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Almarzouq SSFS, Chua H, Yiu CKY, Lam PPY. Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Behavioural Interventions in Managing Dental Fear and Anxiety among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:537. [PMID: 38470648 PMCID: PMC10931341 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmacological behavioural interventions (NPBIs) have been employed by dentists to alleviate dental fear and anxiety (DFA) among preschool and school children. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of different NPBIs in reducing DFA among children aged below 12. METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted using four electronic databases to identify randomised controlled trials that assess the effectiveness of NPBIs among preschool and school children. Two reviewers independently screened and selected the relevant studies, evaluated the risk of bias, and extracted relevant data for qualitative and quantitative syntheses. RESULT A total of 66 articles were included in the study. Except during more invasive dental procedures, the use of distraction techniques was found to result in significantly lower self-rated anxiety, better cooperation, and lower pulse rate compared to the tell-show-do method. However, inconsistent results were reported regarding the efficacy of virtual reality, modelling, visual pedagogies, tell-show-do and other NPBIs in reducing DFA among children. CONCLUSIONS The studies exhibited substantial heterogeneity due to varying age groups, methods of implementing NPBIs, dental treatments performed, and measurement scales employed in the evaluation of DFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene Chua
- National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Cynthia K. Y. Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (C.K.Y.Y.)
| | - Phoebe P. Y. Lam
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (C.K.Y.Y.)
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Del Carmen MDC, Cagigas-Muñiz D, García-Robles R, Oprescu AM. Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children Using a Mobile Health App: Usability and User Experience Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e30443. [PMID: 37889521 PMCID: PMC10638634 DOI: 10.2196/30443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentistry interventions cause common anxiety and fear problems in children (6-11 years), and according to scientific evidence, this causes a decrease in their quality of life. Therapies mediated by IT-based tools have been shown to positively influence children's mood based on distraction as well as relaxing activities, but there is no evidence of their use to reduce dental anxiety in children. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to answer the following research question: Does our new children-centered codesign methodology contribute to achieving a usable mobile-based product with a highly scored user experience? METHODS A mobile health app was developed to reduce dental anxiety in children using rapid application development following the usage-centered design methodology. Structured interviews were conducted to test the usability and user experience of the app prototype among 40 children (n=20, 50%, boys and n=20, 50%, girls; age 6-11 years) using a children-adapted questionnaire and the 7-point Single Ease Question rating scale. The Smiley Faces Program-Revised questionnaire was used to assess the level of dental anxiety in participants. RESULTS There were no significant differences between girls and boys. The task completion rate was 95% (n=19) for children aged 6-8 years (group 1) and 100% (n=20) for children aged 9-11 years (group 2). Group 1 found watching the relaxing video (task C) to be the easiest, followed by playing a video minigame (task B) and watching the narrative (task A). Group 2 found task C to be the easiest, followed by task A and then task B. The average time spent on the different types of tasks was similar in both age groups. Most of the children in both age groups were happy with the app and found it funny. All children thought that having the app in the waiting room during a dental visit would be useful. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirmed that the app is usable and provides an excellent user experience. Our children-adapted methodology contributes to achieving usable mobile-based products for children with a highly scored user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Cagigas-Muñiz
- Department of Architecture and Computer Technology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Robles
- Department of Architecture and Computer Technology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Jamil F, Khan SY, Jindal MK. Effectiveness of Audiovisual Distraction Technique and Filmed Modeling on Anxiety and Fear in Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:598-602. [PMID: 37731807 PMCID: PMC10507312 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of the audiovisual distraction (AVD) technique and filmed modeling (FM) on anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. Materials and methods This experimental in vivo study was conducted on 80 subjects of age-groups 5-8 years coming to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry for their first dental visit. Study subjects were subjected to noninvasive restorative treatment under AVD in group I, FM in group II, and a combination of AVD and FM in groups III and IV (control 0). To assess the level of pre and postoperative anxiety and fear, various biological parameters like pulse rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, respiratory rate, and salivary cortisol estimation along with facial image scale (FIS), and fear assessment picture scale (FAPS) were used. Results Group III (a combination of AVD and FM) came out to be better than other experimental groups and control groups in reducing dental anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. Conclusion A combination of AVD and FM techniques can be recommended to be used as an effective behavior management technique. Clinical significance A child's disruptive behavior due to dental anxiety causes difficulty in delivering effective dental treatment. Thus, a child's behavior management is of paramount importance in the pediatric dental setup. Nonpharmacological behavior management techniques, that is, a combination of AVD and FM techniques can be recommended to be used as an effective behavior management technique to reduce dental anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. How to cite this article Jamil F, Khan SY, Jindal MK. Effectiveness of Audiovisual Distraction Technique and Filmed Modeling on Anxiety and Fear in Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):598-602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Jamil
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saima Y Khan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra K Jindal
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Participant Observation to Apply an Empirical Method of Codesign with Children. ADVANCES IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental anxiety in children is a well-documented problem in the scientific literature. Tools mediated by Information Technology have been shown to positively influence children’s mood based on distraction as well as relaxing activities. We propose an empirical method of codesign with children to generate app content for reducing dental anxiety. The results are embedded in text through a thick description as an ethnographic technique. The method was applied to 163 children (6–8 years old) from a summer school and a primary school, obtaining multimedia products that were integrated into an app prototype. Finally, although this use case of the presented method is applied to the health field, it can be transferred to any other field of application of codesign to children by using material that is specific to new scenarios.
