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Rowe CJ, Delbridge-Perry M, Bonan NF, Cohen A, Bentley M, DeCicco-Skinner KL, Davidson T, Connaughton VP. Time dependent effects of prolonged hyperglycemia in zebrafish brain and retina. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:947571. [PMID: 38983568 PMCID: PMC11182107 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.947571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged hyperglycemia causes long-term vision complications and an increased risk of cognitive deficits. High blood sugar also confers an osmotic load/stress to cells. We assessed behavioral and neurochemical changes in zebrafish brain and retina following prolonged hyperglycemia for 4-weeks or 8-weeks. At each time point, behavior was assessed using 3-chamber choice task and optomotor response; tissue was then collected and levels of inflammatory markers, tight junction proteins, and neurotransmitters determined using Western Blots. After 4-weeks, brain levels of v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian) (RelA; NF-kB subunit), IkB kinase (IKK), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were significantly elevated; differences in zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were not significant. In retina, significant differences were observed only for TH (decreased), Rel A (increased), and GFAP (increased) levels. Glucose-specific differences in initial choice latency and discrimination ratios were also observed. After 8-weeks, RelA, GAD, and TH were significantly elevated in both tissues; IKK and GFAP levels were also elevated, though not significantly. ZO-1 and claudin-5 levels osmotically decreased in retina but displayed an increasing trend in glucose-treated brains. Differences in discrimination ratio were driven by osmotic load. OMRs increased in glucose-treated fish at both ages. In vivo analysis of retinal vasculature suggested thicker vessels after 4-weeks, but thinner vessels at 8-weeks. In vitro, glucose treatment reduced formation of nodes and meshes in 3B-11 endothelial cells, suggesting a reduced ability to form a vascular network. Overall, hyperglycemia triggered a strong inflammatory response causing initial trending changes in tight junction and neuronal markers. Most differences after 4-weeks of exposure were observed in glucose-treated fish suggesting effects on glucose metabolism independent of osmotic load. After 8-weeks, the inflammatory response remained and glucose-specific effects on neurotransmitter markers were observed. Osmotic differences impacted cognitive behavior and retinal protein levels; protein levels in brain displayed glucose-driven changes. Thus, we not only observed differential sensitivities of retina and brain to glucose-insult, but also different cellular responses, suggesting hyperglycemia causes complex effects at the cellular level and/or that zebrafish are able to compensate for the continued high blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie J. Rowe
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mikayla Delbridge-Perry
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nicole F. Bonan
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Annastelle Cohen
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Meg Bentley
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen L. DeCicco-Skinner
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Terry Davidson
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, and American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Victoria P. Connaughton
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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Nebbioso M, Lambiase A, Armentano M, Tucciarone G, Bonfiglio V, Plateroti R, Alisi L. The Complex Relationship between Diabetic Retinopathy and High-Mobility Group Box: A Review of Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080666. [PMID: 32722545 PMCID: PMC7464385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein that is part of a larger family of non-histone nuclear proteins. HMGB1 is a ubiquitary protein with different isoforms, linked to numerous physiological and pathological pathways. HMGB1 is involved in cytokine and chemokine release, leukocyte activation and migration, tumorigenesis, neoangiogenesis, and the activation of several inflammatory pathways. HMGB1 is, in fact, responsible for the trigger, among others, of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is rapidly growing in number. DR is an inflammatory disease caused by hyperglycemia, which determines the accumulation of oxidative stress and cell damage, which ultimately leads to hypoxia and neovascularization. Recent evidence has shown that hyperglycemia is responsible for the hyperexpression of HMGB1. This protein activates numerous pathways that cause the development of DR, and HMGB1 levels are constantly increased in diabetic retinas in both proliferative and non-proliferative stages of the disease. Several molecules, such as glycyrrhizin (GA), have proven effective in reducing diabetic damage to the retina through the inhibition of HMGB1. The main focus of this review is the growing amount of evidence linking HMGB1 and DR as well as the new therapeutic strategies involving this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4997-5357; Fax: +39-06-4997-5425
| | - Marta Armentano
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Giosuè Tucciarone
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 76, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Rocco Plateroti
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Ludovico Alisi
