Sulfonated (1→6)-β-d-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan): Preparation, Characterization and Bioactive Properties

Microencapsulation of roasted mate tea extractives with lasiodiplodan (a (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan) and maltodextrin as combined coating materials: A strategic tool to stabilize and protect the bioactive components

Microencapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the stability and protection of bioactive compounds. In this work, roasted mate tea was microencapsulated using 15 % maltodextrin and lasiodiplodan (0.5-1.25 %) as wall coating materials. The microcapsules were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, moisture, water activity, water solubility, dissolubility, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, colorimetry, antioxidant activity, as well as quantification of phenolic compounds and caffeine. Microencapsulation yields ranged from 44.92 to 56.39 %, and encapsulation efficiency varied from 66.54 to 70.16 by increasing the lasiodiplodan concentration. FT-IR revealed phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polyphenolics. Minor color variations were observed among the samples. Thermal analysis demonstrated the microencapsulates exhibited good thermal stability with no degradation below 250 °C. Encapsulated samples showed high levels of bioactive compounds, suggesting that microencapsulation by spray-drying was a favorable process, where maltodextrin, a low-cost protective agent, when combined with the properties of lasiodiplodan, can be a good option for stabilizing mate extracts.

An important polysaccharide from fermentum

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Extraction, structure and modification of polysaccharides from fermentum were summarized.

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Structure-activity relationship and application of polysaccharides from fermentum were reviewed.

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It provided a strong basis for the development and application of polysaccharides from fermentum.

Fermentum is a common unicellular fungus with many biological activities attributed to β-polysaccharides. Different in vivo and in vivo experimental studies have long proven that fermentum β-polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-tumor, and fungal toxin adsorption properties. However, there are many uncertainties regarding the relationship between the structure and biological activity of fermentum β-polysaccharides, and a systematic summary of fermentum β-polysaccharides is still lacking. Herein, we reviewed the research progress about the extraction, structure and modification, structure–activity relationship, activity and application of fermentum β-polysaccharides, compared the extraction methods of fermentum β-polysaccharide, and paid special attention to the structure–activity relationship and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide, which provided a strong basis for the development and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide.

Sulfonated (1 → 6)-β-d-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan): A Promising Candidate against the Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Strain

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a persistent human pathogen, and the emergence of strains resistant to Acyclovir (ACV, reference drug) shows the urgency to develop new treatments. We report the antiherpetic mechanism of the action of lasiodiplodan (LAS-N, (1 → 6)-β-d-glucan) and its sulfonated derivative (LAS-S3) in vitro and in vivo. LAS-S3 showed anti-HSV-1 action with high selectivity indices for HSV-1 KOS (88.1) and AR (189.2), sensitive and resistant to ACV, respectively. LAS-S3 inhibited >80% of HSV-1 infection in different treatment protocols (virucidal, adsorption inhibition, and post-adsorption effects), even at low doses, and showed a preventive effect and DNA and protein synthesis inhibition. The antiherpetic effect was confirmed in vivo by the cosmetic LAS-S3-CRÈME decreasing cutaneous lesions of HSV-1, including the AR strain. LAS-S3 possessed a broad-spectrum mechanism of action acting in the early and post-adsorption stages of HSV-1 infection, and LAS-S3-CRÈME is a potential antiherpetic candidate for patients infected by HSV-1-resistant strains.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Enhanced Biological Activities of Exopolysaccharide from Halomonas desertis G11: Biochemical and Genomic Insights

In this work, a native exopolysaccharide (nEPS) produced by Halomonas desertis G11 isolated from a Tunisian extreme environment was modified by gamma irradiation. Characterization as well as the antioxidant and antitumor activities of nEPS and its gamma-irradiated derivatives (iEPSs) were comparatively evaluated. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials were determined by using different methods and through different antioxidant enzymes. The antitumor activity was checked against a human colon cancer cell line. Analyses of the complete genome sequence were carried out to identify genes implicated in the production of nEPS. Thus, the genomic biosynthesis pathway and the export mechanism of nEPS were proposed. Analyses of irradiation data showed that iEPSs acquired new functional groups, lower molecular weights, and gained significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant and antitumor abilities compared with nEPS. These findings provide a basis for using iEPSs as novel pharmaceutical agents for human therapies.

Hydrogel containing (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan) effectively promotes dermal wound healing

A hydrogel containing exocellular (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan, LAS) was developed and its wound healing potential was evaluated. β-Glucans have attracted much interest by the cosmetic industry sector because of their bioactive and functional properties and in promoting skin health. In the present work an β-glucan was studied as a healing biomaterial that has not hitherto been reported in the scientific literature. LAS produced by the ascomycete Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was used in the formulation of a healing hydrogel. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters, antioxidant potential and stability of the formulation was evaluated. FTIR, thermal analysis and SEM techniques were also employed in the characterization. Wistar rats were used as a biological model to investigate the wound healing potential. Histological analyses of cutaneous tissue from the dorsal region were conducted after 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of treatment, and evaluated re-epithelialization, cell proliferation and collagen production. Physicochemical stability, microbiological quality and antioxidant potential, especially in relation to its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals were found. The hydrogel stimulated cell re-epithelialization and proliferation during all days of the treatment, and stimulated an increase of collagen fibers. Lasiodiplodan showed immunomodulatory activity in wound healing and this biomacromolecule could be an alternative compound in wound care.

Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of β-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall: A review

In order to solve the antibiotic resistance, the research on antibiotic substitutes has received an extensive attention. Many studies have shown that β-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall have the potential to replace antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of animal diseases, thereby reducing the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. β-Glucan and mannan had a variety of biological functions, including improving the intestinal environment, stimulating innate and acquired immunity, adsorbing mycotoxins, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and so on. The biological activities of β-glucan and mannan can be improved by chemically modifying its primary structure or reducing molecular weight. In this paper, the structure, preparation, modification, and biological activities of β-glucan and mannan were reviewed, which provided future perspectives of β-glucan and mannan.