Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene missense polymorphisms (rs699 and rs4762) and diabetic nephropathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the AGT gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Northeast China

To investigate the correlation between susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs699, rs4762 and rs1926723 in the AGT gene in the population of Northeast China, while also introducing a new method for early detection of SLE. A total of 856 cases of SLE patients and healthy volunteers who attended the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2020 to December 2022 were recruited. Clinical information and biood samples were collected from particpants in this study. SNaPshot sequencing technology was used to sequence the bases of the rs699, rs4762 and rs1926723 in the AGT gene. The genetic stability of SNPs was analysed by means of Hardy-Weinberg (HWE) genetic equilibrium. The study examined the correlation between genetically stable SNPs and susceptibility to SLE using logistic regression analysis. Rs699 did not adhere to the principles of the HWE genetic equilibrium (p < .01). Conversely, both rs4762 and rs1926723 conformed to the HWE genetic equilibrium (p > .05). However, no significant differences in genotypes and alleles frequencies of the rs4762 were observed between the two groups (p > .05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the distribution of AG, GG genotypes frequency and G allele frequency at the rs1926723 between the two groups (p < .001). Individuals with AG and GG genotypes and the G allele had a significantly lower frequency of SLE, indicating a potential genetic protective factor against susceptibility to the SLE. The SNPs rs1926723 may be linked to the susceptibility to SLE, and the AG, GG genotypes and the G allele may be important protective factors for the development of SLE in Northeast China.

The Role of Angiotensinogen rs699 in Diabetic Nephropathy Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Uncontrolled Postprandial Glucose Levels

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), leading to the highest mortality rate of DM complications. However, its etiology is still questionable. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and particular genetic susceptibility are associated with DN. Not all patients with uncontrolled hyperglycemia suffer DN. Thus, genetic susceptibility may be a risk factor for DN. The genetic variant of angiotensinogen rs699 is known to be associated with the risk of DN with inconsistent results between ethnicities. This study aims to reveal the correlation between the AGT rs699 with the incidence of diabetic nephropathy among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with uncontrolled postprandial glucose levels in the Jambi Malay ethnicity. This study was observational analytic research with a cross-sectional design. It used 48 DNA samples from type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with uncontrolled postprandial glucose levels. The authors took 24 DNA samples from patients with DN and 24 without DN (as a control group). The genotyping method used ARMS-PCR specific for AGT rs699. Subjects with the CT genotype had a lower risk for diabetic nephropathy than the CC genotype, but it was not statistically significant (p=0.247; OR=0.508; 95%CI=0.160-1.607). In addition, subjects with the T allele (p=0.331; OR=0.621; 95%CI-0.237-1.630) had a lower risk for diabetic nephropathy than the C allele, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, Angiotensinogen rs699 is not a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with uncontrolled postprandial glucose levels in the Jambi Malay ethnicity.

Association of Lipids’ Metabolism with Vitamin D Receptor (rs10735810, rs222857) and Angiotensinogen (rs699) Genes Polymorphism in Essential Hypertensive Patients

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the most spread cause of mortality in the world. Essential arterial hypertension (EAH), as a major risk factor for the development of CV diseases, is a multifactorial disease involving environmental and genetic factors together with risk-conferring behaviors. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze lipid metabolism changes in patients with EAH depending on the Vitamin D receptor (VDR rs2228570 (aka rs10735810)) and angiotensinogen (AGT rs699) genes polymorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The single-stage study involved 100 patients suffering from Stage 2 EAH, 1–3 degrees of blood pressure increase, high and very high CV risks, 21% (21) men, and 79% (79) women. The average age of patients was 59.86 ± 6.22 years old. The control group included 60 practically healthy individuals of an appropriate age and sex distribution. To examine the VDR gene (rs10735810, rs2228570) and AGT gene (rs699) polymorphism, a qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was made. The lipid metabolism was studied by determining the blood plasma content of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs). RESULTS: Т allele of AGT gene is associated with reduced HDL-C level in men and increased TGs level in women. The EAH risk increases 4.5 times as much among the ТС-genotype carriers and lowered HDL-C level (odds ratio [OR] = 6.43; p = 0.01). The EAH risk increases as far as the HDL-C level reduction, irrespective of the VDR gene alleles condition 1.83 times (OR = 2.37; OR 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–5.51; p = 0.04) and 1.9 times (OR=2.43; OR 95% CI: 0.99–5.97; p = 0.04). HDL-C reduction and LDL-C elevation in women increase the EAH risk 2.4 times (OR = 3.27; p = 0.01) and 1.24 times (OR = 3.67; p = 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The EAH risk increases with a reduced HDL-C level in the TC genotype carriers of the AGT gene and irrespective of VDR gene polymorphic variants.

