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Ma H, Ishida K, Xu C, Takahashi K, Li Y, Zhang C, Kang Q, Jia Y, Hu W, Matsumaru D, Nakanishi T, Hu J. Triphenyl phosphate delayed pubertal timing and induced decline of ovarian reserve in mice as an estrogen receptor antagonist. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118096. [PMID: 34488164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although concerns have been raised about the adverse effects of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on female fertility, its risk to ovarian functioning remains unknown. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 21 were exposed on a daily basis to TPhP dose of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg for 40 days. A significant delay in pubertal timing was observed in the mice exposed to 50 mg/kg of TPhP. An estrogen-responsive reporter transgenic mice assay demonstrated that TPhP significantly downregulated the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling by 45.1% in the whole body in the 50 mg/kg group, and by 14.7-43.7% in the uterus for all exposure groups compared with the control. This strong antagonistic activity of TPhP toward ER explained the delay in pubertal timing. A significant reduction in the number of follicles in all stages was observed in mice after being exposed to TPhP for 40 days at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/kg, resulting in a decline of the ovarian reserve. The elevation of the follicle-stimulating hormone concentration may have contributed to this phenomenon, as controlled by the antagonistic activity of TPhP toward ER in the brain. The toxic effects of TPhP on ovarian functioning highlight this chemical as a potential risk factor for female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Ma
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Chenke Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kyosuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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