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Flores P, Luo J, Mueller DW, Muecklich F, Zea L. Space biofilms - An overview of the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on silicone and cellulose membranes on board the international space station. Biofilm 2024; 7:100182. [PMID: 38370151 PMCID: PMC10869243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms' natural ability to live as organized multicellular communities - also known as biofilms - provides them with unique survival advantages. For instance, bacterial biofilms are protected against environmental stresses thanks to their extracellular matrix, which could contribute to persistent infections after treatment with antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms are also capable of strongly attaching to surfaces, where their metabolic by-products could lead to surface material degradation. Furthermore, microgravity can alter biofilm behavior in unexpected ways, making the presence of biofilms in space a risk for both astronauts and spaceflight hardware. Despite the efforts to eliminate microorganism contamination from spacecraft surfaces, it is impossible to prevent human-associated bacteria from eventually establishing biofilm surface colonization. Nevertheless, by understanding the changes that bacterial biofilms undergo in microgravity, it is possible to identify key differences and pathways that could be targeted to significantly reduce biofilm formation. The bacterial component of Space Biofilms project, performed on the International Space Station in early 2020, contributes to such understanding by characterizing the morphology and gene expression of bacterial biofilms formed in microgravity with respect to ground controls. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as model organism due to its relevance in biofilm studies and its ability to cause urinary tract infections as an opportunistic pathogen. Biofilm formation was characterized at one, two, and three days of incubation (37 °C) over six different materials. Materials reported in this manuscript include catheter grade silicone, selected due to its medical relevance in hospital acquired infections, catheter grade silicone with ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning, included to test microtopographies as a potential biofilm control strategy, and cellulose membrane to replicate the column and canopy structure previously reported from a microgravity study. We here present an overview of the biofilm morphology, including 3D images of the biofilms to represent the distinctive morphology observed in each material tested, and some of the key differences in biofilm thickness, mass, and surface area coverage. We also present the impact of the surface microtopography in biofilm formation across materials, incubation time, and gravitational conditions. The Space Biofilms project (bacterial side) is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC17K0036 and 80NSSC21K1950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Flores
- BioServe Space Technologies, Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado, 3775 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, USA, 80309
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | | | | | - Luis Zea
- BioServe Space Technologies, Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado, 3775 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, USA, 80309
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Kettani Halabi M, Lahlou FA, Diawara I, El Adouzi Y, Marnaoui R, Benmessaoud R, Smyej I. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Patients With Urinary Tract Infection in Morocco. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:720701. [PMID: 34490146 PMCID: PMC8418096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.720701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) lend resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics. Because of limited treatment options, ESBL-EC infections are generally more difficult to treat, leading to higher hospital costs, reduced rates of microbiological and clinical responses, and a threat to the patient’s life. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Morocco. This retrospective laboratory-based study was conducted at Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital, Casablanca, from January 2016 to June 2019. A total of 670 urine samples were collected from urinary tract infection patients and processed by standard microbiological methods. In vitro susceptibility testing to different antibiotics of all identified isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was performed following Kirby–Bauer’s disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar according to the EUCAST standards. The reviewing of ESBL-EC was confirmed by the appearance of a characteristically shaped zone referred to as a “champagne cork” using the Combined Disk Test. Among a total of 438 E. coli isolated from nonrepetitive urine samples, two hundred fifty-nine (59%) were ESBL-EC, of which 200 (77%) were isolated from adult patients (over the age of 50) and the majority were female. All ESBL-EC isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporin and quinolones and sensitive to carbapenem and fosfomycin. Knowledge of antimicrobial resistance patterns in ESBL-EC, the major pathogen associated with urinary tract infection, is indispensable as a guide in choosing empirical antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kettani Halabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Azzahra Lahlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Idrissa Diawara
