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Banse SA, Sedore CA, Johnson E, Coleman-Hulbert AL, Onken B, Hall D, Jackson EG, Huynh P, Foulger AC, Guo S, Garrett T, Xue J, Inman D, Morshead ML, Plummer WT, Chen E, Bhaumik D, Chen MK, Harinath G, Chamoli M, Quinn RP, Falkowski R, Edgar D, Schmidt MO, Lucanic M, Guo M, Driscoll M, Lithgow GJ, Phillips PC. Antioxidants green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid confer species and strain-specific lifespan and health effects in Caenorhabditis nematodes. GeroScience 2024; 46:2239-2251. [PMID: 37923874 PMCID: PMC10828308 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) is an NIH-funded research consortium of investigators who conduct analyses at three independent sites to identify chemical interventions that reproducibly promote health and lifespan in a robust manner. The founding principle of the CITP is that compounds with positive effects across a genetically diverse panel of Caenorhabditis species and strains are likely engaging conserved biochemical pathways to exert their effects. As such, interventions that are broadly efficacious might be considered prominent compounds for translation for pre-clinical research and human clinical applications. Here, we report results generated using a recently streamlined pipeline approach for the evaluation of the effects of chemical compounds on lifespan and health. We studied five compounds previously shown to extend C. elegans lifespan or thought to promote mammalian health: 17α-estradiol, acarbose, green tea extract, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and rapamycin. We found that green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend Caenorhabditis lifespan in a species-specific manner. Additionally, these two antioxidants conferred assay-specific effects in some studies-for example, decreasing survival for certain genetic backgrounds in manual survival assays in contrast with extended lifespan as assayed using automated C. elegans Lifespan Machines. We also observed that GTE and NDGA impact on older adult mobility capacity is dependent on genetic background, and that GTE reduces oxidative stress resistance in some Caenorhabditis strains. Overall, our analysis of the five compounds supports the general idea that genetic background and assay type can influence lifespan and health effects of compounds, and underscores that lifespan and health can be uncoupled by chemical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Banse
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Christine A Sedore
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Erik Johnson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | | | - Brian Onken
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David Hall
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - E Grace Jackson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Phu Huynh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anna C Foulger
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Suzhen Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Theo Garrett
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Jian Xue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Delaney Inman
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - W Todd Plummer
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Esteban Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Dipa Bhaumik
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Michelle K Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Girish Harinath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Manish Chamoli
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Rose P Quinn
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Ron Falkowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Daniel Edgar
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Madeline O Schmidt
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Mark Lucanic
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Max Guo
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute On Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9205, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gordon J Lithgow
- The Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Patrick C Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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Sohrabi S, Cota V, Murphy CT. CeLab, a microfluidic platform for the study of life history traits, reveals metformin and SGK-1 regulation of longevity and reproductive span. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2738-2757. [PMID: 37221962 PMCID: PMC11067863 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential to carry out high-throughput assays in a whole organism in a small space is one of the benefits of C. elegans, but worm assays often require a large sample size with frequent physical manipulations, rendering them highly labor-intensive. Microfluidic assays have been designed with specific questions in mind, such as analysis of behavior, embryonic development, lifespan, and motility. While these devices have many advantages, current technologies to automate worm experiments have several limitations that prevent widespread adoption, and most do not allow analyses of reproduction-linked traits. We developed a miniature C. elegans lab-on-a-chip device, CeLab, a reusable, multi-layer device with 200 separate incubation arenas that allows progeny removal, to automate a variety of worm assays on both individual and population levels. CeLab enables high-throughput simultaneous analysis of lifespan, reproductive span, and progeny production, refuting assumptions about the disposable soma hypothesis. Because CeLab chambers require small volumes, the chip is ideal for drug screens; we found that drugs previously shown to increase lifespan also increase reproductive span, and we discovered that low-dose metformin increases both. CeLab reduces the limitations of escaping and matricide that typically limit plate assays, revealing that feeding with heat-killed bacteria greatly extends lifespan and reproductive span of mated animals. CeLab allows tracking of life history traits of individuals, which revealed that the nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway mutant, sgk-1, reproduces nearly until its death. These findings would not have been possible to make in standard plate assays, in low-throughput assays, or in normal population assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Sohrabi
