studies, it was determined that 1) the H3K4m3/H2A.Z increases are early events (i.e., they precede mRNA increases), 2) subsequent mRNA elevations reflect transcription, not mRNA stabilization (actinomycin D assessments), and 3) increased transcription, per se, helps sustain elevated H2A.Z levels. We conclude that 1) Fe/glycerol-induced tubular injury causes sustained proinflammatory gene activation, 2) decreasing HO-1 expression, as reflected by mRNA levels, may facilitate this proinflammatory state, and 3) gene-activating histone modifications are early injury events and progressively increase at selected proinflammatory genes. Thus they may help sustain a proinflammatory state, despite resolving ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Lund S. Uremia impacts renal inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the setting of experimental acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F961-70. [PMID: 19656911 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00381.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are evoked by acute kidney injury (AKI) and may contribute to evolving renal disease. However, the impact of AKI-induced uremia on proinflammatory (e.g., TNF-alpha, MCP-1, TGF-beta1) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-10) cytokine gene expression remains unknown. This study was undertaken to gain some initial insights into this issue. CD-1 mice were subjected to left renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in the absence or presence of uremia (+/- right ureteral transection). TNF-alpha, MCP-1, TGF-beta1, and IL-10 mRNAs, cytokine protein levels, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment to these genes were assessed. Renal cytokine mRNA levels were also contrasted with unilateral vs. bilateral renal parenchymal damage (I/R or ureteral obstruction). Potential effects of uremia on cytokine mRNAs in the absence of parenchymal renal damage [bilateral ureteral transection (BUTx)] were sought. Finally, the impact of simulated in vitro uremia (HK-2 tubular cells exposed to peritoneal dialysate from uremic vs. normal mice) on cytokine mRNA and microRNA profiles was assessed. Uremia blunted TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and TGF-beta1 mRNA increases in all three in vivo parenchymal acute renal failure models. These results were paralleled by reductions in cytokine protein levels and Pol II recruitment to their respective genes. Conversely, uremia increased IL-10 mRNA, both in the presence and absence (BUTx) of parenchymal renal damage. The uremic milieu also suppressed HK-2 cell proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and altered the expression of least 69 microRNAs (P < 0.0001). We conclude that both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions are influenced by uremia, with a potential predilection toward an anti-inflammatory state. Changes in gene transcription (as reflected by Pol II recruitment), and possible posttranscriptional modifications (known to be induced by microRNAs), are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Rm. D2-190, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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