- National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Younes El Adouzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rabiaa Marnaoui
- National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rachid Benmessaoud
- National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Imane Smyej
- National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
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Bilal H, Rehman TU, Khan MA, Hameed F, Jian ZG, Han J, Yang X. Molecular Epidemiology of mcr-1, bla KPC-2, and bla NDM-1 Harboring Clinically Isolated Escherichia coli from Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1467-1479. [PMID: 33888998 PMCID: PMC8057800 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s302687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The multiple-drug resistant Escherichia coli are among the deadliest pathogens causing life-threatening infections. This study was planned to determine the molecular epidemiology of mcr-1, bla KPC-2, and bla NDM-1 harboring clinically isolated E. coli from Pakistan. Methods In total, 545 strains of E. coli from clinical samples were collected from June 2018 to September 2019. All the isolates were screened for colistin-resistance, extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL), and carbapenemases through the micro-dilution method, Double-Disk-Synergy-Test (DDST), and Modified-Hodge-Test (MHT). The detection, sequence-typing, conjugal transfer, S1-PFGE, plasmid-replicon-typing, and southern-blotting for mcr, ESBL, and carbapenemase-encoding genes were performed. Findings A total of four (0.73%) colistin-resistant strains carrying alongside mcr-1 and bla CTX-M-15 genes, three of these strains also had the bla TEM-1 gene. The presence of ESBL genes was detected in 139 (25.5%) isolates harboring bla CTXM-15 (74.82%), bla TEM (34.53%), bla SHV (28.06%) and bla OXA-1 (28.78%). In 129 carbapenemase-producers, 35.83% possessed bla NDM-1, 26.67% bla KPC-2, 8.3% bla OXA-48, 25% bla VIM-1, and 20.83% bla IMP-1 genes. The sequence typing revealed that mcr-1 harboring isolates belonged to ST405, ST117, and ST156. Fifty percent of bla KPC-2 and 48.83% of bla NDM-1 were found on ST131 and ST1196, respectively. Two rare types of STs, ST7584, and ST8671 were also identified in this study. The mcr-1 gene was located on Incl2 (60-kb) plasmid. The bla KPC-2 was present on (140-kb) IncH12, (100-kb) IncN, (90-kb) Incl1, while bla NDM-1 was located on (70-kb) IncFIIK, (140-kb) IncH12, (100-kb) IncN, (60-kb) IncA/C, and (45-kb) IncFII plasmids, which were successfully trans-conjugated. Among the plasmid types, the Incl1 carrying bla KPC-2, IncH12 harboring bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-1, and IncFIIK carrying bla NDM-1 were for the first time detected in Pakistan. Conclusion The mcr-1, bla KPC-2, and bla NDM-1 genes finding in various clonal and plasmids types indicate that a substantial selection of the resistance genes had occurred in our clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrat Bilal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tayyab Ur Rehman
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Hameed
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zhang Gao Jian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Han
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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A sensitive and rapid bacterial antibiotic susceptibility test method by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:875-881. [PMID: 32347530 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop a rapid bacterial antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) method by Bacteria-aptamer@AgNPs-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and further evaluate the influence of different antibiotics on the Raman intensity of bacteria. The Raman intensity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in the presence of different concentrations of antibiotics in 2 h was detected by Bacteria-aptamer@AgNPs-SERS in this study. Our results found that the bacteria Raman signal peak at 735 cm-1 and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was determined in 1 h according to Raman signals. In 2 h, the bacteria Raman signal growth at sub-MIC concentrations of four different kinds of antibiotics and the bacteria colony-forming unit (CFU) have similar enhancements. SERS utilizes special functions of rough metal surfaces and offers a huge enhancement of Raman intensities with reduced fluorescence backgrounds, which makes it an ultrasensitive tool of detection. This rapid AST method and the enhancement effect should be of value in search of new antibiotic drugs.
