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Krishnan CS, Tompkins GR, Lyons KM, Cannon RD. Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi-purpose biocide in dental healthcare-A scoping review. Gerodontology 2023; 40:422-462. [PMID: 37694292 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this scoping review was to map evidence of electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) as a biocide for dental applications of relevance to older people and identify research gaps. BACKGROUND EOW is an emerging, "green," and cost-effective biocide. There are no reviews on the landscape of EOW research as either an antiseptic or disinfectant in dental healthcare or its suitability for the oral healthcare of older people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review follows the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Database searches (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus and Science Direct) were undertaken using MESH terms and Boolean operators with no date restrictions, to identify full-text, original reports published in English-language peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS The search yielded 114 papers that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dental applications of EOW include its use as an endodontic irrigant (39%); mouth rinse/surgical irrigant (21%); disinfectant for dental unit water lines (19%) and dental biomaterials (17%); and for antimicrobial efficacy, effects on oral tissues and on dental material properties. Most studies (83%) evaluated a single EOW formulation (acidic, moderately acidic or neutral) that was either generated at 'point-of-use' (POU; 72%), bottled ('ready-to-use', RTU; 24%) or from unspecified (3%) sources. Six reports evaluated storage-related parameters and 25 evaluated clinical applications; 89 were in vitro studies and one investigated the cost-effectiveness of POU EOW. CONCLUSIONS Neutral-pH, EOW is effective as an antimicrobial agent without deleterious effects on oral tissues. However, research on the impact of storage conditions, anti-Candida biofilm efficacy and mechanism of action against yeasts, long-term effects on denture materials and cost-effectiveness is required to establish the suitability of EOW as a multipurpose biocide for dental healthcare, including infection-control requirements relating to older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra S Krishnan
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey R Tompkins
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karl M Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Entezari S, Moezzimoghadam N, Lawaf S, Azizi A. In vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin and Methylene Blue Photosensitizers on Staphylococcus Aureus. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:387-392. [PMID: 36588972 PMCID: PMC9789333 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.90146.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem Staphylococcus aureus (S.A) can colonize in the skin, nasal cavity, and oral cavity. In the oral cavity, it can cause dental caries and periodontal disease. Mouthwashes can be used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control methods to decrease the load of oral microorganisms. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used antimicrobial mouthwash with side effects such as changing the sense of taste, tooth discoloration, oral mucosal burning, allergy, and xerostomia. It also has adverse systemic effects, if swallowed. Purpose This study aimed to assess the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with curcumin and methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers and different laser parameters on S.A colony count. Materials and Method In this in vitro experimental study, 99 samples of standard-strain S.A were subjected to PDT with curcumin and MB photosensitizers with/without irradiation of 660 and 445 nm laser with different exposure parameters, and CHX in 9 groups (n=11). The samples were cultured in microplates containing Mueller-Hinton agar, and the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was counted after 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Results The minimum colony count was noted in CHX group (CFUs=0) followed by MB and 660nm diode laser group irradiated for 100 s (CFUs=147.2727±169.35707). The difference in this respect was significant between MB+660nm diode laser for 100 s and other groups (p< 0.05) except for the MB + 660 nm diode laser for 60 s group. Conclusion CHX is superior to laser for elimination of S.A. However, PDT with 660 nm diode laser + MB has considerable antimicrobial efficacy against S.A; increasing the duration of laser irradiation enhances the antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Entezari
- Dentist, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Moezzimoghadam
- Dept. of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Lawaf
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Azizi
- Dept. of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Antimicrobial Effect of Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Electrolyzed Superoxidized Solution at Neutral pH on Enterococcus faecalis Growth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6960143. [PMID: 34796235 PMCID: PMC8595027 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6960143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of the combination of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and a novel electrolyzed superoxidized solution at neutral pH, known as OxOral® on Enterococcus faecalis growth in root canals. Methods Sixty human teeth were used, from which root canals were infected and randomly divided into the following treatment groups: saline solution, saline solution plus Ca(OH)2, OxOral®, and OxOral® plus Ca(OH)2. Results A permanent reduction in bacterial growth was observed at days 1, 6, 12, and 18 after OxOral® plus Ca(OH)2 treatment from 4.4 ± 0.074 log10 CFU/mL to 0.0 ± 0.001 log10 CFU/mL. In addition, alkaline conditions maintenance was observed from application time (pH = 12.2 ± 0.033) to 18 d posttreatment (pH = 12.6 ± 0.083). Conclusion The combination of OxOral® and Ca(OH)2 provides an alkaline pH and inhibits E. faecalis growth into the root canals. Our study opens the possibility for further research on the use of OxOral® in endodontic therapy.
