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Gao S, Gong H, Li M, Lan P, Zhang M, Kuang P, Zhang Y, Hu X, Ding C, Li Y, Ding X, Xue W, Zheng J. HLA B eplet mismatches in the context of delayed graft function and low tacrolimus trough levels are risk factors influencing the generation of de novo donor-specific antibodies and acute rejection in the early stage after kidney transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2023; 81:101955. [PMID: 37931666 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo donor-specific antibody (dnDSA) generation and acute rejection (AR) are the main factors affecting long-term graft survival. This study aims to investigate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) eplet mismatching (MM), delayed graft function (DGF), and tacrolimus (TAC) trough levels on the occurrence of dnDSA and AR in the early stages after kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS This retrospective study included 526 cases of deceased donation KT. The effects of DGF, HLA eplet MM, and TAC trough levels on dnDSA and AR occurrence were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the independent risk factor of dnDSA generation was HLA B eplet MM (OR: 1.201, 95% CI: 1.007-1.431, P = 0.041). The independent risk factors of AR occurrence include DGF (OR: 4.045, 95% CI: 1.047-15.626, P = 0.043), HLA B eplet MM (OR: 1.090, 95% CI: 1.000-1.187, P = 0.050), and TAC trough levels at 12 months (OR: 0.750, 95% CI: 565-0.997, P = 0.048). HLA B eplet MM combined with DGF and TAC trough levels at 12 months increased the predictive value of dnDSA (AUC 0.735) and AR (AUC 0.730) occurrence. HLA B eplet MM > 9 and TAC trough levels below 5.95 ng/mL at 12 months could increase the risk of early AR occurrence. CONCLUSIONS HLA B eplet MM, DGF, and TAC trough levels at 12 months after KT could affect the occurrence of dnDSA and AR in the early stage of KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huilin Gong
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meihe Li
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minyue Zhang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Peidan Kuang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chenguang Ding
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wujun Xue
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Umeukeje EM, Koonce TY, Kusnoor SV, Ulasi II, Kostelanetz S, Williams AM, Blasingame MN, Epelbaum MI, Giuse DA, Apple AN, Kaur K, González Peña T, Barry D, Eisenstein LG, Nutt CT, Giuse NB. Systematic review of international studies evaluating MDRD and CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations in Black adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276252. [PMID: 36256652 PMCID: PMC9578594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of race adjustment in estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has been challenged given concerns that it may negatively impact the clinical care of Black patients, as it results in Black patients being systematically assigned higher eGFR values than non-Black patients. We conducted a systematic review to assess how well eGFR, with and without race adjustment, estimates measured GFR (mGFR) in Black adults globally. A search across multiple databases for articles published from 1999 to May 2021 that compared eGFR to mGFR and reported outcomes by Black race was performed. We included studies that assessed eGFR using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPICr) creatinine equations. Risk of study bias and applicability were assessed with the QUality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Of 13,167 citations identified, 12 met the data synthesis criteria (unique patient cohorts in which eGFR was compared to mGFR with and without race adjustment). The studies included patients with and without kidney disease from Africa (n = 6), the United States (n = 3), Europe (n = 2), and Brazil (n = 1). Of 11 CKD-EPI equation studies, all assessed bias, 8 assessed accuracy, 6 assessed precision, and 5 assessed correlation/concordance. Of 7 MDRD equation studies, all assessed bias, 6 assessed accuracy, 5 assessed precision, and 3 assessed correlation/concordance. The majority of studies found that removal of race adjustment improved bias, accuracy, and precision of eGFR equations for Black adults. Risk of study bias was often unclear, but applicability concerns were low. Our systematic review supports the need for future studies to be conducted in diverse populations to assess the possibility of alternative approaches for estimating GFR. This study additionally provides systematic-level evidence for the American Society of Nephrology-National Kidney Foundation Task Force efforts to pursue other options for GFR estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebele M. Umeukeje
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Taneya Y. Koonce
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sheila V. Kusnoor
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ifeoma I. Ulasi
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Nigeria
| | - Sophia Kostelanetz
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Annette M. Williams
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Mallory N. Blasingame
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Marcia I. Epelbaum
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Dario A. Giuse
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Annie N. Apple
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Karampreet Kaur
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Tavia González Peña
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Danika Barry
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Leo G. Eisenstein
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cameron T. Nutt
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nunzia B. Giuse
- Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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Hoenig MP, Mann A, Pavlakis M. Removal of the Black race coefficient from the estimated glomerular filtration equation improves transplant eligibility for Black patients at a single center. Clin Transplant 2021; 36:e14467. [PMID: 34605076 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Race is a social construct that cannot be measured, can be used imprecisely and may contribute to disparities in kidney transplant access for Black patients. At Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, we dropped the Black race coefficient in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) report in 2017. We conducted a quality improvement project to examine the impact of this change. Before the change, only 26% of our Black patients were listed for preemptive transplant compared to 70% of White patients. Since the change, we found a steady increase in the percentage of Black patients listed before starting dialysis. The average eGFR at listing prior to 2017 was significantly lower in Black patients but after, there was no longer a significant difference. Nine patients "gained" an average of 457 days of wait time directly related to discarding the Black race coefficient. Increased time on the list prior to dialysis initiation allows for evaluation of potential live donors and improves the possibility of a pre-emptive live or deceased donor transplant and allows for a shorter period on dialysis before transplant. In this single center initiative, we demonstrate the benefit of discarding race from the eGFR report for Black patients awaiting kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Hoenig
- Department of Medicine and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison Mann
- Department of Medicine and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martha Pavlakis
- Department of Medicine and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold I. Feldman
- Editor-in-Chief, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Josephine P. Briggs
- Editor-in-Chief, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Bernard, Maine
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Rybicka-Kozlowska E, Andreoni K, Kozlowski T. Racial differences in renal transplantation: How do we bridge the gap? Surgery 2021; 170:333-335. [PMID: 33810852 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Andreoni
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Tomasz Kozlowski
- Department of Surgery, The Oklahoma University College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK.
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Kuppachi S, Norman SP, Lentine KL, Axelrod DA. Using race to estimate glomerular filtration and its impact in kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2020; 35:e14136. [PMID: 33232529 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since direct measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is time-consuming and more expensive, estimated GFR (eGFR) based on measured laboratory values is widely used to determine kidney function. Commonly used formulae to calculate eGFR are dependent on variables, which include filtration markers like serum creatinine and patient characteristics including race. Medical algorithms which utilize race are increasingly being scrutinized, as race is recognized to be a social construct rather than a biologic one. eGFR calculations have important implications for kidney transplantation, both in the listing of candidates as well as in the evaluation of potential kidney donors. This review considers the specific implications of race-based eGFR calculations on recipient evaluation and on decisions related to living kidney donation. We suggest a potential policy solution to ensure that racial and ethnic minority patients are not disadvantaged by eGFR as a result of current calculation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat Kuppachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Silas P Norman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Transplant Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Krista L Lentine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Axelrod
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Padilla LA, Hurst DJ, Jang K, Rosales JR, Sorabella RA, Cleveland DC, Dabal RJ, Cooper DK, Carlo WF, Paris W. Racial differences in attitudes to clinical pig organ Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12656. [PMID: 33099814 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to an organ donor shortage, racial disparities exist at different stages of the transplantation process. Xenotransplantation (XTx) could alleviate these issues. This study describes racial differences in attitudes to XTx among populations who may need a transplant or are transplant recipients. METHODS A Likert-scale survey was distributed at outpatient clinics to parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and kidney patients on their attitudes to pig organ XTx. Data from these two groups were stratified by race and compared. RESULTS Ninety-seven parents of children with CHD (74.2% White and 25.8% Black) and 148 kidney patients (50% White and 50% Black) responded to our survey. Black kidney patients' acceptance of XTx although high (70%) was lower than White kidney patients (91%; P .003). White kidney patients were more likely to accept XTx if results are similar to allotransplantation (OR 4.14; 95% CI 4.51-11.41), and less likely to be concerned with psychosocial changes when compared to Black kidney patients (receiving a pig organ would change your personality OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01-0.67 and would change social interaction OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07-0.78). There were no racial differences in attitudes to XTx among parents of children with CHD. CONCLUSION There are differences in attitudes to XTx particularly among Black kidney patients. Because kidneys may be the first organ for clinical trials of XTx, future studies that decrease scientific mistrust and XTx concerns among the Black community are needed to prevent disparities in uptake of possible future organ transplant alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A Padilla
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel J Hurst
- Department of Family Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Kyeonghee Jang
- Department of Social Work, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Johanna R Rosales
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A Sorabella
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David C Cleveland
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert J Dabal
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K Cooper
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Waldemar F Carlo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wayne Paris
- Department of Social Work, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