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Detection of mcr-1 Gene in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae From Human Urine Samples in Pakistan. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.96646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abbas G, Khan I, Mohsin M, Sajjad-Ur-Rahman, Younas T, Ali S. High rates of CTX-M group-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli from pets and their owners in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:571-578. [PMID: 30881062 PMCID: PMC6411320 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s189884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pet animals have been considered a potential carrier of clinically important multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli. However, little is known about the role of pets as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli in Pakistan. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic relatedness of ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli in pets, their owners, and veterinary professionals. METHODS A total of 105 fecal samples were collected from dogs, cats, their owners, and veterinary professionals from veterinary clinics. Isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The presence of bla CTX-M genes and CTX-M groups I and II in multidrug-resistant E. coli was detected using PCR. Clonal diversity was checked using BOX-PCR. RESULTS Of the 105 fecal samples screened, 73 (69.5%) were found to contain ESBL-producing E. coli. The percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in dogs and dog owners was found to be 81.8% (18/22) and 59% (13/22), respectively. In cats, this percentage was 73.9% (17/23) and in cat owners, 56.5% (13/23). Furthermore, 80% (12/15) of E. coli isolates in veterinary professionals were ESBL producers. Of these 73 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, 23 isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The most prevalent multidrug-resistant pattern (17.4%) identified was resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. In the multidrug-resistant E. coli, bla CTX-M was identified as the most common ESBL-producing genotype (19/23), with bla CTX-M-1 dominating in all 19 isolates. Furthermore, BOX-PCR analysis exhibited genetically diverse clonal groups among isolates of the CTX-M-1 group. CONCLUSION Our results provide important baseline information on the potential burden of multidrug-resistant E. coli among companion animals in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to understand the drivers of antimicrobial resistance at human-animal-environmental intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Mashkoor Mohsin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Sajjad-Ur-Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Tayyaba Younas
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Yekani M, Baghi HB, Sefidan FY, Azargun R, Memar MY, Ghotaslou R. The rates of quinolone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aminoglycoside resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary tract infections in Azerbaijan, Iran. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2018; 13:Doc07. [PMID: 30202721 PMCID: PMC6124734 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns help to select appropriate empirical treatments of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from UTIs in Azerbaijan, Iran. Methods: This study was carried out during 2016 in hospitals located in Tabriz, Urmia, and Khoy. Midstream urine specimens were cultured and identified by the standard methods. Susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion agar method for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, cefepime, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, aztreonam, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin and the agar dilution method for MIC determination of aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Results: A total of 219 non-duplicated Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from UTIs. According to the agar dilution assay, the following resistance rates were determined: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) 69.8%, nalidixic acid 68.9%, ciprofloxacin 66.2%, levofloxacin 58.5%, tobramycin 47.9%, kanamycin 39.3%, gentamicin 27.8%, and amikacin 5.5%. High levels of resistance were observed to trimethoprim (78.5%), sulfamethoxazole (88.1%), ampicillin (86.3%), and cephazoline (79.4%). Conclusion: The most effective agents against Enterobacteriaceae were fosfomycin, carbapenems, and amikacin. Quinolones, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are not appropriate for empirical therapy due to high levels of resistance. Amikacin is more effective among aminoglycosides and may be more effective, in complicated cases, when used in combination with fosfomycin and carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yekani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yeganeh Sefidan
- Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Robab Azargun
- Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Abrar S, Hussain S, Khan RA, Ul Ain N, Haider H, Riaz S. Prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: first systematic meta-analysis report from Pakistan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:26. [PMID: 29484173 PMCID: PMC5819302 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background South-Asia is known as a hub for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Unfortunately, proper surveillance and documentation of MDR pathogens is lacking in Pakistan. The alarming increase in the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a serious problem. From this perspective, we analysed published data regarding ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in different regions of Pakistan. Methods A meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pakistan. A Web-based search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and PakMedi Net (for non-indexed Pakistani journals). Articles published (in either indexed or non-indexed journals) between January 2002 and July 2016 were included in the study. Relevant data were extracted, and statistical analysis was performed using the Metaprop command of STATA version 14.1. Results A total of 68 studies were identified from the electronic data base search, and 55 of these studies met our inclusion criteria. Pakistan’s overall pooled proportion of ESBL-producers was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.34–0.47). The overall heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 99.75%, p < 0.001), and significant ES = 0 (Z = 18.41, p < 0.001) was found. OXA, SHV, TEM and CTX-M were the most commonly found gene variants for ESBLs in these studies. Conclusion The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is high in Pakistan. Little is known about the annual frequency of ESBLs and their prevalence in different provinces of Pakistan. No data are available regarding ESBL frequency in Baluchistan. This underscores an urgent demand for regular surveillance to address this antimicrobial resistance problem. Surveillance to better understand the annual ESBL burden is crucial to improve national and regional guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyyia Abrar
- 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahida Hussain
- 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Ahmad Khan
- 3College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Haider
- 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Riaz
- 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Citilab and Research center, Lahore, Pakistan
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