[Panic disorder: clinical phenomena and treatment options]

The mediating role of transmembrane protein 132D methylation in predicting the occurrence of panic disorder in physical abuse

OBJECTIVE

Genome Wide Association study (GWAS) has revealed that the transmembrane protein 132D (TMEM132D) is a gene of sensitive for panic disorder (PD). As the main type of childhood trauma experience, childhood abuse has become a public health issue attracting much attention at home and abroad, and has been proved to be a risk factor for the onset of PD. However, how it affects the occurrence and development of panic disorder has not yet been revealed. We examined the relationship between TMEM132D methylation, childhood abuse and symptoms based on this finding.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-two patients with PD and 22 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited after age, gender, and the education level were matched. The DNA methylation levels of CpG sites across the genome were examined with genomic DNA samples (PD, N = 32, controls, N = 22) extracted from subjects' elbow venous blood. A mediation model was used to explore the relationship between the methylation degree of different CpG sites and childhood maltreatment and clinical symptoms.

RESULTS

We found that the PD group had significantly lower methylation at CpG1, CpG2, CpG3, CpG4, CpG5, CpG6, CpG7, CpG8, CpG11, CpG14, and CpG18 than did the HCs (p < 0.05). The CpG2 (r = 0.5953, p = 0.0117) site in the priming region of TEME132D gene were positively associated with PDSS score. The CpG2 (r = 0.4889, p = 0.046) site in the priming region of TEME132D gene were positively associated with physical abuse. Furthermore, path analyses showed that the methylation of CpG2 of TMEM132D played a fully mediating role in the relationship between physical abuse and PD symptom severity (95.

CONCLUSION

Childhood abuse experiences, especially physical abuse, are significantly related to PD. The methylation of CpG2 of TMEM132D was shown to have a fully mediating effect between panic disorder and physical abuse. The interaction between TMEM132D methylation and physical abuse can predict panic disorder.

[Pandemic and mental adjustment disorders. Therapy options]

The article considers the main triggers of adjustment and anxiety disorders in the time of pandemic that brings significant changes in all life dimensions with the high uncertainty level. The article highlights a role of coronavirus infodemic in the development of anxiety disorders. The main targets for cognitive, emotional and behavioral interventions are suggested. Recommendations for anxiety adjustment disorders psychopharmacotherapy with the use of tranquillizers as treatment of choice are given. Prevention measures for medical doctors working in conditions of pandemic are proposed.