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Li XJ, Su JM, Ye XW. Crouzon syndrome in a fraternal twin: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:5317-5323. [PMID: 35812652 PMCID: PMC9210876 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i16.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crouzon syndrome (CS; OMIM 123500) is an autosomal dominant inherited craniofacial disorder caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. CS is characterized by craniofacial dysostosis, exophthalmos, and facial anomalies with hypoplastic maxilla and relative mandibular prognathism.
CASE SUMMARY Our report involves a 6-year-old fraternal twin boy with many caries in the oral cavity who presented with characteristic features of CS based on clinical and radiographic examinations along with Sanger sequencing. The fraternal girl did not show any abnormalities indicating CS. Carious teeth and poor oral hygiene were managed promptly through administering appropriate behavior guidance, orthodontic treatment was planned, and preventive procedures were described.
CONCLUSION CS could occur in a fraternal twin caused by a de novo mutation of the FGFR2 gene. Oral hygiene instruction, preventive programs on oral hygiene, orthodontic treatment, and maxillary osteotomy were required for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ji-Mei Su
- Department of Stomatology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
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Stein Duker LI, Grager M, Giffin W, Hikita N, Polido JC. The Relationship between Dental Fear and Anxiety, General Anxiety/Fear, Sensory Over-Responsivity, and Oral Health Behaviors and Outcomes: A Conceptual Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042380. [PMID: 35206566 PMCID: PMC8872083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is common across the lifespan and represents a barrier to proper oral health behaviors and outcomes. The aim of this study is to present a conceptual model of the relationships between DFA, general anxiety/fear, sensory over-responsivity (SOR), and/or oral health behaviors and outcomes. Two rounds of literature searches were performed using the PubMed database. Included articles examined DFA, general anxiety/fear, SOR, catastrophizing, and/or oral health behaviors and outcomes in typically developing populations across the lifespan. The relationships between the constructs were recorded and organized into a conceptual model. A total of 188 articles were included. The results provided supporting evidence for relationships between DFA and all other constructs included in the model (general anxiety/fear, SOR, poor oral health, irregular dental attendance, dental behavior management problems [DBMP], and need for treatment with pharmacological methods). Additionally, SOR was associated with general anxiety/fear and DBMP; general anxiety/fear was linked to poor oral health, irregular attendance, and DBMP. This model provides a comprehensive view of the relationships between person factors (e.g., general anxiety/fear, SOR, and DFA) and oral health behaviors and outcomes. This is valuable in order to highlight connections between constructs that may be targeted in the development of new interventions to improve oral health behaviors and outcomes as well as the experience of DFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah I. Stein Duker
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (W.G.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Willa Giffin
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (W.G.); (N.H.)
| | - Natasha Hikita
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (W.G.); (N.H.)
| | - José C. Polido
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
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Behavior Guidance and Communicative Management. Pediatr Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhu M, Yu H, Xie B, Li H, He Q, Li H, Su J, Li X. Experiential learning for children's dental anxiety: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32736555 PMCID: PMC7395402 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental anxiety (DA) has an impact on the quality of dental treatment and may have long-lasting implications for children. A recent study introducing experiential learning (EL) into children's oral health promotion resulted in better oral hygiene. The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether EL can reduce children's DA. METHODS In September 2018, we recruited 988 children aged 7-8 years from 24 classes to participate in a cluster-randomized trial. Classes were randomly assigned to EL (in which children received a lively presentation on oral health and participated in a role play in a simulated dental clinic in the classroom) or the Tell-Show-Do (TSD) group (in which children received a conventional TSD behavior management). The primary outcome was the prevalence of high DA after the procedure of pit and fissure sealant (PFS), assessed by a modified Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Secondary outcomes were changes in blood pressures (BP) and pulse rates (PR) before and after the PFS procedure. The intervention effects were estimated by means of mixed effect models, which included covariates of gender and school (and baseline value for BP and PR only), and a random cluster effect. RESULTS In 396 children of the EL group who received the PFS treatment, the prevalence of high DA (score ≥ 38) was 18.5%, compared with 24.3% in 391 children of the TSD group (OR = 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.93; P = 0.019). The increases in BP and PR after the PFS were also significantly less in the EL group. CONCLUSION School-based experiential learning intervention before a dental visit is feasible and effective in reducing children's dental anxiety during PFS. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 5 January 2020 (No.: ChiCTR2000028878 , retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhu
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China.
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Qian He
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Jing Su
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xueqi Li
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, 518054, China.
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