- Department of Molecular Biology &, LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Vanessa Cota
- Department of Molecular Biology &, LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Coleen T Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology &, LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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3
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Bene M, Salmon AB. Testing the evidence that lifespan-extending compound interventions are conserved across laboratory animal model species. GeroScience 2023; 45:1401-1409. [PMID: 36637786 PMCID: PMC10400519 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of pharmaceutical and small molecule interventions are reported to extend the lifespan of laboratory animals including Caenorhabditis, Drosophila, and mouse. However, the degree to which these pro-longevity interventions are conserved across species is unclear. Here, we took two approaches to ask the question: to what extent do longevity intervention studies in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila recapitulate effects on mouse lifespan? The first approach analyzes all published reports on longevity in the literature collated by the DrugAge database, and the second approach focused on results designed for reproducibility as reported from the NIA-supported Interventions Testing Program (ITP) and the Caenorhabditis Interventions Testing Program (CITP). Using published data sources, we identify only modest sensitivity and specificity of Drosophila interventional studies for identifying pro-longevity compounds in mouse lifespan studies. Surprisingly, reported studies in C. elegans show little predictive value for identifying drugs that extend lifespan in mice. The results therefore suggest caution should be used when making assumptions about the translatability of lifespan-extending compounds across species, including human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bene
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
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4
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Teterina AA, Coleman-Hulbert AL, Banse SA, Willis JH, Perez VI, Lithgow GJ, Driscoll M, Phillips PC. Genetic diversity estimates for the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program screening panel. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000518. [PMID: 35098051 PMCID: PMC8796004 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) was founded on the principle that compounds with positive effects across a genetically diverse test-set should have an increased probability of engaging conserved biochemical pathways with mammalian translational potential. To fulfill its mandate, the CITP uses a genetic diversity panel of Caenorhabditis strains for assaying longevity effects of candidate compounds. The panel comprises 22 strains from three different species, collected globally, to achieve inter-population genetic diversity. The three represented species, C. elegans, C. briggsae, and C. tropicalis, are all sequential hermaphrodites, which simplifies experimental procedures while maximizing intra-population homogeneity. Here, we present estimates of the genetic diversity encapsulated by the constituent strains in the panel based on their most recently published and publicly available whole-genome sequences, as well as two newly generated genomic data sets. We observed average genome-wide nucleotide diversity (π) within the C. elegans (1.2e-3), C. briggsae (7.5e-3), and C. tropicalis strains (2.6e-3) greater than estimates for human populations, and comparable to that found in mouse populations. Our analysis supports the assumption that the CITP screening panel encompasses broad genetic diversity, suggesting that lifespan-extending chemicals with efficacy across the panel should be enriched for interventions that function on conserved processes that are shared across genetic backgrounds. While the diversity panel was established by the CITP for studying longevity interventions, the panel may prove useful for the broader research community when seeking broadly efficacious interventions for any phenotype with potential genetic background effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Teterina
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA,
Center of Parasitology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Stephen A Banse
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - John H Willis
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Viviana I Perez
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gordon J Lithgow
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Rutgers University, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Patrick C Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA,
Correspondence to: Patrick C Phillips ()
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Dorigatti JD, Thyne KM, Ginsburg BC, Salmon AB. Beta-guanidinopropionic acid does not extend D rosophila lifespan. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101040. [PMID: 34141906 PMCID: PMC8188250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling has been demonstrated to extend lifespan and improve healthspan across multiple species. This suggests pharmaceutical approaches to increase AMPK hold the potential to modify the aging process and promote healthy aging. Beta-guanidinopropionic acid (GPA) is a naturally occurring metabolite structurally similar to creatine. GPA is capable of activating AMPK signaling in mammalian models via competitive inhibition of cytosolic creatine kinase. A previous report suggested that dietary GPA supplementation increased lifespan in Drosophila through its effect on AMPK signaling and regulation of autophagy. However, studies in Caenorhabditis have found no beneficial effect of this compound on worm lifespan and that GPA may actually diminish lifespan in at least one Caenorhabditis species. To confirm previous reports of increased longevity in Drosophila, we tested a wide range of GPA concentrations on lifespan and healthspan in both male and female W1118 flies. We report here that GPA does not extend lifespan in Drosophila as previously reported. Moreover, high doses of GPA are detrimental to Drosophila lifespan and stress resistance in male flies. These results suggest the lack of a robust effect of GPA on Drosophila lifespan and highlight the importance of replication studies within the field of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett C. Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam B. Salmon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center San Antonio, TX, USA