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Tour Savadkouhi S, Mohtasham Maram M, Purhaji Bagher M, Afkar M, Fazlyab M. In Vitro Activity of Superoxide Water on Viability of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm on Root Canal Wall. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2021; 16:189-192. [PMID: 36704397 PMCID: PMC9735251 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v16i3.32503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the effect of root canal irrigation with superoxidized water and sodium hypochlorite on elimination of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm from the root canal walls. Methods and Materials In this experimental study, a total of 32 extracted human central incisors were used. The crowns of all teeth were cut to length of 16 mm. After cleaning and shaping, then the specimens were sterilized in autoclave and then divided into four groups (n=8) as following: group 1 (positive control, root canal irrigation with normal saline), group 2 (negative control without biofilm), group 3 (root canal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite) and group 4 (root canal irrigation with superoxidized water). The bacterial suspension was inserted to root canals of teeth except for negative control group in order to form a microbial biofilm in incubator for 2 weeks. Then all the samples received root canal irrigation for 5 min based on their allocation. At the end, colony forming unit (CFU) was evaluated and biofilm formation and thickness was detected with scanning electron microscopy. The Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's tests were done for biofilm thickness and CFU, respectively with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results In negative control group no biofilm formation and CFU was present. The CFU counts and biofilm thickness were significantly different between the experimental groups (P=0.001) and both parameters were less in samples with hypochlorite irrigation compared to positive control (52.56±5.82 µm for biofilm thickness and 1.2×107 CFU) and samples irrigated with superoxidized water (2.92±1.76 µm for biofilm thickness and 5.4×104 CFU). Conclusion Based on this in vitro study reduction in biofilm thickness and CFU/mL was 100% for sodium hypochlorite and for superoxidized water was 98% and 90% for reduction in biofilm thickness and CFU/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Tour Savadkouhi
- Department of Endodontics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Dental School, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Mohadeseh Mohtasham Maram
- Private Practice, Tehran, Iran; c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ;
| | | | - Mohsen Afkar
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fazlyab
- Department of Endodontics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Dental School, Tehran, Iran;,Endodontist, Tehran, Iran; ,Corresponding author: Mahta Fazlyab, Department of Endodontics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Dental School, Tehran, Iran
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Barbosa VM, Pitondo-Silva A, Oliveira-Silva M, Martorano AS, Rizzi-Maia CDC, Silva-Sousa YTC, Castro-Raucci LMSD, Raucci Neto W. Antibacterial Activity of a New Ready-To-Use Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:611-616. [PMID: 33237232 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of a calcium silicate-based sealer (Bio-C Sealer, Angelus) against common bacteria in primary and secondary endodontic infections. Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were exposed to fresh Bio-C Sealer for 24 h by the agar diffusion method (n=5). Additionally, the antibacterial activity was investigated against E. faecalis and S. mutans biofilms (48 h old) grown in discs with 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. (n=3) of set discs of Bio-C Sealer (Angelus), EndoFill (Dentsply-Mallefer), Sealer 26 (Dentsply), AH Plus (Dentsply), Sealapex (Sybron-Endo) and EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by colony forming unity (CFU) counting using ImageJ software. Data were compared by one-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak test (a=5%). Fresh Bio-C Sealer exhibited antimicrobial activity against all bacteria evaluated by agar diffusion method, except for S. mutans. Set discs of all endodontic sealers tested showed similar CFU values for E. faecalis (p>0.05). S. mutans in biofilms showed higher susceptibility to EndoFill compared with the other sealers (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that fresh Bio-C Sealer does not inhibit S. mutans growth, but exhibits antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. After setting, the Bio-C Sealer exhibits an antimicrobial potential comparable to that of the other sealers evaluated in E. faecalis biofilm, but lower than that of EndoFill for S. mutans biofilm.
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The Combination of Diode Laser and Ozonated Water in the Treatment of Complicated Pulp Gangrene. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of endodontic space decontamination using a laser combined with ozonated water in the therapy of complicated pulp gangrene. The subject of this in vivo study was a 12-year-old patient diagnosed with extensive periapical periodontitis on the mandibular right first molar. Biological samples were initially collected to identify the active pathogen—Enterococcus faecalis, then the nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed in a single visit, according to the active disinfection guidelines of the identified pathogen. Two-month postoperative, clinical and radiological examination revealed a complete healing of the periapical lesion. The correct diagnosis of this endodontic–periodontal pathology, and the unconventional treatment of the complex system of infected root canals, allowed a favorable treatment result without any surgical intervention. This unconventional approach, which combines a laser technique with ozonated water, allows for predictable results in periapical lesion treatment.
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Aytekin K, Duman A, Aytekin FY, Cinar I, Akdeniz E, Takir S, Esenyel CZ. Evaluation of Necrotic, Edematous and Inflammatory Changes in Bone Marrow and Soft Tissue After Irrigation with Different Concentrations of NaOCl Solution: An Experimental Study in Rat Tibia. Eurasian J Med 2020; 52:243-248. [PMID: 33209075 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.19216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate effects of different concentrations (0.5-5%) of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution on healthy tissues, and determine the optimal concentration that does not harm to tissue. Materials and Methods 30 tibias of 15 male Wistar albino rats were used. The tibias were randomly divided into 5 groups (Salin, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% NaOCl). Tibias were reamed intramedullary, and irrigated with 20 ml of saline or increasing concentrations of (0.5-5%) NaOCl. The tibias were embedded in paraffin and the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. All sections were assessed for edema, acute inflammation, or necrosis according to their density, in bone marrow and soft tissues. Results Pairwise comparisons revealed that irrigation of tibia with saline or 0.5% NaOCl solutions was not statistically significant in terms of necrosis in the bone marrows (p=0.320). However, irrigation of rat tibia with saline caused less necrosis in the bone marrows compared to high concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) of NaOCl (saline and 1% NaOCl, p=0.017; saline and 2.5% NaOCl, p=0.0007; saline and 5% NaOCl, p=0.001). Conclusion As an irrigation solution, the effects of 0.5% NaOCl are similar to those of saline in terms of edema, inflammation, and necrosis. There is a need for evaluation of necrosis for extended periods such as one week or one month by immunohistochemical methods and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursad Aytekin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Giresun University School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Duman
- Department of Pathology, Giresun University School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Feyza Yildiz Aytekin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ministry of Health Giresun University Prof. Dr. A. Ilhan Ozdemir Training and Research Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Cinar
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health Giresun University Prof. Dr. A. Ilhan Ozdemir Training and Research Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Esra Akdeniz
- Department of Biostatistics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Takir
- Department of Pharmacology, Giresun University School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Cem Zeki Esenyel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Giresun University School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
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