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Paradiso R, Proietti S. Light-Quality Manipulation to Control Plant Growth and Photomorphogenesis in Greenhouse Horticulture: The State of the Art and the Opportunities of Modern LED Systems. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022; 41:742-780. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-021-10337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLight quantity (intensity and photoperiod) and quality (spectral composition) affect plant growth and physiology and interact with other environmental parameters and cultivation factors in determining the plant behaviour. More than providing the energy for photosynthesis, light also dictates specific signals which regulate plant development, shaping and metabolism, in the complex phenomenon of photomorphogenesis, driven by light colours. These are perceived even at very low intensity by five classes of specific photoreceptors, which have been characterized in their biochemical features and physiological roles. Knowledge about plant photomorphogenesis increased dramatically during the last years, also thanks the diffusion of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which offer several advantages compared to the conventional light sources, such as the possibility to tailor the light spectrum and to regulate the light intensity, depending on the specific requirements of the different crops and development stages. This knowledge could be profitably applied in greenhouse horticulture to improve production schedules and crop yield and quality. This article presents a brief overview on the effects of light spectrum of artificial lighting on plant growth and photomorphogenesis in vegetable and ornamental crops, and on the state of the art of the research on LEDs in greenhouse horticulture. Particularly, we analysed these effects by approaching, when possible, each single-light waveband, as most of the review works available in the literature considers the influence of combined spectra.
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Effects of Artificial Light Treatments on Growth, Mineral Composition, Physiology, and Pigment Concentration in Dieffenbachia maculata “Compacta” Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Specific wavebands may allow precise control of plant growth. However, light sources must be carefully evaluated before the large-scale use of supplemental light sources can be implemented. Dieffenbachia maculata “Compacta” plants were grown for 8 weeks in pots in a growth chamber under tightly controlled temperature and humidity in order to assess the effects of supplemental light. Three treatments were applied: (i) using 18-W fluorescent bulbs (T1), (ii) using the same bulbs with supplemental light emitting diodes (LEDs) (Pure Blue and Pure Red Mix-Light-Emitting Diodes (BR-LEDs)) (T2), and (iii) using high-efficiency TL5 fluorescents (T3). Plant biomass, mineral composition, and physiological and photosynthetic parameters were assessed under each light treatment. Total plant dry weight was highest in plants grown under treatments T1 and T3. Other differences were observed between different light treatments, including variation in biomass partitioning as well as N and K concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. Further, proline and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were higher in plants grown under the T1 treatment, whereas total soluble sugars and starch were higher in plants grown under treatment T3. Plants grown under treatment T1 had the lowest chlorophyll concentrations. No differences were observed in organ water content and P concentration. T2 was not the best treatment, as expected. The model proposed a linear regression between integrated use of spectral energy (IUSE) and total dry weight (TDW), which showed a good relationship with an R2 value of 0.83. Therefore, we recommend this methodology to discern the effects of the different spectral qualities on plant biomass.
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Silvestri C, Caceres ME, Ceccarelli M, Pica AL, Rugini E, Cristofori V. Influence of Continuous Spectrum Light on Morphological Traits and Leaf Anatomy of Hazelnut Plantlets. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 31708945 PMCID: PMC6821792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light spectra influence growth, development, and quality of plants and seedlings, that is one of the main aspects engaging the interests of private and public researchers and nursery industries. Propagation of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), which in the past has been held in low consideration because of the widespread use of rooted suckers directly collected in the field, today is taking on increasing interest due to the strong expansion of hazelnut cultivation. In order to improve the quality of plants and seedlings in greenhouse acclimatization, the effects of light emitting diodes (LED) lights during the ex vitro growth of two hazelnut cultivars (Tonda di Giffoni and Tonda Gentile Romana) were investigated. Plantlets were maintained in a growth chamber and exposed to three different continuous spectrum LED systems as a primary source of illumination and to fluorescent lamps used as control. LEDs differed in the percentage of some wavelength ranges in the spectrum, being AP673L rich in green and red wavelengths, NS1 in blue and green light, G2 in red and far red wavelengths. After a 4-week experimental period, morphometric, biochemical, and histological analyses were carried out. Shoot and leaf growths were influenced by LEDs more than by fluorescent lamps in both cultivars. G2 positively affected biomass increment more than the other LEDs, by inducing not only cell elongation (increase in shoot length, new internodes length, leaf area) but also cell proliferation (increase in new node number). G2 exposure had negative effects on total chlorophyll content but positively affected synthesis of flavonoids in both varieties; therefore, plants grown under this LED showed the lowest nitrogen balance index. Leaf morpho-anatomical analyzed traits (thickness, palisade cell height, number of chloroplasts, number of palisade cells), were influenced especially by G2 and, to a less extent, by NS1 light. Significant differences in some parameters were observed between the two cultivars in response to a same light source. The results obtained underline the importance of light modulation for hazelnut, providing useful information for ex vitro growth of hazelnut plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Silvestri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristian Silvestri,
| | - Maria Eugenia Caceres
