Proximate and starch composition of marama (Tylosema esculentum) storage roots during an annual growth period

Thermoplastic starch nanocomposites: sources, production and applications - a review

The development of materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) is an excellent alternative to replace or reduce the use of petroleum-derived polymers. The abundance, renewable origin, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low cost of starch are among the advantages related to the application of TPS compared to other thermoplastic biopolymers. However, through the literature review, it was possible to observe the need to improve some properties, to allow TPS to replace commonly used polyolefins. The studies reviewed achieved these modifications were achieved by using plasticizers, adjusting processing conditions, and incorporating fillers. In this sense, the addition of nanofillers proved to be the main modification strategy due to the large number of available nanofillers and the low charge concentration required for such improvement. The improvement can be seen in thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, antimicrobial, barrier, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, solubility, and swelling properties. These modification strategies, the reviewed studies described the development of a wide range of materials. These are products with great potential for targeting different applications. Thus, this review addresses a wide range of essential aspects in developing of this type of nanocomposite. Covering from starch sources, processing routes, characterization methods, the properties of the obtained nanocomposites, to the various applications. Therefore, this review will provide an overview for everyone interested in working with TPS nanocomposites. Through a comprehensive review of the subject, which in most studies is done in a way directed to a specific area of study.

Marama bean [Tylosema esculentum (Burch.) A. Schreib.]: an indigenous plant with potential for food, nutrition, and economic sustainability

Developing countries need to explore undervalued indigenous plants to fully enhance their food and nutrition security, health, and economic viability. This review explores the nutritional, phytochemical, and economic potential of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum, Fabaceae), a non-nodulating indigenous legume that can be cultivated in and is well-adapted to dry or low moisture conditions. Marama bean is popularly referred to as 'green gold' due to the considerable value derived from its above ground and underground organs. The seeds have nutritional value comparable to legumes such as groundnut and soybean. In addition, the seeds are a rich source of phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, phytosterols, flavonoids, behenic acid and griffonilide while carbohydrates are abundant in the tubers. Based on the existing literature, marama bean remains poorly explored, mainly anecdotal with limited scientific evidence available to support its nutritional and medicinal uses as well as economic benefits. This has been ascribed to a shortage of clear research goals and limited resources specifically directed to this underutilized indigenous plant. From an economic and commercial perspective, the high phytochemical content suggests the possibility of developing a functional health drink and associated value-added products. However, efficient cultivation protocols for marama bean, especially to ensure the sustainable supply of the plant material, remain crucial. Furthermore, novel approaches, especially the use of molecular techniques that can facilitate rapid selection of desired traits in marama, are recommended. These anticipated improved agronomical traits will enhance the commercial and economical potential of marama and also contribute to rural-urban food-nutrition sustainability globally.