Angiotensinogen Gene Missense Polymorphisms (rs699 and rs4762): The Association of End-Stage Renal Failure Risk with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension in Egyptians

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension are common chronic diseases mainly associated with the development and progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) leading to morbidity and mortality. Gene polymorphisms linked to the renin–angiotensin (AGT)–aldosterone system (RAAS) were broadly inspected in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association of AGT gene polymorphisms (rs699 and rs4762) with ESRD in T2DM hypertensive Egyptian patients. Genotyping of rs699 and rs4762 was conducted using the tetra-primers amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR). The allelic distribution analysis was performed on 103 healthy control subjects, 97 non-ESRD patients, and 104 patients with ESRD. The allelic frequencies of AGT gene polymorphisms (rs4762 and rs699) in all study participants were assessed. For the non-ESRD group, the frequencies of the alleles of AGT-rs4762 (χ² = 31.88, p < 0.001, OR = 5.17, CI 95%: 2.81–9.51) and AGT-rs699 (χ² = 4.85, p = 0.027, OR = 1.56, CI 95%: 1.05–2.33) were significantly associated with the non-ESRD group. However, for the ESRD group, the T allele was significantly higher than that in the controls (χ² = 24.97, p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 4.35, CI 95%: 2.36–8.02). Moreover, AGT (rs699) genotypes showed no significant difference between the ESRD group and controls. In conclusion, AGT gene polymorphisms rs699 and rs4762 were associated with non-ESRD versus controls, without any significant risk observed in all patient groups. However, the AGT (rs4762) variant showed a significant risk in the ESRD group in comparison to controls in Egyptians.

Association of polymorphism genes , , and with risk of hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance in the Kazakh population

Hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance are closely associated with several common diseases including type 2 of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the association between hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance and the polymorphism of genes, including angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), angiotensinogen (AGT), β2-adrenoreceptor (ADRB2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), in the Kazakh population. The design of the current research was a case-control study, involving 460 subjects (age range, 18-65 years). For every subject, plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A1 were examined. Moreover, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was conducted to detect the polymorphism genes LPL Ser447Ter, ADRB2 Gln27Glu, AGT Thr174Met and AGTR1 A1166C. Hyperinsulinism was considered when the insulin level was elevated >24.9 IU/ml. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to evaluate insulin resistance. The subjects were divided into hyperinsulinism (17 men and 24 women) and normal level insulin (214 men and 205 women) groups, which were also split into insulin resistance group (HOMA-IR >2.7; 80 men and 105 women) and those without insulin resistance group (151 men and 124 women). The results suggested that LPL Ser447Ter (rs328) allele G was associated with a lower risk of hyperinsulinism (P=0.037). Furthermore, polymorphisms of genes ADRB2 Gln27Glu (rs1042714), AGT Thr174Met (rs4762) and AGTR1 A1166C (rs5186) were not associated with hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance in the Kazakh population. No interaction was identified between LPL Ser447Ter, ADRB2 Gln27Glu, AGT Thr174Met and AGTR1 A1166C. Therefore, the results indicated that haplotype combinations were not associated with insulin resistance.

Interleukin-4 (IL4) -590C/T (rs2243250) gene polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication that affects up to 40% of diabetic patients and can lead to end-stage kidney disease. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) have been linked to the development and progression of DN. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between interleukin-4 (IL4) -590C/T (rs2243250) gene polymorphism and DN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is a continuation of our previous research on the association between angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms and DN in patients with T2DM. We included 651 unrelated Slovenian (Caucasian) patients who had had T2DM for at least 10 years. The participants were classified into a group of T2DM patients with DN (276 cases) and a group without DN (375 controls). IL4 rs2243250 polymorphism was analyzed using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay and StepOne Real-Time PCR System. The frequencies of rs2243250 TT, CT and CC (wild type) genotypes were 3.2%, 29.4% and 67.4%, respectively in patients with DN, and 2.7%, 34.4% and 62.9%, respectively in controls. Our logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender, age, diabetes duration, and glycated hemoglobin showed no association between rs2243250 and the risk for DN (OR 1.06; CI 0.37-3.05; p = 0.9). IL4 rs2243250 is not associated with DN in our subset of Slovenian patients with T2DM.