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6
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Strong R, Miller RA, Bogue M, Fernandez E, Javors MA, Libert S, Marinez PA, Murphy MP, Musi N, Nelson JF, Petrascheck M, Reifsnyder P, Richardson A, Salmon AB, Macchiarini F, Harrison DE. Rapamycin-mediated mouse lifespan extension: Late-life dosage regimes with sex-specific effects. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13269. [PMID: 33145977 PMCID: PMC7681050 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To see if variations in timing of rapamycin (Rapa), administered to middle aged mice starting at 20 months, would lead to different survival outcomes, we compared three dosing regimens. Initiation of Rapa at 42 ppm increased survival significantly in both male and female mice. Exposure to Rapa for a 3‐month period led to significant longevity benefit in males only. Protocols in which each month of Rapa treatment was followed by a month without Rapa exposure were also effective in both sexes, though this approach was less effective than continuous exposure in female mice. Interpretation of these results is made more complicated by unanticipated variation in patterns of weight gain, prior to the initiation of the Rapa treatment, presumably due to the use of drug‐free food from two different suppliers. The experimental design included tests of four other drugs, minocycline, β‐guanidinopropionic acid, MitoQ, and 17‐dimethylaminoethylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐DMAG), but none of these led to a change in survival in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Strong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Martin A. Javors
- Department of Psychiatry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | | | - Paul Anthony Marinez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Medicine Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - James F. Nelson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City OK USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Adam B. Salmon
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
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7
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Abbott M, Banse SA, Melentijevic I, Jarrett CM, Ange JS, Sedore CA, Falkowski R, Blue BW, Coleman-Hulbert AL, Johnson E, Guo M, Lithgow GJ, Phillips PC, Driscoll M. A simplified design for the C. elegans lifespan machine. J Biol Methods 2020; 7:e137. [PMID: 33204740 PMCID: PMC7666331 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2020.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) lifespan assays constitute a broadly used approach for investigating the fundamental biology of longevity. Traditional C. elegans lifespan assays require labor-intensive microscopic monitoring of individual animals to evaluate life/death over a period of weeks, making large-scale high throughput studies impractical. The lifespan machine developed by Stroustrup et al. (2013) adapted flatbed scanner technologies to contribute a major technical advance in the efficiency of C. elegans survival assays. Introducing a platform in which large portions of a lifespan assay are automated enabled longevity studies of a scope not possible with previous exclusively manual assays and facilitated novel discovery. Still, as initially described, constructing and operating scanner-based lifespan machines requires considerable effort and expertise. Here we report on design modifications that simplify construction, decrease cost, eliminate certain mechanical failures, and decrease assay workload requirements. The modifications we document should make the lifespan machine more accessible to interested laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Abbott
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Stephen A. Banse
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ilija Melentijevic
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Cody M. Jarrett
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jonathan St. Ange
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christine A. Sedore
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ron Falkowski
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Blue
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Erik Johnson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Max Guo
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Patrick C. Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,*Corresponding author: Monica Driscoll,
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8
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Bulterijs S, Braeckman BP. Phenotypic Screening in C. elegans as a Tool for the Discovery of New Geroprotective Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E164. [PMID: 32722365 PMCID: PMC7463874 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Population aging is one of the largest challenges of the 21st century. As more people live to advanced ages, the prevalence of age-related diseases and disabilities will increase placing an ever larger burden on our healthcare system. A potential solution to this conundrum is to develop treatments that prevent, delay or reduce the severity of age-related diseases by decreasing the rate of the aging process. This ambition has been accomplished in model organisms through dietary, genetic and pharmacological interventions. The pharmacological approaches hold the greatest opportunity for successful translation to the clinic. The discovery of such pharmacological interventions in aging requires high-throughput screening strategies. However, the majority of screens performed for geroprotective drugs in C. elegans so far are rather low throughput. Therefore, the development of high-throughput screening strategies is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bulterijs
- Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart P. Braeckman
- Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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