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Ceccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aniello Luca Pica
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eddo Rugini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valerio Cristofori
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Verma SK, Gantait S, Jeong BR, Hwang SJ. Enhanced growth and cardenolides production in Digitalis purpurea under the influence of different LED exposures in the plant factory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18009. [PMID: 30573772 PMCID: PMC6302110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have investigated the influence of different light qualities on Digitalis purpurea under a controlled environment. For this purpose, red (R), blue (B), fluorescent lamp (FL, control), along with combined red and blue (R:B) LEDs were used. Interestingly, the plant growth parameters such as number of leaf, longest root, width of leaf, width of stomata, width of trichome, leaf area, leaf or root fresh weight (FW), weight (DW) as well as length of trichome were maximum under R:B (8:2), and significantly larger than control plants. The stomatal conductance or anthocyanin was maximum under B LED than those under FL, however the photosynthesis rate was greater under FL. RuBisCO activity was maximum under R:B (1:1) LEDs while the quantity of the UV absorbing substances was highest under R LED than under FL. The maximum amount of cardenolides were obtained from leaf tissue under R:B (2:8) LED than those under FL. The R:B LEDs light was suitable for Digitalis plant growth, development, micro- and macro-elements, as well as cardenolides accumulation in the plant factory system. The adaptation of the growth strategy developed in this study would be useful for the production of optimized secondary metabolites in Digitalis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Verma
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Biotechnology Laboratory (TUBITAK Fellow), Department of Biology, Bolu Abant Izeet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Saikat Gantait
- Crop Research Unit, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India.,Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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Smirnakou S, Ouzounis T, Radoglou KM. Continuous Spectrum LEDs Promote Seedling Quality Traits and Performance of Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28261244 PMCID: PMC5306215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the growth, development, and quality of plants by the control of light quality has attracted extensive attention worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of continuous LED spectrum for indoor plant pre-cultivation and to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of a common broadleaved tree species in Mediterranean environment, Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis at seedling developmental stage. Thus, the seedlings were pre-cultivated for 28 days, under five different LED light qualities: (1) Fluorescent (FL) as control light (2) L20AP67 (high in green and moderate in far-red), (3) AP673L (high in green and red), (4) G2 (highest in red and far-red), AP67 (high in blue, red, and far-red), and (5) NS1 (highest in blue and green and lowest in far-red) LEDs. Further examination was held at the nursery for 1 year, on several seedling quality traits. Indeed, AP67 and AP673L triggered higher leaf formation, while L20AP67 positively affected seedling shoot development. NS1 and AP67 LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed significantly higher root fibrosity than those of FL light. Furthermore, NS1 and AP673L LEDs induced fourfold increase on seedling root dry weight than FL light. Hence, evaluating the seedling nursery performance attributes, most of those photomorphogenetic responses previously obtained were still detectable. Even more so, LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed higher survival and faster growth indicating better adaptation even under natural light conditions, a fact further reinforced by the significantly higher Dickson's quality index acquired. In conclusion, the goal of each nursery management program is the production of high quality seedlings with those desirable traits, which in turn satisfy the specific needs for a particular reforestation site. Thus, the enhanced oak seedling quality traits formed under continuous LEDs spectrum especially of NS1 and AP673L pre-cultivation may potentially fulfill this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Smirnakou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
| | - Theoharis Ouzounis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kalliopi M. Radoglou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
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Ouzounis T, Fretté X, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO. Spectral effects of supplementary lighting on the secondary metabolites in roses, chrysanthemums, and campanulas. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1491-9. [PMID: 25105234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the light spectrum on photosynthesis, growth, and secondary metabolites Rosa hybrida 'Scarlet', Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Coral Charm', and Campanula portenschlagiana 'BluOne' were grown at 24/18°C day/night temperature under purpose-built LED arrays yielding approximately 200 μmol m(-2)s(-1) at plant height for 16 h per day. The four light treatments were (1) 40% Blue/60% Red, (2) 20% Blue/80% Red, (3) 100% Red, and (4) 100% White (Control). The plant height was smallest in 40% Blue/60% Red in roses and chrysanthemums, while the biomass was smallest in the white control in roses and in 100% Red in chrysanthemums. The total biomass was unaffected by the spectrum in campanulas, while the leaf area was smallest in the 40% Blue/60% Red treatment. In 100% Red curled leaves and other morphological abnormalities were observed. Increasing the blue to red ratio increased the stomatal conductance though net photosynthesis was unaffected, indicating excess stomatal conductance in some treatments. With higher blue light ratio all phenolic acids and flavonoids increased. In view of the roles of these secondary metabolites as antioxidants, anti-pathogens, and light protectants, we hypothesize that blue light may predispose plants to better cope with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis Ouzounis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Xavier Fretté
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Selection for Crop Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Alle 9, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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