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Human leukocyte antigen molecular mismatch to risk stratify kidney transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 25:8-14. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Choi J, Chandraker A. Immunologic Risk Assessment and Approach to Immunosuppression Regimen in Kidney Transplantation. Clin Lab Med 2019; 39:643-656. [PMID: 31668275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of kidney transplantation show a steady improvement with an increasing number of transplantations and decreasing incidence of acute rejection episodes. Successful transplantation begins with a comprehensive immunologic risk assessment and judicious choice of therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the trends in transplant immunosuppression practices and outcomes in the United States. We discuss practical testing algorithms for clinical decision making in induction therapy and fine-tuning maintenance immunosuppression. We introduce assessment tools for immune monitoring after transplantation and speculate on future directions in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Choi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang JY, Lederer SE, Ross LF. African-Americans with End Stage Renal Disease in the Early Years of Kidney Transplantation. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:352-362. [PMID: 30777381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed in 1954. In the following 25 years, the biomedical, ethical, and social implications of kidney transplantation were widely discussed by both healthcare professionals and the public. Issues relating to race, however, were not commonly addressed, representing a "blind spot" regarding racial disparities in access and health outcomes. METHODS Through primary sources in the medical literature and lay press, this paper explores the racial dynamics of kidney transplantation in the 1950-1970s in the United States as the procedure grew from an experimental procedure to the standard of care for patients in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). RESULTS & DISCUSSION An extensive search of the medical literature found very few papers about ESRD, dialysis, or renal transplant that mentioned the race of the patients before 1975. While the search did not reveal whether race was explicitly used in determining patient access to dialysis or transplant, the scant data that exist show that African-Americans disproportionately developed ESRD and were underrepresented in these early treatment populations. Transplant outcome data in the United States failed to include race demographics until the late 1970s. The Social Security Act of 1972 (PL 92-603) extended Medicare coverage to almost all Americans with ESRD and led to a rapid increase in both dialysis and kidney transplantation for African-Americans in ESRD, but disparities persist today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Y Wang
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 924 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Stanford Health Care, 401 Quarry Rd, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Susan E Lederer
- Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave, Room 1135, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lainie Friedman Ross
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Surgery, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, USA.
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Trofe-Clark J, Brennan DC, West-Thielke P, Milone MC, Lim MA, Neubauer R, Nigro V, Bloom RD. Results of ASERTAA, a Randomized Prospective Crossover Pharmacogenetic Study of Immediate-Release Versus Extended-Release Tacrolimus in African American Kidney Transplant Recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 71:315-326. [PMID: 29162334 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in tacrolimus dosing across ancestries is partly attributable to polymorphisms in CYP3A5 genes that encode tacrolimus-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A5 enzymes. The CYP3A5*1 allele, preponderant in African Americans, is associated with rapid metabolism, subtherapeutic concentrations, and higher dose requirements for tacrolimus, all contributing to worse outcomes. Little is known about the relationship between CYP3A5 genotype and the tacrolimus pharmacokinetic area under the curve (AUC) profile in African Americans or whether pharmacogenetic differences exist between conventional twice-daily, rapidly absorbed, immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac) and once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (LifeCycle Pharma Tac [LCPT]) with a delayed absorption profile. STUDY DESIGN Randomized prospective crossover study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 50 African American maintenance kidney recipients on stable IR-Tac dosing. INTERVENTION Recipients were randomly assigned to continue IR-Tac on days 1 to 7 and then switch to LCPT on day 8 or receive LCPT on days 1 to 7 and then switch to IR-Tac on day 8. The LCPT dose was 85% of the IR-Tac total daily dose. OUTCOMES Tacrolimus 24-hour AUC (AUC0-24), peak and trough concentrations (Cmax and Cmin), time to peak concentration, and bioavailability of LCPT versus IR-Tac, according to CYP3A5 genotype. MEASUREMENTS CYP3A5 genotype, 24-hour tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles. RESULTS ∼80% of participants carried the CYP3A5*1 allele (CYP3A5 expressers). There were no significant differences in AUC0-24 or Cmin between CYP3A5 expressers and nonexpressers during administration of either IR-Tac or LCPT. With IR-Tac, tacrolimus Cmax was 33% higher in CYP3A5 expressers compared with nonexpressers (P=0.04): With LCPT, this difference was 11% (P=0.4). LIMITATIONS This was primarily a pharmacogenetic study rather than an efficacy study; the follow-up period was too short to capture clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Achieving therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations with IR-Tac in most African Americans results in significantly higher peak concentrations, potentially magnifying the risk for toxicity and adverse outcomes. This pharmacogenetic effect is attenuated by delayed tacrolimus absorption with LCPT. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, with study number NCT01962922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe-Clark
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Renal Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Michael C Milone
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute for Immunology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary Ann Lim
- Renal Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robin Neubauer
- Renal Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Roy D Bloom
- Renal Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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