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
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Dong W, Yu H, Zhu YY, Xian ZH, Chen J, Wang H, Shi CC, Jin GZ, Dong H, Cong WM. A Novel Pathological Scoring System for Hepatic Cirrhosis with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5537-5547. [PMID: 32753967 PMCID: PMC7354953 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s223417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to propose an effective quantitative pathological scoring system and to establish nomogram to assess the stage of cirrhosis and predict postoperative survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cirrhosis patients after hepatectomy. Methods The scoring system was based on a retrospective study on 163 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for HCC with cirrhosis. The clinicopathological and follow-up data of 163 HCC with cirrhosis patients who underwent hepatectomy in our hospital from 2010 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. A scoring system was established based on the total value of independent predictive factors of cirrhosis. The results were validated using 97 patients operated on from 2011 to 2015 at the same institution. Nomogram was then formulated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to analyze. Results The scoring system was ultimately composed of 4 independent predictive factors and was divided into 3 levels. The new cirrhosis system score strongly correlated with Child–Pugh score (r=0.8058, P<0.0001) 3 months after surgery; higher cirrhosis system scores predicted poorer liver function and stronger liver damage 3 months after surgery. Then, a four-factor nomogram for survival prediction was established. The concordance indices were 0.79 for the survival-prediction nomogram. The calibration curves showed good agreement between predictions by the nomogram and actual survival outcomes. Conclusion This new scoring system of cirrhosis can help us predict the liver function and liver injury 3 months after surgery, and the nomogram enabled accurate predictions of risk of overall survival in patients of HCC with cirrhosis after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xian
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chao Shi
- Second Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhi Jin
- Department of Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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Liu X, Pan G. Roles of Drug Transporters in Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:467-504. [PMID: 31571172 PMCID: PMC7120327 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in collaboration with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris, respectively. Functions of the BRB are to regulate fluids and molecular movement between the ocular vascular beds and retinal tissues and to prevent leakage of macromolecules and other potentially harmful agents into the retina, keeping the microenvironment of the retina and retinal neurons. These functions are mainly attributed to absent fenestrations of RCECs, tight junctions, expression of a great diversity of transporters, and coverage of pericytes and glial cells. BRB existence also becomes a reason that systemic administration for some drugs is not suitable for the treatment of retinal diseases. Some diseases (such as diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion) impair BRB function via altering tight junctions, RCEC death, and transporter expression. This chapter will illustrate function of BRB, expressions and functions of these transporters, and their clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai China
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miR-Let7A Controls the Cell Death and Tight Junction Density of Brain Endothelial Cells under High Glucose Condition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6051874. [PMID: 28680530 PMCID: PMC5478855 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6051874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced stress in the brain of patients with diabetes triggers the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to diverse neurological diseases including stroke and dementia. Recently, the role of microRNA becomes an interest in the research for deciphering the mechanism of brain endothelial cell damage under hyperglycemia. Therefore, we investigated whether mircoRNA Let7A (miR-Let7A) controls the damage of brain endothelial (bEnd.3) cells against high glucose condition. Cell viability, cell death marker expressions (p-53, Bax, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase), the loss of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and claudin-5), proinflammatory response (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrite production were confirmed using MTT, reverse transcription-PCR, quantitative-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Griess reagent assay. miR-Let7A overexpression significantly prevented cell death and loss of tight junction proteins and attenuated proinflammatory response and nitrite production in the bEnd.3 cells under high glucose condition. Taken together, we suggest that miR-Let7A may attenuate brain endothelial cell damage by controlling cell death signaling, loss of tight junction proteins, and proinflammatory response against high glucose stress. In the future, the manipulation of miR-Let7A may be a novel solution in controlling BBB disruption which leads to the central nervous system diseases.
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